kawashima, chile earthquake

8/12/2019 Kawashima, Chile Earthquake

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Damage of Transportation Facilitydue to 2010 Chile Earthquake

Bridge Team Dispatched byJapan Society of Civil Engineers

April 5, 2010

Kawashima, K., Unjoh, S.,Hoshikuma, J. and Kosa, K.

AP

46 bridges locatedat 31 sites wereinvestigated

Santiago1. Miraflores2. Lo Echeveres3. Americo

Vespusio

4. San Martin5. Emanuel Antonio

Route 56. Maipo7. Hospital8. Pedestrian bridge9. Augostura10. Graneros11. Les Mercedes12. Rio Claro13Rio Maule14. Longavi15. Copihue16. Parval17. Perquilauquen18. ? (Gerbar hinge)

Arauco24. Raqui I25. Raqui II26. Tubul

Concepcion19. Juan Pablo II20. Llacolen21. Bio Bio22. La Mochita23. Laraquete

Suburbs ofCencepcion27. App. bridge28. Las Ballenas29. Lirquen30. Itata

Types of Damage

Damage resulted from insufficientintegrity of pre-cast concrete girderbridges due to absence of diaphragms

Lack of constraint to rotation of deck inskewed bridges

Damage of piers and foundations inbridges built in the early days

.

Pre Mid-1990s Typical Chile Bridges

After the Mid 1990s influenced by Spanish practice

Cap beam

DiaphragmPre-tensionPC girders

Why was damage extensive in bridgesbuilt in recent years?

What happened in the bridges with

insufficient integrity due to absence ofdiaphragm?

Seismic force in theTR direction

Contact of a PC girder tostopper results in failureof lower flange, shearfailure of web plate,rupture of deck slabs andconnection between deckslab and upper flange

Example of damage

due to lack ofdiaphragms

Llacolen BridgeConcepcion

From Web


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What happened if side stoppers on thetop of pier cap were removed inaddition to removal of diaphragms?

Resist Uplift?

Insufficient toconstrain offset of abridge in the transversedirection

Vertical restrainers?

Las Mercedes BridgeRoute 5

Example of damagedue to lack of sidestoppers and

diaphragms

Perquilauquen BridgeRoute 5

Pre Mid-1990spractice

Recentpractice

Very lucky!About tocollapse

Bridges based onrecent practicesuffered moredamage than bridgesbased on pre mid-1990s practice

Lack of constraint to rotation of skewedbridges

Skewed bridges tend to rotation underseismic excitation

Watanabe, G. andKawashima, K., Paper No.789, 13th WCEE, 2004

Miraflores Bridge, Santiago

From Web

Lo Echeveres Bridge, Santiago

From Web

Skewed bridges which lacked diaphragmsand effective side stoppers sufferedextensive damage

No mechanism to prevent TR and LG

offset of bridgesMiraflores Bridge, Santiago


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They were set not for

preventing TR offset of bridgesbut for uplift preventionThey were too weak

Stoppers for uplift?Skewed PC girder bridges recently builtwithout diaphragms and effective sidestoppers suffered extensive damage

Hospital BridgeRoute 5

Recent practice

Pre mid-1990s Chile designpractice

Trace ofdeckoffset

Collapse due to rotation of a skew bridge

Failure ofabutmentdue todeck fall

Pedestal ofneoplane pad

Older bridge basedon Pre Mid-1990sChile Design Practiceperformed well

Abutments and pierswere built perpendicularto bridge axis (straightbridge)

Stable abutments

No damage of PCgirders and no offset ofbridge

Juan Pablo II BridgeVarious types of failure of columns and lateralbeams

Cap beams

DiaphragmPC T-girder


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From Web

Rio Claro Bridge

A 140 years old unreinforced masonry

bridge built in 1870

RC Arch

Unreinforced masonry arch

Steel arch (railways)

Thank you for long contribution!

Arch crown wasonly 3m thick

It must be verytough to surviveheavy traffic

Brittle masonryeasy to removeclay soil

Claro Bridgesurvived heavyduty for long time

Thank you for longcontribution!

Bio Bio Bridge

Built in 1930s

Recognized to be insufficient fortraffic since 1990s based on JICAevaluation

Tubul Bridge

Arauco

Insufficientperformanceof foundations


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Rupture ofElastomeric Bearing

Las Ballenas BridgeLocal Road, Suburbs ofConsepcion

A 15 cm tall60cm by 60cmelastomericbearing rupturesdue to shear atshear strain ofabout 70%

A new bridge constructed based on theexisting Chile design survived with onlyvery minor damage

Side stoppersDiaphragms

SUMMARY

Lack of integrity of a bridge due to absenceof diaphragms and effective stoppermechanism in the transverse offset resultedin extensive damage in bridges built after themid 1990s.

The above deficiency was particularlyintensified in skewed bridges resulted from

rotation of a whole bridge.In contrast to the bridges built after the mid1990s with insufficient insight to the seismiceffects, the bridges which were built based onthe original Chile practice did not sufferextensive damage.

SUMMARY (continued)

Damage of columns/piers and foundationswas not extensive except those in bridgesbuilt in the early days. However it issuggested to clarify their strength anddeformation capacity if Chile practice movestoward higher connection between decksand substructures for limiting relative

displacement.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Damage investigation of bridges was supported bynumber of persons. Special appreciation isextended to Ing. Fernandez, M., Ing. Ortega, J.M.,Ing. Carracedo, M., Ing. Guzman, M., Ing.Achvrra, S., Ing. Concha, A., Ing. Valdebenito, R.(Ministry of Public Works), Dr. Furuki, M. (JSCE),Dr. Ishii, Y. and Mr. Nguyen, S.H. (CTIE), Dr.Yabe, M. (Chodai), Dr. H.S. Lew (NIST), Dr. Celebi,M. (USGS), Professor Saragoni, G.R. (Univ. Chile),Professor Alvarado, R.V. (Catholica Univ.),Professor Fishinger, M. (Univ. Lubujana), Dr.Muller, J. (Oriental Consultants), Professor Omer,A. (Tokai Univ.) and Ing. Furukawa, K.(Interpreter).

kawashima, chile earthquake

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