lkekftd ,oa o;ogkj ifjorzu lapkj...

$: lkekftd ,oa O;ogkj ifjorZu lapkj izf'k{knewconceptinfosys.net/Tarang/Upload/Training/Modules/SBCC_Hindi_Module_1.pdfThe TARANG Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) training$
lkekftd ,oa O;ogkj ifjorZu lapkj izf'k{k.k

NAT

IO

NAL HEALTH MISSION

;g ekxZnf'kZdk cky mÙkjthfork vkSj fodkl ds {ks= esa dk;Zjr lkeqnkf;d dk;ZdrkZvksa ,oa laxBuksa ds fy, lkekftd ,oa O;ogkj ifjorZu lapkj ij QsflfyVsVlZ dks ikap fnolh; izf'k{k.k fu;ekoyh ds iz;ksx dk izf'k{k.k nsus ds fy, rS;kj dh xbZ gSA

;fn lh[k dks c<+kok nsus dh Hkkouk ls izf'k{k.k fn;k tk, rks izf'k{k.k l=ksa dk lapkyu ,d larks"ktud vkSj jksekapd vuqHko gks ldrk gSA

gekjk lq>ko gS fd QsflfyVsVlZ dks ikap fnolh; ekWM~;wy ds iz;ksx esa l{ke cukus ds fy, muds izf'k{k.k esa ikap fnolh; izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy ¼tks fd nks fnuksa esa QsflfyVsVlZ }kjk iwjk djuk gS½ vkSj rhu fnolh; QsflfyVsVj ekxZnf'kZdk & nksuksa dk lekos'k fd;k tk,A

la;qDr jk"Vª cky dks"k73] yks/kh ,LVsVubZ fnYyh 110 003bZ&esy: [email protected]: www.unicef.org www.unicefiec.org www.unicef.org/india/VsyhQksu: +91-11-24690401

2014;wfulsQ }kjk izdkf'kr

vf/kd izfr;ksa ds fy, laidZ djsa%dE;qfuds'ku QkWj MsoYiesUV

lkekftd ,oa O;ogkj ifjorZu lapkj ¼,lchlhlh½ izf'k{k.k

5,lchlhlh izf'k{k.k: ekWM~;wy 1

The TARANG Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) training package, designed to develop understanding of and capacities in integrating social and behavior change communication as a key component of public health programming, comprises five modules. It was conceptualized and guided by a core team from the UNICEF India Office, including Mario Mosquera, Chief, Communication for Development; Rachana Sharma, Communication for Development Specialist; and Geeta Sharma, Communication for Development Officer.

Training modules 1-4 have incorporated valuable recommendations made by the Immunization Division, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and the Immunization Technical Support Unit (ITSU) following a close review.

The package was developed, pre-tested, and finalized by a team of consultants including Gopi Menon, Jyotsna Singh, Julian Boyle, Nisar Ahmad and the agency New Concept Information Systems.

Acknowledgements are also due to the UNICEF India C4D network, in particular Alka Malhotra, Bhawani Shankar Tripathy, Seema Kumar, Sanjay Singh and Bhai Shelly for their insights at various stages of development of this package.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

6


fo"k; lwph

fo"k; i`-la-

bl funsZf'kdk dk iz;ksx dSls djsa

fnu I

l= 1 & ldkjkRed 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k cukuk 13

l= 2 & izfrHkkxh dsfUnzr izf'k{k.k i)fr 15

l= 3 & izkS<+ f'k{kk ds fl)kUr 17

l= 4 & cks/k 18

l= 5 & QsflfyVs'ku djus dh dyk 19

l= 6 & lquuk 20

gSUMvkmV~l 23

8


:ijs[kkQsflfyVs'ku ,d foKku Hkh gS vkSj dyk HkhA QsflfyVs'ku ,d foKku gS tks lh[kus ds fl)kUrksa dh O;k[;k djrk gS vkSj tc QsflfyVs'ku }kjk bu fl)karksa dk iz;ksx lh[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] rc ;g ,d dyk cu tkrk gSA fl)kUrksa dks tkuuk rks vko”;d gS gh] exj ,d 'kSf{kd ifjos'k esa mu fl)kUrksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, lacafèkr dkS'kyksa dks lh[kuk Hkh mruk gh vko';d gksrk gSA

vofèk fooj.k

,d fnolh; QsflfyVs'ku dkS'ky dk;ZØe

QsflfyVsVlZ dks QsflfyVs'ku fl[kkus ds fy, ,d fnu dk izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeA

nks fnolh; ,lchlhlh izf'k{k.k QsflfyVsVlZ] lkeqnkf;d dk;ZdrkZ ds fy, rS;kj fd, x, ,lchlhlh izf'k{k.k ds ckjs esa lh[ksaxsA

nks fnolh; vksfj,aVs'ku dk;ZØe ;g nks fnolh; vksfj,aVs'ku dk;ZØe] QsflfyVsVlZ ds fy, vfrfjDr le; gSA blesa vH;kl l=ksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA

fnu le; fooj.k mís';1 09:00 – 18:00

,oa 19:00 – 20:30 cts

QsflfyVs'ku djus dk foKku vkSj dyk i{k • izfrHkkxh dsafnzr i)fr • lh[kus ds l=ksa dk lapkyu

QsflfyVsVlZ dks izfrHkkxh dsafnzr i)fr esa QsflfyVsVlZ dh Hkwfedk dks le>us dk volj feysxk vkSj lkFk gh lkFk] izkS<+ f'k{k.k ds fl)kUrksa ls voxr gksaxsA

2-3 09:00 – 18:00 cts lkeqnkf;d dk;ZdrkZ ds fy, ,lchlhlh izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy

QsflfyVsVlZ dks ikap fnolh; ekWM~;wy dh fo"k;oLrq vkSj i)fr dks iwjh rjg le>us dk ekSdk feysxk ftls mUgsa Lkeqnkf;d dk;ZdrkZvksa ds fy, lapkfyr djuk gSA

4 09:00 – 18:00 ,oa 19:00 – 20:30 cts

vH;kl l= QsflfyVsVlZ dks lkeqnkf;d dk;ZdrkZ gsrq izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy dk iz;ksx djrs gq, vH;kl djus dk volj feysxkA

5 09:00 – 15:00 cts vH;kl l= mijksDr

izf'k{k.k lkexzh dh lwph

QsflfyVsVlZ dk ikap fnolh; vkoklh; izf'k{k.k

l= 1% • fy[kus ds fy, cksMZ

• pkWd@ekdZj isu

• MLVj


• pkWd@ekdZj isu

• MLVj

• nks rLohjsa & d{kk esa i<+ jgs vkneh dh vkSj pjkxkg esa cdfj;ka pjk jgs vkneh dh rLohjsaA


• pkWd@ekdZj isu

• MLVj

• lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa ds fy, izkS<+ f'k{kk'kkL= ¼,aMªkxkWth½ ij uksV~l

l= 4% • es<d dh rhu rLohjsa

10

izFke fnu dk dk;ZØe

l= l= dk uke le; iz.kkyh

rS;kjh l= 09:00 ls 09:30 cts

1. ldkjkRed 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k cukuk 09:30 ls 10:30 cts LDos;j fMfotu vH;kl

2. izfrHkkxh dsfUnzr izf'k{k.k i)fr 10:30 ls 11:15 cts fopkj eaFku

Pkk; 11:15 ls 11:30 cts (15 feuV)3. izkS<+ f'k{kk ds fl)kUr 11:30 ls 12:45 cts ppkZ vkSj O;k[;k

4. cksèk 12:45 ls 13:30 cts esa<d vkSj ?kksM+s ds fp= ij ppkZ

Ykap 13:30 ls 14:30 cts (60 feuV)

izsjd xfrfofèk 14:30 ls 14:45 cts

5. QsflfyVs'ku djus dh dyk 14:45 ls 16:15 cts ppkZ vkSj O;k[;k

pk; 16:15 ls 16:30 cts (15 feuV)6. lquuk 16:30 ls 17:15 cts xfrfof/k vkSj ppkZ

lkj&ladyu 17:15 ls 17:45 cts


igyk fnufnu dh 'kq#vkr ,d izsj.kkizn xhr ds lkFk gksrh gSA blds ckn rhu fnolh; vksfj,aVs'ku dk;ZØe rFkk ikap fnolh; Lkkeqnkf;d dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ekWM~;wy dk laf{kIr fooj.k fn;k tkrk gSA vksfj,aVs'ku dk;ZØe nks Hkkxksa esa caVk gqvk gSA igyk Hkkx igys fnu vk;ksftr gksxkA vksfj,aVs'ku dk;ZØe dk nwljk Hkkx nks fnu pysxk vkSj ;g fgLlk ikap fnolh; izf'k{k.k ds ckn fd;k tk,xkA chp ds nks fnuksa esa Lkkeqnkf;d dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq rS;kj fd, x, ikap fnolh; ,lchlhlh ekWM~;wy ij ckr dh tk,xhA bl rjg] dqy feykdj ;g ikap fnu dk dk;ZØe gksxkA

bl ikap fnolh; dk;ZØe dk igyk fnu QsflfyVs'ku dkS'ky ls voxr gksus ij dasfnzr gksxkA blds ckn Lkkeqnkf;d dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq cuk, x, ikap fnolh; ,lchlhlh ekWM~;wy ds fy, nks fnu bLrseky fd, tk,axsA crkSj lsok iznkrk] vki Lkkeqnkf;d dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq fu;ksftr ,lchlhlh izf'k{k.k esa fgLlk ysaxsA

ikap fnolh; dk;ZØe ds vafre nks fnu ¼4Fkk vkSj 5oka fnu½ vH;kl l=ksa ds fy, gksaxs ftuds fy, vkidks ikap fnolh; ekWM~;wy esa fn, x, fdlh ,d l= dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, dgk tk,xkA

QsflfyVsVlZ] izfrHkkfx;ksa dks izf'k{k.k lacaèkh O;oLFkk ¼vka[k vkSj dku lfefr] Hkkstu lfefr vkfn½ ds ckjs esa crk,axsA

fofHkUu lfefr;ksa dk xBu

• izfrHkkfx;ksa dks fofHkUu lfefr;ksa ds fy, viuk@nwljksa dk uke lq>kus ds fy, vkeaf=r djsaA izR;sd izfrHkkxh fdlh u fdlh lfefr dk@dh lnL; t+:j gksxk@gksxhA ;g Hkh crk,a fd lfefr;ksa dh ft+Eesnkfj;ka gj jkst+ cnyrh jgsaxh ftlls izR;sd lewg dks gj dke laHkkyus dk ekSdk feysxkA gj lfefr ds lnL;ksa ds uke fy[kus ds fy, nks izfrHkkfx;ksa dks vkxs cqyk ysaA

• izR;sd lewg dh Hkwfedk vkSj ft+Eesnkfj;ka uhps nh xbZ gSaA bls pkVZ ij fy[k dj nhokj ij yxk nsaA

gkWy lfefr

• ;g lfefr gkWy esa O;oLFkk vkSj lkQ&lQkbZ dk /;ku j[ksxhA

• QsflfyVsVlZ ds lq>k;s vuqlkj izf'k{k.k ,oa lanHkZ lkexzh dk forj.k djsxhA

• bl ckr dk [;ky j[ksxh fd lHkh vkWfM;ks@fotqvy lkexzh miyCèk vkSj pkyw gkyr esa gksA

• Iysujh l= ds nkSjku lkeus vkus okys eq[; fcanqvksa dks pkVZ isilZ ij fy[kdj mUgsa gkWy esa iznf'kZr djsxhA

• ftu eqíksa ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS mudh fp=kRed izLrqfr rS;kj djsxhA

Hkkstu lfefr

• QsflfyVsVlZ dks [kkus dk le; ;kn fnyk,xhA

• jlksbZdfeZ;ksa dks Hkkstu ijkslus esa enn nsxhA

• Hkkstu LFky dks lkQ&lqFkjk j[kus esa enn nsxhA

• Hkkstu ls lacafèkr fdlh [+kkl t+:jr ;k f'kdk;r ij è;ku nsxhA

12

euksjatu lfefr

• izfrHkkfx;ksa ds euksjatu gssrq 'kke dks lkaLÑfrd dk;ZØe dh O;oLFkk djsxhA

fjiksfVZax ¼vka[k vkSj dku½ lfefr

• ;g Ng lnL;h; lfefr izfrHkkfx;ksa vkSj QsflfyVsVlZ ds ^vka[k vkSj dku* dh Hkwfedk fuHkk,xhA ;g lfefr l=ksa ij ut+j j[ksxh] mudh izHkkoksRikndrk rFkk bl ckr ij è;ku nsxh fd izfrHkkxh mUgsa fdl rjg ys jgs gSaA

• czsd ds nkSjku bl lfefr ds pkj lnL; vU; izfrHkkfx;ksa ls bl ckjs esa QhMcSd ysaxs fd mUgsa l= dSlk yxkA ckdh nks lnL; iwjs fnu dh fjiksVZ rS;kj djsaxsA ;g fjiksVZ vxys fnu lqcg lcds lkeus is'k dh tk,xh ftlesa bl ckr dk C;kSjk gksxk fd fnu dh eq[; lh[ksa D;k Fkha] izfrHkkfx;ksa dks iwjh izfØ;k dSlh yxh vkSj vU; pkj lnL;ksa dks izfrHkkfx;ksa ls D;k QhMcSd feyk gSA

• bl lfefr ds lnL; fnu dk vafre l= [kRe gksrs gh 15 feuV ds fy, QsflfyVsVlZ ds lkFk cSBsaxs vkSj mUgsa bl ckjs esa QhMcSd nsaxs fd izfrHkkfx;ksa dks izf'k{k.k rFkk vyx&vyx l= dSls yxs rFkk l=ksa dks vkSj vljnkj cukus ds fy, vkSj D;k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• lfefr ds lnL; vxys fnu ds igys l= dh 'kq#vkr esa viuh fjiksVZ is'k djsaxsA ;g izLrqfr iksLVlZ] jksy Iys] fyf[kr fjiksV~lZ] iz'uksÙkj l= vkfn ds :i esa gks ldrh gSA fjiksVZ izLrqr djus ds fy, gj jkst+ vyx rjhdk viuk;k tk ldrk gSA bl fjiksVZ esa bu ckrksa ij è;ku fn;k tk,xk%

* dkSu&dkSu ls l= vk;ksftr fd, x, vkSj mudh eq[; lh[k D;k Fkh\

* lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksaa dh izfrHkkfxrk cuk, j[kus ds fygkt ls fofHkUu l=ksa ds nkSjku viuk;h xbZ izfØ;k,a] midj.k] mudh lkFkZdrk vkfn rFkk ;g lfefr O;oLFkk ds igyqvksa vkSj lqèkkj dh laHkkoukvksa ij Hkh fjiksVZ izLrqr djsxhA

• izfrHkkxh vkSj QsflfyVsVj bl fjiksVZ ij QhMcSd nsaxs vkSj vxj dksbZ ckr NwV xbZ gS rks mldh rjQ è;ku vkÑ"V djk,axsA

• vafre fjiksVZ QsflfyVsVlZ dks lkSai nh tk,xhA


l= 1ldkjkRed 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k cukuk

l= dk ifj.kke

l= ds vUr esa izfrHkkxh bl ;ksX; gksaxs fd%

• ,d ldkjkRed 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k esa ;ksxnku nsus okys dkjdksa dh lwph rS;kj dj ldsaA

• ,d ldkjkRed 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k cukus esa QsflfyVsVlZ dh Hkwfedk crk ldsaA

vko”;d lkexzh

fy[kus dk cksMZ] pkWd@ekdZj isu vkSj MLVj

izfØ;k

1. ,d QsflfyVsVj izfrHkkfx;ksa dk Lokxr djrs gq, dgsxk] ßvkt eSa vkidks ,d dgkuh lqukus tk jgk@jgh gwaA ysfdu bl dgkuh dh ekax gS fd vki lHkh blesa fgLlsnkj cusaAÞ

nks cguksa vkSj nks Hkkb;ksa ds ikl t+ehu dk ,d oxkZdkj VqdM+k FkkA tc t+ehu ds bl VqdM+s dks pkjksa HkkbZ&cguksa ds chp leku :i ls ckaVus dk le; vk;k rks pkjksa pkgrs Fks fd pkjksa ds fgLls dk {ks=Qy vkSj vkÑfr fcYdqy ,d tSlh gksA os bl t+ehu dks nks&rhu rjhdksa ls cjkcj {ks=Qy vkSj vkÑfr esa ckaV ldrs Fks exj fdlh Hkh rjhds ls djus ij mUgsa rlYyh ugha gks jgh FkhA pkjksa ds chp >xM+s gksus yxs vkSj dqN gh fnuksa esa mUgksaus ,d&nwljs ls ckr djuk ;k vka[k feykuk Hkh can dj fn;kA fLFkfr csgn rukoiw.kZ gks xbZ FkhA

blh fcanq ij vki n`'; esa vkrs gSa%vkidks bl leL;k dk gy djus ds fy, tks Hkh fodYi fnekx esa vk,] og lq>kuk gSA vkidks oxkZdkj tehu dk caVokjk djrs gq, bu nks 'krksZa dk /;ku j[kuk gksxk%

• pkjksa fgLls cjkcj {ks=Qy okys gksaA

• pkjksa fgLlksa dk vkdkj fcYdqy ,d tSlk ¼fn[kus esa ,d tSlk½ gksuk pkfg,A

viuh&viuh uksVcqd fudky ysa vkSj mijksDr 'krks± ds vuqlkj bl oxkZdkj t+ehu dks ftrus rjhdksa ls pkgsa] pkj fgLlksa esa ckaVus dk iz;kl djsaA tc vki ;g dke dj ysa rks viuk lq>ko cksMZ ij djds fn[kk,aA

2. izfrHkkfx;ksa ds iz;klksa esa enn nsus ds fy, QsflfyVsVj cksMZ ij dbZ oxkZdkj vkÑfr;ka cuk ldrs gSa vkSj ,d&,d djds izfrHkkfx;ksa dks mu vkÑfr;ksa dks ckaVus ds fy, cqyk ldrs gSaA

3. tc cksMZ ij fdlh ,d oxZ dk caVokjk iwjk gks tk, rks QsflfyVsVj vU; izfrHkkfx;ksa dh enn ls bl ckr dh iqf"V djsaxs fd og caVokjk lgh gS ;k ughaA

4. QsflfyVsVj izfrHkkfx;ksa dks u,&u, lq>ko is'k djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrs jgsaxsA

var esa galh&et+kd ds lkFk QsflfyVsVj dgkuh dks iwjk djsaxs%

tc bu HkkbZ&cguksa ds lkeus lkjh laHkkouk,a izLrqr dh xb± rks mUgksaus muesa ls dsoy ,d lq>ko dks pquk vkSj iwjh laifÙk dks lgh&lgh ckaV fn;kA blds ckn mudh ft+anxh [kq'kh&[kq'kh pyrh jghA

09%30 ls 10%30 cts ¼60 feuV½

14

dgkuh ds ckn ppkZ5. izfrHkkfx;ksa ls vH;kl [kRe djds okil ppkZ esa ykSVus ds fy, dgsaA gks ldrk gS] dqN izfrHkkxh

vHkh Hkh t+ehu ds caVokjs dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gksa vkSj vkidh ckr u lqu jgs gksaA muls vkxzg djsa fd os Hkh viuh dksf'k'k NksM+dj ppkZ esa è;ku yxk,aA

6. vc izfrHkkfx;ksa ls iwNsa%

• vkidks ;g vH;kl dSlk yxk\

• D;k blesa et+k vk;k\

• vH;kl ds nkSjku vyx&vyx izfrHkkfx;ksa dks dSlk eglwl gqvk\

• fdl le; vH;kl lcls T+;knk jkspd Fkk vkSj lcls T+;knk yksxksa us fgLlk fy;k\

• vH;kl ds nkSjku mUgksaus D;k ns[kk\

izfrHkkfx;ksa dks lkspus vkSj vius fopkj o vuqHko O;Dr djus ds fy, i;kZIr le; nsaA

muds fopkjksa vkSj vuqHkoksa ds eq[; fcanqvksa dks cksMZ ij fy[krs tk,aA

bl ppkZ ls fuEufyf[kr fcanq fudy ldrs gSa%

• igys nks&rhu caVokjs vklku FksA

• blds ckn cgqr lkjs izfrHkkfx;ksa dks yxk fd oxZ dks foHkkftr djus dh dksbZ vkSj laHkkouk ugha cphA dqN izfrHkkfx;ksa dh fnypLih [kRe gks xbZ vkSj mUgksaus dksf'k'k djuk NksM+ fn;kA

• pwafd QsflfyVsVj dksf'k'k djrs jgus ds fy, izksRlkfgr dj jgs Fks blfy, dqN izfrHkkxh dksf'k'k djrs jgs( rc fdlh izfrHkkxh us ,d vkSj ubZ laHkkouk is'k dj nhA

• blls ,d ckj fQj fnypLih iSnk gqbZ vkSj lHkh fQj ls dksf'k'k djus yxsA foHkktu ds u,&u, rjhds lksps tkus yxsA

• tks izfrHkkxh u, fodYi lq>kus esa dke;kc jgs os u,&u, fodYi <wa<+us dh vkSj T+;knk dksf'k'k djus yxsA mudh dke;kch ls nwljksa dks Hkh ubZ dksf'k'ksa djus dk mRlkg feykA

• tks izfrHkkxh ubZ vkÑfr;ka lq>kus esa lQy gq, os [kq'k FksA blls mUgsa vkSj T+;knk esgur djus dk mRlkg feykA

• tc QsflfyVsVlZ us mudks #dus ds fy, dgk rks Hkh cgqr lkjs izfrHkkxh u,&u, fodYi <wa<+us dk iz;kl djrs jgsA

7. vc izfrHkkfx;ksa ls iwNsa%

• QsflfyVsVlZ dh Hkwfedk D;k Fkh\

• D;k mUgksaus Hkh oxZ dks ckaVdj fn[kk;k\

• vH;kl ds nkSjku os D;k dj jgs Fks\

izfrHkkfx;ksa dks lkspus vkSj viuh ckr dgus ds fy, le; nsaA

vPNh ppkZ djok,aA rdjhcu 5-7 feuV ckn ppkZ jksd nsaA

bu ckrksa dks js[kkafdr djsa%

• QsflfyVsVj yxkrkj izfrHkkfx;ksa dks u, fodYi vkt+ekus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrs jgsA

• mUgksaus vH;kl esa izfrHkkfx;ksa dh fnypLih cuk, j[khA

• oxZ dks dSls ckaVuk gS] bl ckjs esa mUgksaus viuh rjQ ls dksbZ tokc ugha fn;kA

• mUgksaus ,d fnypLi vkSj ppkZ&cgl ls Hkjiwj ekgkSy cukus esa enn nhA

• ftUgksaus dksf'k'k djuk can dj fn;k Fkk] os mudks Hkh izksRlkfgr djrs jgsA


l= 2 izfrHkkxh dsfUnzr izf'k{k.k i)fr

l= dk lekiu

1. izfrHkkfx;ksa dks èkU;okn nsa fd mUgksaus vH;kl dks lathnxh ls fy;k vkSj ppkZ esa c<+&p<+ dj fgLlk fy;kA blds ckn iwNsa fd bl vH;kl ls geus D;k lh[kk\

2. bu ckrksa dks js[kkafdr djsa%

• ubZ vkÑfr;ka vkSj cukoVsa izfrHkkfx;ksa dh rjQ ls vkbZa u fd QsflfyVsVlZ dh rjQ lsA

• bl vH;kl ls izfrHkkfx;ksa dh fgLlsnkjh cuk, j[kus esa enn feyh vkSj QsflfyVsVlZ ds izksRlkgu ls lHkh dh #fp cuh jghA

• tc izfrHkkfx;ksa dks u, fodYi <wa<+us esa dke;kch feyh rks mudh fnypLih vkSj c<+ xbZA lQyrk ls dqN djus dk mRlkg vkSj vkRefo'okl c<+rk gS & nks egRoiw.kZ dkjd tks lh[k dks c<+krs gSaA

• bl vH;kl esa rhu egRoiw.kZ pht+sa Fkha ftuls lh[kus dks c<+kok feyk%

* ;g ,slh xfrfofèk Fkh ftlesa izfrHkkfx;ksa dh fgLlsnkjh cuh vkSj mUgsa izfØ;k dks eglwl djus esa lgk;rk feyhA

* blesa izfrHkkfx;ksa dh jpukRedrk dh ekax Fkh ftlls mUgsa pqukSrh feyh rFkk mUgsa [kqn dks O;Dr djus dk ekSdk feykA

* lh[kus dh izfØ;k ,d vkuannk;d vkSj et+snkj ekgkSy esa pyh ftlesa izfrHkkfx;ksa dks QsflfyVsVlZ ls fdlh rjg dk Mj eglwl ugha gks jgk Fkk] cfYd QsflfyVsVj mudks izksRlkgu ns jgs Fks vkSj muds iz;klksaa dh ljkguk dj jgs FksA

• izR;sd xfrfofèk ds ckn gksus okyh ppkZ egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS & edln ;g gS fd izfrHkkxh vius mu lkjs fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dks O;Dr djsa ftuds t+fj;s mUgksaus dqN lh[kk gSA

• ,d vPNk 'kSf{kd l= izfrHkkfx;ksa ds Hkhrj fNih Js"Bre laHkkoukvksa dks lkeus ykrk gS vkSj mUgsa viuh j¶rkj ls lh[kus esa enn nsrk gSA

l= dk ifj.kke


• lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa lh[kus okys dh Hkwfedk dks le> ldsaA

• QsflfyVs'ku djus esa ^izfrHkkxh dsafnzr* i)fr ds egRo dks O;Dr dj ldsaA

vko”;d lkexzh

• fy[kus ds fy, cksMZ] pkWd@ekdZj isu rFkk MLVj

• nks rLohjsa & d{kk esa i<+ jgs vkneh vkSj cdfj;ka pjkrk vkneh ¼gSUMvkmV I½

izfØ;k

1. izfrHkkfx;ksa dks nks vyx&vyx n`';ksa dh rLohjsa fn[kk,a%

• igyh rLohj esa dqN yksx d{kk esa cSBs gSa vkSj vè;kid mls i<+k jgk gS

• nwljh rLohj esa ,d vkneh gjs&Hkjs isM+ksa ds chp HksM+&cdfj;ka pjk jgk gS

10%30 ls 11%15 cts ¼45 feuV½

16

QsflfyVsVj iwNrs gSa] ß;gka vki nks rLohjsa ns[k jgs gSaA buesa ls dkSu&lk vkneh lh[k jgk gS\Þ

bldk tokc yxHkx ges'kk ;g gksxk & d{kk esa cSBk vknehA

vc iwfN,] ßrks D;k cdfj;ksa dks pjk jgk vkneh dqN Hkh ugha lh[k jgk gS\Þ

2. èkhjs&èkhjs izfrHkkxh crkus yxsaxs fd og vkneh Hkh lh[k jgk gS exj tks dqN og lh[k jgk gS] og ml lh[k ls vyx gS tks d{kk esa cSBs vknfe;ksa dks fey jgh gSA

3. vc iwfN,] ßnksuksa vkneh D;k lh[k jgs gSa\Þ tSls&tSls tokc vkrs tk,a] fofHkUu fcanqvksa dks fuEufyf[kr <ax ls cksMZ ij fy[krs tk,aA izfrHkkfx;ksa dks T+;knk ls T+;knk fcanq crkus ds fy, le; nsaA

d{kk esa cSBs vkneh cdfj;ka pjk jgk vkneh1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

4. vc iwNsa] ßfdldh lh[k T+;knk le; rd fVdsxh vkSj D;ksa\Þ

5. ppkZ dks fn'kk nsrs gq, bl ckr dks lkeus yk,a fd tks vkneh cdfj;ka pjk jgk gS] mldh lh[k rdjhcu iwjh ft+anxh mlds ikl jgsxh D;ksafd og pht+ksa dks [kqn djds lh[k jgk gS vkSj mldh lh[k vuqHko ij vkèkkfjr gSA nwljh rjQ] d{kk esa cSBk vkneh vè;kid ls lh[k jgk gS vkSj vxj ckj&ckj u nksgjk;k tk, rks bl izfØ;k esa lh[kh gqbZ pht+sa de le; rd gh ;kn jgrh gSaA

dksbZ lh[k ft+anxh Hkj lkFk jgs] blds fy, t+:jh gS fd lh[kus dh izfØ;k lh[kus okys ds fnekx esa pysA

6. bl ckr dks js[kkafdr djsa fd izfrHkkxh dsafnzr vkSj vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk i)fr gh lcls vPNh gksrh gS] [kklrkSj ls blfy, fd ge ftu izfrHkkfx;ksa dks izf'k{k.k ns jgs gSa mldk mUgsa vius dke esa bLrseky djuk gSA

7. bl ckr dks fiNys l= ls tksM+rs gq, QsflfyVsVj dh Hkwfedk dks ,d ckj fQj js[kkafdr djsaA

l= dk lekiu

izfrHkkfx;ksa dks ;g O;Dr djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsa fd izfrHkkxh dsafnzr i)fr ds ckjs esa vc mudh D;k lksp gS vkSj izf'k{k.k l=ksa ds nkSjku bl i)fr dks viukus ds fy, os D;k djsaxs\

l= ls fudys eq[; fcanqvksa dks nksgjk,aA

pk;11:15 ls 11:30 cts ¼15 feuV½


l= 3izkS<+ f'k{kk ds fl)kUr

l= dk ifj.kke


• izkS<+ f'k{kk fl)kUr ds eq[; vk;keksa rFkk izf'k{k.k l=ksa ds nkSjku muds iz;ksx ds ckjs esa crk ldsasA

vko”;d lkexzh

• fy[kus ds fy, cksMZ] pkWd@ekdZj isu vkSj MLVj

• lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa ds fy, izkS<+ f'k{kk 'kkL= ij uksV~l ¼gSUMvkmV II½

izfØ;k

1. cksMZ ds vkèks fgLls ij ;g loky fy[ksa%

^fdlh pht+ dks lh[kus ds fy, vkidks dgka ls izsj.kk feyrh gS\*

lgHkkfx;kas ds mÙkjksa dks cksMZ ij bl loky ds uhps fy[krs tk,aA

2. cksMZ ds ckdh vkèks fgLls ij ;g loky fy[ksa%

^vki dSls lh[krs gSa\*

bl loky ds tokcksa dks Hkh cksMZ ij fy[krs tk,aA

3. izkS<+ f'k{kk 'kkL= okyk ipkZ izfrHkkfx;ksa esa ckaV nsa vkSj mls i<+us ds fy, dgsaA mlds ckn izfrHkkfx;ksa dks Lo&vkadyu djus ds fy, dgsa ftlls ;g irk pys fd os dSls lh[kuk ilUn djrs gSaA ¼Lo&vkadyu izk:i layXud ds :i esa i`"B 31-32 ij fn;k x;k gS½ vkadyu ds i'pkr~ lh[kus dh fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa ij ppkZ djsaA

4. izfrHkkfx;ksa ds lkFk ipsZ dks i<+sa vkSj LDos;j fMfot+u vH;kl ds muds vuqHkoksa ds vkèkkj ij ppkZ djsaA

5. ipsZ esa fn, x, fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa dks cksMZ ij fy[ksa vkSj fiNys l=ksa ds lanHkZ esa mu ij ppkZ djsa%

• lh[kus esa o;Ldkas dk dksbZ fufgr Qk;nk gksuk pkfg,A

• os LofunsZf'kr gksaA

• mUgsa vius vuqHkoksa ds vkèkkj ij lh[kus dk ekSdk feysA

6. o;Ldksa dks lh[kus esa enn nsus okys dkjdksa ij ppkZ djsa] ;kuh tc

• os le>rs gksa fd muds fy, fdlh pht+ dks tkuuk ;k djuk D;ksa egRoiw.kZ gSA

• mUgsa vius <ax ls lh[kus dh vkt+knh gksA

• lh[kus dh izfØ;k vuqHko ij vkèkkfjr gksA

• lh[kus ds fy, muds ikl lgh le; gksA

• lh[kus dh izfØ;k ldkjkRed vkSj mRlkgtud gksA

7. iwjh ppkZ ds nkSjku izfrHkkfx;ksa ds vuqHkoksa dks ppkZ esa ykrs jgsaA

l= dk lekiu

eq[; fcanqvksa dks nksgjk,a vkSj izfrHkkfx;ksa dks ;kn fnyk,a fd mUgsa izf'k{k.k l=ksa ds nkSjku izkS<+ f'k{k.k ds fl)karksa ds bLrseky ds u,&u, rjhds <wa<+us pkfg,A

11%30 ls 12%45 cts ¼75 feuV½

18

l= 4 cksèk

l= dk ifj.kke

izfrHkkxh ;g le>us yxsa fd%

• gj O;fDr dk cksèk vyx gksrk gSA

• yksxksa ds joS;s ij blds izHkkoksa ls mudh lfØ;rk ;k fuf"Ø;rk r; gksrh gSA

vko”;d lkexzh

• esa<d vkSj ?kksM+s dh rhu rLohjksa dk lsV ¼gSUMvkmV III½

izfØ;k

1. izfrHkkfx;ksa dks d vkSj [k & nks mi&lewgksa esa ckaV nsaA

2. ,d QsflfyVsVj gkWy esa gh mi&lewg & d ds lkFk jgsxk tcfd ,d QsflfyVsVj mi&lewg & [k ds lkFk nwljs dejs esa pys tk,axsA

• mi&lewg & d ds izfrHkkfx;ksa dks fp= la[;k & 1 fn[kk,aA izR;sd izfrHkkxh dks vuqeku yxkuk gksxk fd ;g D;k gSA mUgsa gkWy ds nkfguh rjQ ,d lkFk cSBus ds fy, dgsaA

• blh rjg mi&lewg & [k dks fp= la[;k & 2 fn[kk,a vkSj vanktk yxkus dks dgsa fd ;g D;k gS\ dqN le; ckn mi&lewg & [k dks izf'k{k.k gkWy esa okil ys vk,a vkSj mUgsa gkWy ds ckb± rjQ cSBus ds fy, dgsaA

• vc lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dks fp= la[;k & 3 fn[kk,a vkSj dgsa fd os tks ns[k jgs gSa mldk vanktk yxk,aA

* mi&lewg & d ds ,d izfrHkkxh dks vkxs cqyk,a vkSj mls fp= la[;k & 3 ij cus psgjs ds vyx&vyx fgLlksa ij vaxqyh fQjkrs gq, ml vax dk uke cksyus ds fy, dgsa] tSls& ^;g es<d dh ukd gS* ;k ^;g ?kksM+s dh vka[k gS* vkfnA vc mi&lewg & [k ds ,d izfrHkkxh dks Hkh ,slk gh djus ds fy, cqyk,aA

* nksuksa mi&lewgksa ds izfrHkkfx;ksa dks vkil esa ckr djus nsaA * tc galh&et+kd Fke tk, rks izfrHkkfx;ksa ls iwNsa fd lHkh lnL; ,d gh fp= dks vyx&vyx tkuojksa dk D;ksa crk jgs gSaA

* tokcksa dks cksMZ ij fy[krs tk,aA

3. blh izdkj] vki tks Hkh cksyrs ;k djrs gSa] mlds ckjs esa vkidk viuk cksèk gksrk gSA ,d QsflfyVsVj ds ukrs vki lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa ds fy, leku 'kSf{kd vuqHko lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, bu vyx&vyx cksèkksa ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, D;k dj ldrs gSa\

4. izfrHkkfx;ksa dks bl l= dh eq[; lh[kksa dks vius 'kCnksa esa nksgjkus ds fy, dgsa ¼blesa ^vka[k vkSj dku* Vhe vkidh lgk;rk djsxhA vkidk dke ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd izR;sd izfrHkkxh de ls de ,d ckj bl Vhe dk fgLlk t+:j cusA ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djsa fd bl Vhe dks viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, i;kZIr le; fn;k tk,½A

l= dk lekiu

• ppkZ esa mHkjs eq[; fcanqvksa dks ,d ckj fQj nksgjk,aA bl ckr ij t+ksj nsa fd cksèk fdl rjg fHkUu gksrs gSa vkSj bl fHkUurk ds dkj.k fopkjksa esa fHkUurk vk tkrh gS tks lk/kkj.k ;k vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA

• ,d ;k nks izfrHkkfx;ksa dks vius vuqHko crkus ds fy, vkeaf=r djsaA

12%45 ls 13%30 cts ¼45 feuV½


l= 5 QsflfyVs'ku djus dh dyk

l= dk ifj.kke

l= ds vUr esa izfrHkkxh bl ;ksX; gksaxs fd os%

• ,sls dkS'kyksa ds ckjs esa crk ldsa ftuls izf'k{k.k l=ksa ds nkSjku izkS<+ f'k{k.k ds fl)karksa dks ykxw djus esa enn feyrh gSA

vko”;d lkexzh

• lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa ds fy, izf'k{k.k l=ksa ds QsflfyVs'ku djus ij uksV~l@ipkZ ¼gSUMvkmV V½

• cksMZ] pkWd@ekdZj isu] MLVj

izfØ;k

1. izfrHkkfx;ksa ls vc rd ds lapkfyr l=ksa ds vuqHko crkus ds fy, dgsa%

• fdl pht+ us mUgsa lcls T+;knk izHkkfor fd;k vkSj D;ksa\

• os dkSu&lh pht+sa gSa ftudks muds }kjk viuk, tkus dh lcls T+;knk laHkkouk gS vkSj D;ksa\

• os dkSu&lh pht+sa gSa ftudks os drbZ ugha djsaxs vkSj D;ksa\

2. cksMZ ij tokcksa dks fy[krs tk,aA

3. izf'k{k.k l=ksa ds QsflfyVs'ku djus ls lacafèkr uksV~l@ipsZ dh izfr;ka lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa esa ckaV ns vkSj mUgsa i<+us dk le; nsaA

4. O;k[;kvksa] fiNys l= ds mnkgj.kksa vkSj cksMZ ij fy[kh izfrfØ;kvksa dh enn ls uksV~l@ipsZ dks izfrHkkfx;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk i<+rs tk,aA

l= dk lekiu

• eq[; fcanqvksa dks nksgjk,aA

• izfrHkkfx;ksa dks ;kn fnyk,a fd QsflfyVs'ku djuk ,d dkS'ky gS vkSj blesa fuiq.k gksus ds fy, geas yxkrkj leh{kk vkSj vH;kl djrs jguk pkfg,A ;g dkS'ky ,d fnu esa ugha lh[kk tk ldrkA

izfØ;k

izsjd xfrfofèk;ksa esa ls dksbZ ,d xfrfofèk lapkfyr djsa ;k fdlh izfrHkkxh dks dksbZ ubZ izsjd xfrfofèk lapkfyr djus ds fy, cqyk,a ¼gSUMvkmV IV½A

yap13%30 ls 14%30 cts ¼60 feuV½

yap ds ckn izsjd xfrfof/k14%30 ls 14%45 cts ¼15 feuV½

pk;16:15 ls 16:30 cts ¼15 feuV½

14%45 ls 16%15 cts ¼90 feuV½

20

l= 6lquuk

l= dk ifj.kke

l= ds vUr esa izfrHkkxh bl ;ksX; gksaxs fd os%

• fdlh laokn ds nkSjku tokc nsus ls igys lquus vkSj le>us ds egRo dks le>us yxsaA

vko”;d lkexzh

fy[kus ds fy, cksMZ] pkWd@ekdZj isu vkSj MLVj

izfØ;k

1. izfrHkkfx;ksa ds tksM+s cuk nsa vkSj dgsa fd mUgsa vius@viuh tksM+hnkj ds lkFk cgl djuh gSA

2. izR;sd tksM+s ds lnL;ksa dks ,d&nwljs dh rjQ eqag djds rFkk nwljs tksM+ksa ls i;kZIr nwjh ij cSBus ds fy, dgsaA

3. cksMZ ij cgl ds rhu 'kh"kZd fy[k nsa%

• nkar lkQ djus ds fy, nkrqu dk bLrseky djuk vPNk gksrk gSA

• ekWfuZx okWd cw<+ksa ds fy, gksrh gSA

• gesa viuh et+hZ dh pht+sa [kkuh pkfg,A

4. lHkh tksM+kas dks buesa ls ,d 'kh"kZd pqudj [kqn ;g r; djus ds fy, dgsa fd dkSu&lk tksM+hnkj 'kh"kZd ds i{k esa vkSj dkSu&lk tksM+hnkj mlds fojks/k esa cksysxk ¼;g r; djus ds fy, VkWl Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS½A

5. fuEufyf[kr funsZ'k nsa%

• izfrHkkfx;ksa dks b'kkjk feyus ij cgl 'kq: djuh gksxhA

• gj tksM+s ds nksuksa lnL;ksa dks ,d lkFk cksyuk gksxkA

6. cgl 'kq: djus dk b'kkjk djsa A yxHkx 3 feuV ckn vH;kl jksd nsa vkSj cksMZ ij 5 u, 'kh"kZd fy[ksa%

• vPNh lsgr f'k{kk ls T+;knk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA

• cPpksa ds Vhdkdj.k dk QSlyk eka&cki ij NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A

• vxj xHkZorh L=h dks vPNk [kkuk vkSj iwjk vkjke fey jgk gS rks xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku tkap djkuk vko”;d ugha gSA

• rhu lky ls de mez ds cPpksa dk dHkh&dHkkj ot+u djokuk gh dkQh jgrk gSA

• lkQ&lQkbZ j[kuk iapk;r dh ft+Eesnkjh gSA

7. fuEufyf[kr funsZ'k nsa%

• izR;sd tksM+s dks b'kkjk feyus ij gh cgl 'kq: djuh gksxhA

• tc ,d tksM+hnkj cksys rks nwljs dks pqipki mldh ckr lquuh gksxhA

16%30 ls 17%15 cts ¼45 feuV½


• lquus okys dks viuh ckr dgus ls igys crkuk gksxk fd igys tksM+hnkj us D;k dgk gS vkSj ;g ns[kuk gksxk fd og vkids nksgjkus ls larq"V gS ;k ugha ¼blds fy, ,sls okD;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS & ^D;k eSaus rqEgkjh ckr lgh le>h gS\* ;k ^eSaus rqEgkjh dgh dksbZ ckr NksM+ rks ugh nh\* ;k ^rqe dg jgs@jgh gks fd ----- D;k eSaus lgh dgk\*½A

8. yxHkx 5 feuV ckn vH;kl dks jksd nsaA

vH;kl ds ckn ppkZ • bl vH;kl ds bnZ&fxnZ ppkZ 'kq: djsaA ppkZ dks vkxs c<+kus esa ;s loky ennxkj gks ldrs gSa%

* vH;kl ds igys fgLls esa D;k gqvk\

* D;k bl rjg dk ^laokn* vlyh ft+anxh esa Hkh gksrk gS] mnkgj.k nsaA

* vH;kl ds nwljs fgLls ds ckjs esa vki D;k lksprs gSa\

* lquus ds nkSjku vkius fdu dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk fd;k\

* ^lqusa&nksgjk,a&cksysa* dh vfuok;Zrk fdruh ennxkj jgh\

• tokcksa dks cksMZ ij nks dkWyeksa & igyk Hkkx vkSj nwljk Hkkx & esa fy[krs tk,aA

l= dk lekiu

bl vH;kl ls fudys eq[; eqíksa dk laf{kIr lkj&ladyu djsaA bl ckr ij t+ksj nsa fd dbZ ckj oDrk dh ckr xkSj ls lquus ls gh gesa mlds rdksZa dk tokc fey tkrk gS( blls ge oDrk dks vyx <ax ls lkspus ;k vU; n`f"Vdks.kksa ij fopkj djus ds fy, izsfjr dj ldrs gSaA vUr esa dgsa fd laokn ds bl vfuok;Z dkS'ky dks lh[kus ds fy, yxkrkj vH;kl vkSj /kS;Z@lgu'khyrk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

lquus&nksgjkus fQj cksyus dh ftl rduhd dk vHkh vkius vH;kl fd;k mldk iz;ksx vki vius izf'k{k.k l=ksa dks T;knk izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, dj ldrs gSaA blds }kjk vki vuko';d okn&fookn ls cp ldrs gSaA

jkr ds fy, ,lkbuesaV

lkj&ladyu

1. lgHkkfx;kas dks iwjs fnu ds l=ksa dh eq[; lh[kksa dks nksgjkus ds fy, vkeaf=r djsaA

2. mUgsa jkr esa fd, tkus okys ,lkbuesaV~l ds ckjs esa ;kn fnyk,aA

mi&lewg vkoafVr l= mi&lewg vkoafVr l=

d- [k-

x- ?k-

M- <-

izfrHkkfx;ksa dh dqy la[;k dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, mUgsa 5 ;k 6 mi&lewgksa esa ckaV nsa ¼izR;sd mi&lewg esa vfèkdre 6 lnL; gh j[ksa½ vkSj mUgsa dgas fd vxys nks fnuksa ds nkSjku mUgsa ikap fnolh; izf'k{k.k eSU;qvy esa fn, x, vH;kl l=ksa dk lapkyu djuk gksxkA izR;sd izfrHkkxh dks izf'k{k.k eSU;qvy dh ,d&,d izfr rFkk nwljs fnu ds fy, r; fd, x, fuEufyf[kr vkcaVu dh izfr lkSai nsa%

17%15 ls 17%45 cts ¼30 feuV½

17%45 ls 18%00 cts ¼15 feuV½

22

uksV

l=ksa dk vlyh caVokjk vkSj Øe fuèkkZj.k izfrHkkfx;ksa dh lykg ls gh r; fd;k tk,xkA dqN mi&lewgksa dks yxkrkj nks ;k vfèkd l=ksa dk lapkyu Hkh djuk iM+ ldrk gS rkfd izf'k{k.k dk izokg ckfèkr u gksA

izfØ;k

1. lHkh mi&lewg izf'k{k.k eSU;qvy esa fn, x, vius vkoafVr l=ksa dh rS;kjh djsaxsA

2. vxys fnu mi&lewg vH;kl l= izLrqr djsaxsA mudh izLrqfr dh vofèk l= dh la[;k ds vuqlkj 30 ls 45 feuV rd gks ldrh gSA

3. okLrfod l= 20 feuV ls T+;knk ugha gksuk pkfg,A ckdh le; nwljs mi&lewgksa vkSj QsflfyVsVlZ dh vksj ls vkus okys QhMcSd ds fy, j[ksaA

4. pk; vkSj yap ds czsd lkekU; :i ls ysrs jgsaA ck;ks&czsd QsflfyVsVlZ ds foosdkuqlkj fn, tk,axsA

5. izR;sd mi&lewg dks ^QhMcSd* nsus ds ckn mlds iz;kl dh ljkguk djsa vkSj rkfy;ka ctk,aA


ßeSa tc lqurk gwa & mls Hkwy tkrk gwa ] eSa tc ns[krk gwa & mls ;kn j[krk gwa ] eSa tc djrk gwa & mls le> tkrk gwa !Þ

phuh dgkor

gSUMvkmV~lgSUMvkmV I: l= 2&eSnku esa HksM+&cdfj;ka pjkrs O;fDr dk fp= rFkk

d{kk esa o;Ld dk fp= ¼lhMh esa½

gSUMvkmV II: l= 3&izkS<+ f'k{kk 'kkL=

gSUMvkmV III: l= 4&esa<d dk fp= ¼lhMh esa½

gSUMvkmV IV: yap ds ckn izsjd xfrfof/k ¼,utkZbt+j½ dh lwph

gSUMvkmV V: l= 5&QsflfyVs'ku djus dh dyk ij uksV~l

gSUMvkmV VI: izh&iksLV izi=&,lchlhlh QsflfyVsVjksa ds fy,

24

The picture of a railway compartmentgSUMvkmV I ¼l= 2½

eSnku esa HksM+&cdfj;ka pjkrk gqvk vkneh


d{kk esa o;Ld

26

izkS<+ f'k{kk 'kkL=;g Hkkx izfrHkkfx;ksa dks ;g lh[kus eas lgk;rk nsus ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;k gS fd Ok;Ld dSls lh[krs gSaA

izkS<+ f'k{kk 'kkL= ;k ,aMªkxkWth o;Ldksa }kjk lh[kus dk ,d ,slk n'kZu gS tks bl ekU;rk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd viuh lh[kus dh izfØ;k dks r; djus esa o;Ldksa dh Hkh Hkwfedk gksuh pkfg,A izkS<+ f'k{kk ds {ks= esa eSYde uksYl ¼1973½ dks iFk&izn'kZd fl)kardkj ekuk tkrk gSA eSYde mu 'kq#vkrh yksxksa esa ls Fks ftUgksaus dgk Fkk fd cPpkas ds eqdkcys o;Ld vyx <ax ls lh[krs gSaA uksYl }kjk fn;k x;k ekWMy vc izkS<+ f'k{kk dk vkèkkj cu pqdk gSA blds rhu izeq[k rRo gSa%

• lh[kus esa o;Ldksa dk dksbZ fufgr Qk;nk gksuk pkfg,A • os LofunsZf'kr gksaA • mUgsa vius vuqHkoksa ds vkèkkj ij lh[kus dk ekSdk feysA

uksYl us ik;k fd o;Ld rHkh lcls vPNh rjg lh[k ikrs gSa tc% • os ;g le>rs gksa fd muds fy, fdlh pht+ dks tkuuk ;k djuk D;ksa egRoiw.kZ gSA • mUgsa vius <ax ls lh[kus dh vkt+knh gksA • lh[kus dh izfØ;k vuqHko ij vkèkkfjr gksA • lh[kus ds fy, muds ikl lgh le; gksA

• lh[kus dh izfØ;k ldkjkRed vkSj mRlkgtud gksA

lh[kuk

pwafd ^lh[kuk* gh bl ppkZ dk dsanz fcanq gS blfy, vkb,] igys blh dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA

lh[kuk ,d ,slh xfrfofèk gS tks O;fDr;ksa] lewgksa vkSj laxBuksa dh u, Kku o dkS'ky vftZr djus o mUgsa lkFkZd <ax ls bLrseky djus dh {kerk o bPNk dks c<+krh gSA bl rjg dh lh[kksa ls O;fDr;ksa dk l'kDrhdj.k gksrk gS] mudh nqfu;k foLr`r gksus yxrh gS vkSj viuh nqfu;k dh 'kDy&lwjr r; djus dk mudk lkeF;Z c<+rk gSA

fdlh O;fDr dh lh[kus dh {kerk c<+kus dk ,d rjhdk ;g gS fd lh[kus ds ,sls y{; r; fd, tk,a tks lacafèkr O;fDr ds Kku dh ekStwnk lhekvksa ls T+;knk O;kid gksaA

tks dqN lh[kk x;k gS] mls ykxw djus dh izsj.kk ;k bPNk iSnk djus ds fy, O;ogkj lacaèkh y{; r; fd, tkus pkfg,A

tc bu voèkkj.kkvksa dks fdlh laxBu@laLFkku ij ykxw djsa Rkks lh[kuk vkSj O;ogkjxr y{;] nksuksa ml laxBu@laLFkku ds vuq:i gksus pkfg,A ;g ckr gj fLFkfr esa izklafxd gksrh gS & pkgs vki fdlh lqj{kk dk;ZØe ij ckr dj jgs gksa] xq.koÙkk fu;a=.k iz.kkfy;ksa ij dke dj jgs gksa ;k d{kk esa lrr~ lqèkkj ds fy, iz;kljr gksaA

gSUMvkmV II ¼l= 3½


iz;ksx

ge o;Ldksa dks fdlh izf'k{k.k ikB~;Øe esa fgLlk ysus ds fy, ckè; rks dj ldrs gSa exj ge mUgsa og lc dqN lh[kus ds fy, ckè; ugha dj ldrs tks izf'k{k.k esa fl[kk;k tk jgk gSA ge rks muds Hkhrj ,d pkg iSnk djds lh[kus ds Qk;nksa dk vglkl gh djk ldrs gSaA njvly] izkS<+ f'k{kk cgqr lkjs dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS ftuesa lh[kus dh bPNk ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA fuEufyf[kr fl)kUrksa ds lgkjs ge o;Ldksa ds 'kSf{kd vuqHkoksa dks c<+k ldrs gSa vkSj bl fn'kk esa izHkkoh <ax ls dke dj ldrs gSa%

1. o;Ldksa dks rc rd lh[kus ds fy, ckè; ugha fd;k tk ldrk tc rd fd os [kqn ,slk u pkgrs gksa D;ksafd os izLrkfor 'kSf{kd vuqHkoksa ds ykHkksa dks [kqn rkSyuk pkgrs gSa vkSj tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd ^blesa esjs fy, D;k gS\* vxj tokc ldkjkRed gS rks os LokHkkfod :i ls lh[kus ds fy, izsfjr gksaxs ojuk os lh[kus dks rS;kj ugha gksaxsA

2. u;k Kku] lkeF;Z vkSj dkS'ky gkfly djus ds fy, o;Ld rHkh iszfjr gksrs gSa tc blls mUgsa vius izn'kZu esa lqèkkj ykus vkSj dk;kZRed pqukSfr;ksa o [kkfe;ksa dks nwj djus esa enn feyrh gSA

3. Hkze ls cpus vkSj lacafèkr voèkkj.kkvksa dks rst+h ls le>us ds fy, t+:jh gS fd o;Ldksa ds 'kSf{kd vuqHko ,d fof'k"V vkSj lqifjHkkf"kr 'kSf{kd voèkkj.kk ij dsafnzr gksaA

4. lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa vius izn'kZu dks lek;ksftr djus vkSj [kqn dks lQyrkiwoZd izfØ;k ds vuqlkj <kyus ds fy, o;Ldksa dks yxkrkj QhMcSd vkSj izksRlkgu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

5. o;Ld lh[kus dks ,d ,sls lkèku ds :i esa ns[krs gSa tks muds LokfHkeku dks c<+krk gS] mUgsa vkSjksa ls esytksy dk volj iznku djrk gS] mUgsa okafNr ifj.kke izkIr djus dh izsj.kk nsrk gS vkSj muds ^is'ksoj vge* ds Lrj dks c<+krk gSA

6. o;Ld ,sls u, fopkjksa vkSj voèkkj.kkvksa dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa tks muesa lh[kus dh ftKklk iSnk djs] [kklrkSj ls vxj os fopkj o voèkkj.kk,a muds nSfud dkedkt ls lacafèkr gksa vkSj muds dk;Z pØ dh xq.koÙkk o dq'kyrk ds lqèkkj esa ennxkj gksaA

7. o;Ldksa dks ^vkjksi eqDr* okrkoj.k dh t+:jr gksrh gS rkfd os vkjksiksa dk fu'kkuk cuus ls lqjf{kr eglwl djsa vkSj u, Kku] lkeF;Z o dkS'ky dks vkykspuk ds Hk; ;k fgpfdpkgV ds fcuk ykxw djus ds fy, izsfjr eglwl djsaA

8. o;Ldksa ds fy, lh[kus dk vuqHko vius vkidks vfHkO;Dr djus vkSj nwljksa ds lkFk vius vuqHkoksa dks ckaVus dk ,d volj gksrk gS D;ksafd muds ikl csfglkc vuqHko gksrs gSa vkSj mUgsa vius vuqHko ckaVuk vPNk yxrk gSA fygktk] lh[kus ds tks Hkh rjhds viuk, tk,a muesa bl ckr dk [;ky j[kk tkuk pkfg,A

9. ,d oSèk 'kSf{kd ifj.kke izkIr djus ds fy, o;Ldksa dks ,d O;ofLFkr vkSj lqfu;ksftr 'kSf{kd vuqHko dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

10. ubZ voèkkj.kkvksa dks ekStwnk Kku] lkeF;Z vkSj dkS'kyksa esa lesfdr djus ds fy, o;Ld Lof'k{kk@Lo;a&lh[k rduhdksa dks T+;knk izkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA

11. vius izn'kZu vkSj vis{kkvksa dks O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, o;Ldksa dks QhMcSd ls cgqr ykHk feyrk gSA QhMcSd ,dne lVhd vkSj lkef;d gksuk pkfg,A

28

csgrj urhts gkfly djus ds fy, QsflfyVsVlZ vkSj dalYVsaV~l dks bu ckrksa dk iwjk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A o;Ldksa ds lkFk dke djuk ,d pqukSrh gksrh gS vkSj blds fy, ,d fuf'pr dkS'ky dh t+:jr gksrh gS tks yxkrkj vH;kl vkSj leh{kk ls le; ds lkFk gh lh[kk tk ldrk gSA o;Ldksa dks izLrkfor izf'k{k.k ds ykHkksa dks igpkuus esa enn nh tkuh pkfg, ojuk izf'k{k.k dsoy le; vkSj lkèkuksa dh cckZnh cudj jg tkrk gSA

vHkh rd dh ppkZ esa vk, eq[; dkjdksa dh O;k[;k,a%

vuqHko ek;us j[krk gS

reke fta+nxh ge tks vuqHko gkfly djrs gSa os lh[kus ds fy, le`) lalkèku dk dke djrs gSaA vxj o;Ld 'kSf{kd lkexzh dks vius fiNys vuqHkoksa ds lkFk tksM+ ldsa rks T+;knk rst+h ls lh[krs gSa vkSj mudh lh[k T+;knk le; rd fVdrh gSA

bldk mYVk Hkh mruk gh lp gS% vxj i<+kbZ tk jgh lkexzh o;Ldksa ds vc rd ds fo'oklksa ds foijhr gks ;k muds foijhr izrhr gksrh gks rks ubZ lkexzh dks vkRelkr~ djus ls igys iqjkus fo'oklksa dk iquewZY;kadu djuk t+:jh gks tkrk gSA vxj ekStwnk fo'okl cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh gSa vkSj ubZ lkexzh ds lkFk muds Vdjko dks nwj ugha fd;k tk ldrk rks ;g Vdjko lh[kus dh izfØ;k dks vo#) dj nsrk gSA blh otg ls ikB~;p;kZ jpukdkjksa ds fy, ;g tkuuk vko';d gksrk gS fd lacafèkr voèkkj.kk,a ;k fopkj lh[kus okyksa ds fo'oklksa ds vuq:i gSa ;k muds foijhrA blls mUgsa fo'oklksa vkSj ewY;&ekU;rkvksa esa cnyko dh lkexzh rS;kj djus esa dkQh enn feyrh gSA

o;Ld rc T;knk vPNh rjg lh[k ikrs gSa tc mUgsa d{kk esa lfØ; lgHkkfxrk dk ekSdk feyrk gS blfy, ikB~;Øeksa dks bl rjg rS;kj fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd muesa izfrHkkfx;ksa ds fiNys Kku dk mi;ksx fd;k tk lds] d{kk ds lnL;ksa dks vius vuqHkoksa dk vknku&iznku djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldsA ftu ppkZvksa] vH;klksa esa leL;k lekèkku ;k fo'ys"k.k vkSj dk;Z vFkok thou ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa muds iz;ksx dh laHkkouk gksrh gS os o;Ldksa ds fy, izf'k{k.k lkexzh rS;kj djus esa cgqr mi;ksxh lkfcr gksrh gSaA

vko';drk ds vuqlkj lh[kuk

fdlh fo"k; dks lh[kus esa o;Ldksa dh lcls T+;knk fnypLih rc gksrh gS tc vius O;kolkf;d ;k O;fDrxr thou ds fy, mUgsa mldh rqjar t+:jr eglwl gksrh gSA tSls&tSls muds thou esa cnyko vkrs tkrs gSa] elyu & vfHkHkkod cuuk] dke esa u;k in ikuk] ukSdjh NwV tkuk ;k fjVk;j gks tkuk vkfnA os ubZ fLFkfr ds fy, mi;qDr izf'k{k.k ikus dh pkg dk lzksr cu tkrs gSaA

ge tks u;k dkS'ky lh[krs gSa & ftls ewy :i ls t+:jr iM+us ij lh[kk x;k Fkk & og thou esa vkus okys u, cnykoksa ls fuiVus ds fy, ,d lkèku vkSj ,d HkkoukRed lgk;rk dk lzksr Hkh gksrk gSA dksbZ O;fDr@efgyk cnyko dh t+:jr vkSj vius ekStwnk dkS'ky ds ckjs esa fdruk@fdruh lpsr gS] blds vkèkkj ij og cnyko ykus okyh ?kVuk ds igys] mlds nkSjku ;k mlds ckn izf'k{k.k ds fy, iz;kl dj ldrk@ldrh gSA dbZ ckj o;Ldksa dks 'kSf{kd xfrfofèk dh t+:jr vkSj mlls gksus okys ykHk dks igpkuus ls igys bl ckr ds fy, jkt+h djus dh t+:jr Hkh iM+ ldrh gS fd cnyko fuf'pr gSA o;Ldksa ds fy, lh[kus dh pkg vko';drk ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA muds fy, lh[kuk fdlh edln dks gkfly djus dk lkèku gksrk gS] vius vki esa edln ugha gksrkA

12. o;Ld vyx&vyx <ax ls lh[krs gSa D;ksafd mudh okafNr lh[k 'kSyh vyx&vyx gksrh gSA bl rjg dh okafNr 'kSfy;ka fdlh dh rkdr ;k lkeF;Z dk izfrfufèkRo ugha djrha cfYd dsoy ;g n'kkZrh gSa fd izR;sd o;Ld lh[kus ds vuqHko dks fdl rjg ns[krk@ns[krh gSA

13. vius vuqHko vkSj ifjiDork dh cnkSyr o;Ld ^djds lh[kus* dks gh T+;knk ilan djrs gSaA


O;ogkj esa iz;ksxtSlk fd ihNs ft+Ø fd;k x;k Fkk] o;Ld blfy, lh[krs gS D;ksafd mUgsa fdlh u, Kku ;k dkS'ky dh t+:jr eglwl gksrh gSA ,d ckj Kku gkfly dj ysus ds ckn os mls QkSju ykxw djuk pkgrs gSa rkfd leL;k dks gy dj ldsaA o;Ld lkeF;Z vkèkkfjr izfrHkkxh gksrs gSa ;kuh os dksbZ ,slk dkS'ky ;k Kku lh[kuk pkgrs gSa ftls os vius orZeku gkykr esa O;kogkfjd :i ls ykxw dj ldsaA

o;Ldksa ds fy, “kSf{kd ;k lS)kafrd i)fr ds LFkku ij thou ,oa dk;Z ifjfLFkfr;ka fdlh pht+ dks lh[kus dk T+;knk mi;qDr lanHkZ iznku djrh gSaA fygktk] pkgs tks Hkh ekè;e viuk;k tk,] ikB~;Øe dh fo"k;&oLrq r; djus ds fy, ^dSls---* gh mudh ilanhnk 'kSyh gksrh gSA o;Ld vuqdj.k ;k fleqys'ku ij] vkSj oks Hkh ,sls vuqdj.k ij lcls vPNh izfrfØ;k nsrs gSa ftlesa mUgsa vius O;fDrxr ;k O;kolkf;d thou ls feyrh&tqyrh ifjfLFkfr ;k leL;k ij dke djus dk ekSdk feyrk gSA

izkS<+ f'k{kk dh izsj.kk o vko';drkvksa dks le>dj ge fofHkUu Lrj ds deZpkfj;ksa dks lQyrk ds fy, lgk;d izf'k{k.k ysus esa enn dj ldrs gSaA vius izf'k{k.k rFkk mlds QyLo:i gksus okys lkaxBfud@laLFkkxr :ikarj.k esa izkS<+ f'k{kk dh voèkkj.kkvksa dk lekos'k djds ge deZpkfj;ksa dh lh[kus dh {kerk dks T+;knk dkjxj <ax ls lqèkkj ldrs gSaA vxj ge ,slk ekgkSy cuk,a ftlesa fl[kkbZ tk jgh pht+ mi;ksxh vkSj LFkk;h izHkkoksa okyh gks rks ge fVdkÅ vkSj lrr~ lqèkkj dh fLFkfr iSnk dj ldrs gSaA

bl ckr dk lEeku djsa fd o;Ld izfrHkkxh lh[kus dh vyx&vyx 'kSfy;ksa ls lh[krs gSavkerkSj ij lh[kus dh rhu 'kSfy;ka gksrh gSa & ns[kdj lh[kuk] lqudj lh[kuk] djds lh[kukA

fotqvy ;k ns[kdj lh[kus okys izfrHkkxh fp=ksa ij T;knk fuHkZj jgrs gSaA mUgsa xzkQ] Mk;xzke vkSj js[kkfp= T+;knk Hkkrs gSaA êq>s fn[kkvks* gh mudk vkn'kZ okD; gksrk gSA os izk;% d{kk esa vkSjksa ls vkxs cSBuk pkgrs gSa rkfd ns[kus esa fdlh rjg dk O;oèkku u iM+s vkSj os vkidks ;kfu QsflfyVsVlZ dks vPNh rjg ns[k ldsaA os tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd izLrqr fo"k; dSlk fn[krk gSA vki mUgsa ipsZ Fkekdj] cksMZ ij fy[kdj vkSj ^D;k vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;g dSls gksrk gS\* tSls okD;ksa ds lgkjs cgqr vPNh rjg laokn dj ldrs gSaA

vkWfMVjh vFkok lqudj lh[kus okys izfrHkkxh lh[kus dh izfØ;k ls tqM+h lkjh vkokT+kksa dks cM+s xkSj ls lqurs gSaA êq>s crkvks* gh mudk vkn'kZ okD; gksrk gSA os vkidh vkokT+k vkSj mlesa fNis lkjs lw{e vkSj izR;{k lans'kksa ij cgqr ckjhdh ls è;ku nsrs gSa vkSj ppkZ esa c<+&p<+ dj fgLlk ysrs gSaA Li"V :i ls cksyrs gq,] loky iwNrs gq, vkSj ^;g lqudj vkidks dSlk yxrk gS\* tSls okD; iwN dj vki muds lkFk vPNh rjg laokn LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA

fdusLFksfVd ;kuh djds lh[kus okys izfrHkkfx;ksa dks fdlh pht+ dks le>us ds fy, mls [kqn djus dh t+:jr gksrh gSA êq>s djus nks* gh mudk vkn'kZ okD; gksrk gSA tks dqN os lh[k jgs gSa vkSj ftl rjg vki fl[kk jgs gSa] mlds ckjs esa os viuh Hkkoukvksa vkSj vglklksa ij gh Hkjkslk djrs gSaA os tks dqN lh[k jgs gSa] mls [kqn Nqdj ns[kuk pkgrs gSaA ;s ,sls yksx gksrs gSa tks vkxs vkdj vkidks jksy Iys esa enn nsuk pkgrs gSaA vki mUgsa okWyafV;lZ ds rkSj ij lkFk tksM+ dj] fl[kkbZ tk jgh ckrksa ds vH;kl dk ekSdk nsdj vkSj ^;g rqEgsa dSlk eglwl gks jgk gS\* tSls okD;ksa ds t+fj;s lcls vPNh rjg laokn LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA

T+;knkrj yksx lh[kus dh bu rhuksa 'kSfy;ksa dk bLrseky djrs gSaA ;g iwjh rjg rdZlaxr ckr gS] D;ksafd ge lHkh ds ikl ikapksa bafnz;ka gksrh gSaA fQj Hkh] fdlh [kkl fodykaxrk dks NksM+ fn;k tk, rks yxHkx lHkh fdlh ,d 'kSyh dks T+;knk ilan djrs gSaA

;gka lcls cM+k loky ;g gS fd ßcrkSj f'k{kd] vkidks dSls irk pyrk gS fd fdlh fo|kFkhZ dks dkSu lh 'kSyh T+;knk ilan gS\Þ U;wjks&fyafXofLVDl dk izf'k{k.k fy, fcuk ;g irk yxkuk okdbZ eqf'dy gSA exj ;fn vki viuh d{kk dh 'kq#vkr esa gh ,d NksVk&lk f'k{k.k 'kSyh vkadyu ¼ftldk uewuk bl uksV ds vUr esa fn;k x;k gS½ dj ysa rks vkidks vkSj vkids fo|kfFkZ;ksa] nksuksa dks dkQh Q+k;nk gksxkA

¹¹¹

30

lkj&la{ksi

izkS<+ f'k{kk 'kkL= ;g o;Ldksa dks lh[kus eas enn nsus okyh dyk vkSj foKku dk uke gSA ;g f'k{kk 'kkL= nks ewy fl)karksa ij vkèkkfjr gS% • izkS<+ izfrHkkxh Lodsafnzr vkSj Lok;Ùk gksrs gSaA • o;Ldksa dh f'k{kk esa vè;kid dsoy ,d QsflfyVsVj ;k ekxZn'kZd gksrk gS] og fo"k;&oLrq dk izLrksrk ugha gksrkA

izkS<+ f'k{kk 'kkL= dh Ng ekU;rk,a

• izfrHkkfx;ksa dh tkuus dh vko';drkA • izfrHkkfx;ksa dh Loèkkj.kkA • izfrHkkfx;ksa ds vuqHkoA • lh[kus dh rRijrkA • lh[kus dk #>kuA • lh[kus dh pkg ;k var%izsj.kkA

1. izfrHkkfx;ksa dh tkuus dh vko';drk

o;Ld tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd% • mUgsa dksbZ pht+ D;ksa lh[kuh pkfg,\ • blls mUgsa D;k ykHk gksxk\

2- izfrHkkfx;ksa dh Loèkkj.kk

izkS<+ izfrHkkxh ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa dkQh cspSuh eglwl djrs gSa tc mUgsa yxrk gS fd nwljs yksx mu ij viuh bPNk Fkksi jgs gSa% • iwoZ ds 'kSf{kd vuqHkoksa us mUgsa vè;kidksa ij fuHkZj izfrHkkxh cuk fn;k gSA • o;Ld izfrHkkfx;ksa dks mudh iqjkuh vknrksa ls lh[kus ds u, #>kuksa dh rjQ yk,aA • ,sls izfrHkkfx;ksa dks enn nsa tks vHkh Hkh LofunsZf'kr i)fr dh fn'kk esa gh c<+ jgs gSaA

3- izfrHkkfx;ksa ds vuqHko

o;Ld vius vHkh rd ds vftZr Kku dk bLrseky djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj og ml Kku ds fy, ekU;rk dh pkg j[krs gSaA • dsl LVMht+] leh{kkRed xfrfofèk;ksa rFkk lkewfgd ifj;kstukvksa esa izfrHkkfx;ksa ds ikl igys ls ekStwn n{krk ds bLrseky esa enn feyrh gSA • o;Ldksa dh vkRe&igpku ¼ftlesa mudh vknrsa vkSj muds iwokZxzg Hkh 'kkfey gSa½ muds vuqHkoksa ls r; gksrh gSA

4- lh[kus dh rRijrk o;Ldksa dks okLrfod thou dh leL;kvksa ;k dkeksa dks gy djus ds fy, fdlh pht dks lh[kus dh t+:jr dk vglkl gksuk pkfg,A • ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka jpsa ftuesa o;Ld izfrHkkfx;ksa dks fdlh [kkl Kku ;k dkS'ky dh t+:jr eglwl gks vkSj muesa lh[kus dh rRijrk iSnk gksA • ikjLifjd jksy Iys ls mUgsa ;g le>us esa enn feysxh fd fdlh fo’k;&oLrq dks le> ysus ls mUgsa Hkfo"; esa fdl rjg ykHk gks ldrk gSA

5- lh[kus dk #>ku lh[kus ds vius #>kuksa esa o;Ld thou] dk;Z vFkok leL;k&dsafnzr #>ku j[krs gSaA • okLrfod thou ds ,sls mnkgj.kksa ;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk bLrseky djsa ftudks o;Ld izfrHkkfx;ksa us vius dk;Z vFkok thou ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vuqHko fd;k gksA • fdlh eqn~ns] fo’k;&oLrq ;k vè;k; dh :ijs[kk esa voljksa dh laHkkouk ¼yphykiu½ ls izfrHkkfx;ksa dks mu eqíksa ij viuk ;ksxnku nsus dk ekSdk feyrk gS ftudk lek/kku fudkyus dh vko”;drk gSA

6- lh[kus dh pkg ckgjh izsj.kkvksa ds eqdkcys Hkhrjh izkFkfedrk,a vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSaA • ukSdjh esa larks"k] vkRe lEeku vkSj thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj dkQh egRoiw.kZ dkjd gksrs gSaA • ,slh xfrfofèk;ksa dk bLrseky djsa ftuls izf'k{kqvksa ds vkRe lEeku ;k miyfCèk dh Hkkouk dks cy feyrk gksA

o;Ld dSls lh[krs gSa\

izkS<+ f'k{kk'kkL= ds fl)kUr% ,ysXt+saMj dki ls ysdj eSyde uksYl rd


f'k{k.k 'kSyh vkadyu ds fy, uewuk ijh{k.k

ns[kdj lh[kuk¼fotqvy½

lqudj lh[kuk ¼vkWfMVjh½

djds lh[kuk ¼fdusLFksfVd½

1 tc fdlh u, midj.k dks igyh ckj pykuk gks rks eSa pkgawxh fd---

eq>s funsZ'kksa dks i<+us dk ekSdk feys

O;k[;k lquus ;k iwNus dk ekSdk feys

eq>s ^djds lh[kus* dk ekSdk feys

2 ;k=k ds fy, fn'kk tkuus ds okLrs eSa---

uD'kk ns[kwaxk fdlh ls jkLrk iwNwaxk

viuh ukd dh lhèk esa pywaxk ;k gks ldrk gS eSa fn'kklwpd ;a= dk bLrseky d:a

3 dksbZ u;k O;atu cukrs le; eSa---

O;atu fofèk dk vuqlj.k d:axk

le>us ds fy, fdlh nksLr dks cqykÅaxk

vius vuqeku ls] chp&chp esa p[k dj vkxs c<waxk

4 fdlh dks dksbZ pht+ fl[kkus ds fy, eSa---

funsZ'k fy[k dj ns nwaxh

cksy dj le>k nwaxh

djds fn[kkÅaxh vkSj mUgsa djus nwaxh

5 eSa izk;% dgrk gaw--- ßeSa vkidk eryc le> jgk gawAÞ

ßvki D;k dg jgs gSa] eSa vPNh rjg lqu jgk gawAÞ

ßeSa tkurk gaw] vkidks dSlk yx jgk gS\Þ

6 eSa izk;% ;g dgrh gaw--- ßeq>s fn[kkvksÞ ßeq>s crkvksÞ ßeq>s dksf'k'k djus nksAÞ

7 eSa izk;% ;g dgrk gaw--- ßns[kks] eSa bls dSls djrk gawÞ

ßesjh ckr xkSj ls lquksÞ

ßvc rqe [kqn gkFk vkt+ekvksÞ

8 [kjkc gks xbZ pht+ksa ds ckjs esa f'kdk;r djuh gks rks vkerkSj ij eSa---

fpëh fy[krh gaw Qksu djrh gaw nqdku ij tkrh gaw ;k ml [kjkc lkexzh dks gSM vkWfQl Hkst nsrh gaw

9 eSa vkeksn&izeksn ds fy, bu xfrfofèk;ksa dks ilan djrk gaw---

laxzgky; ;k nh?kkZ,a laxhr ;k ckrphr 'kkjhfjd xfrfofèk;ka vFkok phtsa+ cukuk

10 'kkWfiax djrs gq, vkerkSj ij eSa---

ns[k dj r; djrh gaw

nqdkunkj ls ckr djrh gaw

pykdj] laHkkydj ;k tkap dj ns[krh gaw

11 dksbZ u;k dkS'ky lh[krs le; eSa---

;g ns[krk gaw fd vè;kid D;k dj jgk gS

eSa vè;kid ls iwNrk gaw fd eq>s D;k&D;k djuk gksxk

eSa [kqn ml p+ht ij gkFk vkt+ekrk gaw vkSj mlh nkSjku lh[krk tkrk gaw

12 dksbZ xhr lqurs le; eSa--- Hkh lkFk xkus yxrh gaw ¼eu gh eu esa ;k dHkh&dHkh Åaph vkokt esa!½

eSa xkus ds cksy vkSj èkqu dks lqurh gaw

eSa laxhr ds lkFk ml nkSj esa pyh tkrh gaw

13 è;ku dsafnzr djrs le; eSa--- vius lkeus ekStwn rLohjksa ;k 'kCnksa ij /;ku dsfUær djrk gaw

leL;k vkSj laHkkfor lekèkkuksa ij eu gh eu esa ppkZ djrk gaw

dkQh lfØ; jgrk gaw] isu&isaflyksa ds lkFk [ksyrk gaw vkSj vlac) pht+ksa dks mBkrk&j[krk jgrk gawA

32

ns[kdj lh[kuk¼fotqvy½

lqudj lh[kuk ¼vkWfMVjh½

djds lh[kuk ¼fdusLFksfVd½

14 pht+ksa dks ;kn j[kus ds fy, eSa---

uksV~l cukrh gaw ;k eqfnzr fooj.k laHkky dj j[k ysrh gaw

mUgsa cksy&cksy dj jVrh gaw ;k eq[; 'kCnksa vkSj eq[; fcanqvksa dks eu gh eu esa nksgjkrh gaw

ml xfrfofèk dk vH;kl djrh gaw ;k viuh dYiuk esa mldks djrs gq, ns[krh gawA

15 esjh igyh Le`fr--- fdlh pht+ dks ns[kus dh

fdlh ls ckr djus dh

dqN djus dh

16 cspSuh dh gkyr esa eSa--- lcls fujk'kktud fLFkfr dh dYiuk djrk gaw

eSa eu gh eu esa mu pht+ksa ij ckr djrk gaw tks eq>s lcls T+;knk ijs'kku dj jgh gSa

eSa 'kkar ugha cSB ldrk] dqN u dqN djrk gaw vkSj yxkrkj b/kj m/kj ?kwerk gwaA

17 vkSjksa ds lkFk esjk tqM+ko bl ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd---

os dSls fn[krs gSa os eq>ls D;k dgrs gSa

os eq>s fdl rjg dk vglkl nsrs gSaA

18 fdlh dks dksbZ pht+ le>krs gq, eSa vkerkSj ij---

mUgsa fn[kkrh gaw fd esjk eryc D;k gS

mUgsa vyx&vyx <ax ls rc rd le>krh jgrh gaw tc rd ckr mUgsa le> esa ugha vkrh

mUgsa bl ckr ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrh gaw fd os [kqn dksf'k'k djsa vkSj bl nkSjku muls ckr Hkh djrh jgrh gaw

19 esjk T+;knkrj [kkyh oDr chrrk gS---

Vsyhfot+u ns[kus esa nksLrksa ls ckr djus esa

'kkjhfjd xfrfofèk ;k phtsa+ cukus esa

20 tc eSa fdlh u, O;fDr ls igyh ckj laidZ djrk gaw rks---

eSa eqykdkr r; djrk gaw

eSa mlls Qksu ij ckr djrk gaw

eSa feydj dksbZ xfrfofèk djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gaw

21 lcls igys esjk è;ku bl ckr ij tkrk gS fd yksx dSls---

fn[krs gSa vkSj mudk igukok dSlk gS

dSls cksyrs&cfr;krs gSa

dSls pyrs&fQjrs vkSj [kM+s gksrs gSa

22 vxj eSa cgqr xqLls esa gaw rks eSa---

fnekx esa mlh ckr dks nksgjkrh jgrh gaw ftlus eq>s ijs'kku fd;k gS

eSa [kwc fpYykrh gaw vkSj lcdks crkrh gaw fd eq>s dSlk yx jgk gS

eSa iSj iVdrh gaw] njokt+s t+ksj&ls can djrh gaw] pht+ksa dks Qsadrh gawA

23 eq>s budks ;kn j[kus esa lcls T+;knk vklkuh gksrh gS---

psgjs uke esjh dh gqbZ phts+a

24 esjs [;ky esa eSa >wB idM+ ldrh gaw D;ksafd---

>wB cksyus okyk vkils ut+jsa ugha feykrk

mldh vkokt+ cny tkrh gS

mlls eq>s [kkl rjg dh rjaxsa feyrh gSaA

25 fdlh iqjkus nksLr ls feyus ij eSa dgrk gaw fd---

ßrqels feydj cgqr vPNk yxk!Þ

ßcgqr fnuksa ckn rqEgkjh vkokt+ lquh!Þ

eSa mls xys yxkrk gaw ;k mlls gkFk feykrk gawA

dqy


eas<d

gSUMvkmV III ¼l= 4½

34

izsjd xfrfof/k;ksa dh lwph

1- ladsr ¼b'kkjk½ fdruk rstl lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dks ,d xksy ?ksjk cukdj ,d nwljs dk gkFk idM+us ds fy, dgsaAl izfrHkkfx;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d izfrHkkxh dks dksbZ lkadsfrd b'kkjk ¼gkFk nckdj ;k fpdksVh

dkVdj½ vius cxy ds lkFkh dks nsus ds fy, dgsaA ;gh b'kkjk lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa ls gksrk gqvk iqu% ml izfrHkkxh rd igqapsxkA

l 'kq:vkrh izfrHkkxh ls iwjs ?ksjs esa ladsr fn;s tkus vkSj 'kq:vkrh izfrHkkxh rd igqapus esa yxs le; dks uksV djsaA

l vc izfrHkkfx;ksa dks pqukSrh nsa vkSj bls rsth ls djus ds fy, dgsaA ;g Hkh ns[ksa fd lcls de le; dc yxkA

2- rkyh&rkyh & fdl rjQ cts rkyhl izfrHkkfx;ksa dks ,d xksy ?ksjk cukdj [kM+k gksus ds fy, dgsaAl QsflfyVsVj nks ckj rkyh ctkdj 'kq: djrk gS vkSj og rkyh iwjs ?ksjs ls gksrh gq;h

QsflfyVsVj rd igqaprh gS rc QsflfyVsVj nwljh rjQ gkFk djds foijhr fn'kk esa rkyh Hkstrk gSA

l izfrHkkxh gkFk dh fn'kk cnydj rkyh dh fn'kk cnysaAl bls ckj&ckj djk,a rc rd tc rd rkyh lqpk: :i ls u ctus yxsA

3- tSlk eSa dgwa oSlk djksl izfrHkkxh nks ds tksM+s esa ,d nwljs dh rjQ ihB djds cSBrs gSaAl ,d izfrHkkxh vius uksViSM ij ,d fp= cukrk gSAl ;g fp= nwljs lkFkh dks fn[kuk ugha pkfg,Al ftl izfrHkkxh us fp= cuk;k gS og nwljs lkFkh dks ogh fp= cukus dk ekSf[kd funsZ'k

nsxkA l nwljk lkFkh ogh fp= fn, x, funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj vius uksViSM ij cukus dk iz;kl

djsxkAl vUr esa nksuksa ds fp=ksa dh rqyuk dh tk,xhA

4- Hkksyk] Hkkyk] Hkkywl lHkh izfrHkkxh ,d xksy ?ksjs esa [kM+s gksrs gSa vkSj ,d izfrHkkxh xsan Qsaduk 'kq: djrk gSAl vxj vki vius nksuksa rjQ ds lkFkh esa ls fdlh ds ikl xsan Qsadrs gSa rks vkidks *Hkksyk*

dguk gSAl vxj vki vU; fdlh ds ikl xsan Qsadrs gSa rks vkidks *Hkkyk* dguk gksxk] vkSj

gSUMvkmV IV ¼yap ds ckn izsjd xfrfof/k½


l vxj vkius mlh O;fDr ds ikl xsan Qsadh gS ftlus vkids ikl xsan Qsadh Fkh rks vkidks *Hkkyw* dguk gksxkA

l xsan u idM+ ikus ;k xyr 'kCn dgus ds vk/kkj ij f[kykM+h vkmV gksrs tk,axsA

5- vpkud & tksM+ks rks tkusl lqxedrkZ ds :i esa vki dgkuh dh ,d ykbu cksysaxs ¼bl dk;Z ds fy, vki fdlh

izfrHkkxh dks Hkh pqu ldrs gSa½ mnkgj.k ds fy,% *dy eSa fpfM+;k?kj x;k Fkk vkSj ,d gkFkh ds ikl ls xqt+j jgk Fkk fd

vpkud----*l nwljs lkFkh dks blesa viuk okD; tksM+uk gS ftldk vUr *vpkud* ls gksxkAl dgkuh dks rcrd tkjh j[ksa tcrd lHkh us viuk okD; u tksM+ fn;k gksA

6- rsth ls xqPNk cukukl izfrHkkfx;ksa dks d{k esa b/kj&m/kj ?kweus ds fy, dgsaAl tc lqxedrkZ ,d funsZ'k nsrk gS tSls *rhu cka;h dksguh* rc vkidks tYnh ls tYnh rhu

ds lewg esa gksdj cka;h dksguh lVkuk gS tks ,slk ugha dj ik,xk ;k xyr djsxk og vkmV gks tk,xkA

l fofHkUu izdkj ds funsZ'k nsa tSls pkj cka, iSj] nks nkfgus iSj] N% ?kqVus] nks da/ks] lkr cka, gkFk vkfnA

7- xsan gS bl Nksj Hkstuk gS ml Nksjl izfrHkkfx;ksa dks cjkcj dh la[;k esa nks lewgksa esa ckaV nsa] lewgksa dks bl izdkj [kM+k djsa

fd os ,d nwljs ds vkeus lkeus gksaAl lewg ds lnL; ,d nwljs dk gkFk idM+rs gSaA nksuksa nyksa ds igys lnL;ksa ds ,d gkFk

Lora= gksaxsAl gj lewg ds igys lnL; ¼ftldk ,d gkFk Lora= gS½ dks ,d&,d xsan nsa vkSj mUgsa dgsa

fd xsan dks vfUre O;fDr rd igqapuk gSAl bl izfØ;k ds nkSjku lewg ds lnL;ksa ds gkFk ugha NwVus pkfg, ;k xsan fxjuh ugha

pkfg,A fdlh Hkh lewg ds yksxksa dk vxj gkFk NwVrk gS ;k xsan fxjrh gS rks ml lewg dks iqu% igys izfrHkkxh ls 'kq: djuk iM+sxkA

l ftl ny dh xsan igys vfUre Nksj rd igqapsxh og fotsrk ?kksf"kr gksxkA

36

izf'k{k.k l= ds lapkyu esa lcls cqfu;knh ft+Eesnkjh ;g gS fd ,d ,slk ldkjkRed 'kSf{kd ekgkSy jpk tk, ftlesa izfrHkkxh viuh lgHkkfxrk vkSj laokn ls] vius fopkjksa ds vknku&iznku ls] Hkkoukvksa vkSj vuqHkoksa dh lk>snkjh ls lh[k ldsaA exj izk;% izf'k{k.k flQZ vè;kiu cudj jg tkrk gSA vè;kiu dh ge lcdks vknr iM+ pqdh gSA lkjk ugha] exj gekjs Ldwy ;k dkWyst dk T+;knkrj le; vè;kiu ds gh lk;s esa chrk gSA bl i)fr esa iwjh d{kk ds lkeus ,d O;fDr] ;kuh gekjk vè;kid [kM+k gksrk gSA mls ekywe gksrk gS fd mls D;k i<+kuk gS vkSj og bl ckr dk iz;kl djrk gS fd fo|kFkhZ Hkh mls tku ysaA bls vdlj ^iSVªksy iEi* i)fr & ;kuh ,d rjQk i)fr & dgk tkrk gSA ;g ,d vkSipkfjd i)fr gksrh gS vkSj izk;% bldk lh[kus ls dksbZ [kkl eryc ugha gksrkA

lh[kuk vkSipkfjd vè;kiu dk urhtk ugha gksrkA bldh ctk;] ;g vuqHko ds t+fj;s pyus okyh vkRefodkl dh izfØ;k dk ifj.kke gksrk gSA fygktk] tks QsflfyVsVj lh[kus dks izksRlkfgr djuk pkgrs gSa muds lkeus ,d [kkl pqukSrh gksrh gS% ifjorZu dk okgd gksus ds fy, mUgsa dqN fcYdqy vyx djuk iM+rk gSA bl Hkkx esa ;gh crk;k x;k gS fd fdl rjg QsflfyVsVj vius izfrHkkfx;ksa dks mudk dkS'ky vkSj Kku c<+kus esa enn ns ldrs gSaA blds ckn izf”k{kq bu lh[kksa ds lgkjs vius rFkk vkSjksa ds ckjs esa vius O;ogkj vkSj joS;ksa dks cny ldrs gSa] vius laLFkkxr lUnHkZ esa cnyko yk ldrs gSaA

QsflfyVs'ku

crkSj QsflfyVsVj] vki tks Hkh fØ;k 'kq: djsa og ges'kk izfrHkkfx;ksa ds fodkl dh vksj tkuh pkfg,A ;gh izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh vkèkkjf'kyk gksrh gSA

lh[kus dk lacaèk [kqn dks fodflr djus ls gSA dke;kch gkfly djus ds fy, izf”k{kqvksa dks vius 'kSf{kd vuqHko dh ft+Eesnkjh ysus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd os izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe [kRe gksus ds ckn Hkh lh[kuk tkjh j[k ldsaA

crkSj QsflfyVsVj] rdjhcu izR;sd izf'k{k.k ifjfLFkfr esa vki fofoèk izdkj dh izf'k{k.k lacaèkh vko';drkvksa okys fofoèkrkiw.kZ izfrHkkfx;ksa ds lewg ls :&c&: gksrs gSaA fygktk] vki tks Hkh rjhdk viuk,a] og bu fofo/k izdkj dh t+:jrksa dks iwjk djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg, vkSj fygktk mldks izkS<+ f'k{kk izfØ;k ds dqN cqfu;knh rRoksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj gh pquk tkuk pkfg,A ;gka bl ckr ij xkSj djuk t+:jh gS fd%

lh[kus okys rHkh lcls vPNh rjg lh[k ikrs gSa tc mUgsa ,slk yxrk gS fd os [kqn viuh lh[kus dh izfØ;k dks fu;af=r dj jgs gSa u fd rc tcfd mUgsa ,slk yxrk gS fd os dksbZ lcd ys jgs gSa ;k mUgsa ,d rjQk rkSj ij i<+k;k tk jgk gSA lcls cf<+;k lh[k rHkh gksrh gS tc lh[kus okys lfØ; :i ls mlesa lk>hnkj curs gSa vkSj lh[kus dk izksRlkgu eglwl djrs gSaA

nqHkkZX;o'k] geesa ls T+;knkrj yksx O;fDrxr f'k{k.k {kerkvksa ij i;kZIr è;ku ugha nsrsA vkerkSj ij eku fy;k tkrk gS fd ;g ,d ,slh pht+ gS tks dqN yksx vPNh rjg djrs gSa vkSj dqN yksx [kjkc rjg ls djrs gSa vkSj lh[kus dh bl {kerk esa cnyko ugha yk;k tk ldrk] exj lh[kus dh {kerk cgqr ewY;oku gksrh gS vkSj QsflfyVsVj fuf'pr :i ls bldks vkSj iq"V dj ldrs gSaA MsfoM dkWYc ¼1984½ dk dguk gS fd lQyrkiwoZd lh[kus ds fy, izfrHkkfx;ksa dks pkj rjg dh {kerkvksa dh t+:jr gksrh gSA os brus leFkZ gksa fd%

QsflfyVs'ku djus dh dykbl Hkkx dk edln ;g gS fd QsflfyVsVj dks izf'k{k.k l=ksa ds QsflfyVs'ku esa enn feys

gSUMvkmV V ¼l= 5½


• u, vuqHkoksa esa [kqn dks iwjh rjg] [kqydj vkSj iwokZxzg ds fcuk 'kkfey dj ldsa% Bksl vuqHko ¼dkWUØhV ,Dlihfj;al½

• bu vuqHkoksa ij cgqr lkjs n`f"Vdks.kksa ls fopkj vkSj voyksdu dj ldsa% fparu'khy izs{k.k ¼fj¶ysfDVo vkWCt+osZ”ku½

• ,slh Bksl voèkkj.kk,a tks muds voyksdu dks rkfdZd :i ls Bksl fl)karksa esa lekfgr dj ldsa% vewrZ lw=hdj.k ¼,scLVªSDV dkalsIpqvykbT+ks”ku½

• os bu fl)karksa dks QSlys ysus vkSj leL;k,a gy djus ds fy, bLrseky dj ldsa% lfØ; iz;ksxèkfeZrk ¼,fDVo ,Dlisfjes.Vs”ku½

izkS<+ izfrHkkxh

izkS<+ ;k o;Ld izfrHkkfx;ksa dh lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa ,d [kkl leL;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA tSls&tSls gekjh mez c<+rh gS] gekjh vYidkfyd Le`fr {kerk det+ksj iM+rh tkrh gS vkSj og cgqr vklkuh ls vLr&O;Lr gksus yxrh gSA ge tks dqN ns[krs ;k lqurs gSa] mls nh?kZdkfyd Le`fr esa :ikarfjr djus esa dfBukbZ eglwl djus yxrs gSaA fygktk] O;k[;ku ;k izn”kZu tSlh dksbZ Hkh ,slh i)fr ftlesa vYidkfyd Le`fr {kerk ij T+;knk t+ksj fn;k tk jgk gks] og izk;% T;knk dkjxj ugha gks ikrhA tks dqN fl[kk;k tk jgk gS og fVds] blds fy, t+:jh gS fd mldks vkRelkr~ fd;k tk, & izfrHkkxh mls iwjh rjg viuk ysaA

lh[kuk rc laHko gksrk gS tc lh[kus okys gj oDr lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa iwjh rjg vkSj lfØ; :i ls fgLlsnkj gksrs gSa vkSj tc mUgsa viuh j¶rkj ls dke djus dh NwV feyrh gSA

bu lc pht+ksa ds fy, lrr~ vkSj fujarj vH;kl dh t+:jr gksrh gS%

jhbUQkslZesaV ;k izcyu ds fcuk cgqr lkjs yksx rdjhcu Ng eghus esa gh lh[kh gqbZ pht+ksa ds egRoiw.kZ fgLlksa dks Hkwyus yxrs gSaA

fygktk] ,d lqfu;ksftr ikB~;Øe lh[kus okyksa dks bl ckr ds fy, izsfjr djrk gS fd os igys lh[ks x, dkS'kyksa vkSj Kku ds lgkjs vkxs lh[krs tk,aA izcyu ds fcuk muds dkS'ky {kh.k iM+us yxrs gSaA

o;Ld izf”k{kqvksa dks lh[kus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, bu ckrksa ij è;ku nsa%

• [;ky j[ksa fd mUgsa izf'k{k.k vfuok;Z vkSj egRoiw.kZ eglwl gksA blls muesa lh[kus dh pkg iSnk gksrh gSA

• Li"V :i ls crk,a fd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ls mUgsa D;k Qk;nk gksxkA mUgsa bl ckr dk fo'okl gksuk pkfg, fd ;g muds fy, izklafxd gksxk vkSj ;gka mUgsa tks dkS'ky lh[kus dks feysaxs os mudh t+:jrksa dks iwjk djsaxsA

• mUgsa O;kogkfjd vH;klksa dk Hkjiwj ekSdk feysA tc izf”k{kq ̂ [kqn djrs gSa* rks mudk vkRefo'okl c<+rk gS vkSj os lh[kh gqbZ pht+ksa dks vius gkykr ¼dk;Z ifjfLFkfr;ksa½ esa bLrseky djus esa l{ke gksrs tkrs gSaA

• oS;fDrdrk dks lEeku vkSj izksRlkgu nsa D;ksafd lHkh yksx vyx&vyx j¶rkj ls vkSj vyx&vyx vankt+ esa lh[krs gSaA

• ubZ lkexzh dks muds ikl igys ls ekStwn tkudkjh vkSj dkS'ky ds lkFk tksM+rs tk,aA

38

Lo;a vius izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa ge izk;% dc ,slk djrs gSa\

lh[kus dh pkgtc rd izf”k{kqvksa dks vius Hkhrj ls lh[kus dh pkg eglwl ugha gksxh rc rd u rks os lh[ksaxs vkSj u gh lh[k ldrs gSaA izf”k{kqvksa ds Hkhrj ,d et+cwr vkRe lEeku mudh izsj.kk dk ,d eq[; rRo gksrk gS vkSj blfy, ;g cgqr t+:jh gS fd ge muds vkRe lEeku dks iq"V djus ds rjhds <wa<sa+A bldk ,d O;kogkfjd rjhdk ;g gS fd lh[kus okyksa dks izf'k{k.k ds 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa gh fdlh mi;qDr volj ij ;g laf{kIr vH;kl djus ds fy, fn;k tk,A

vki tks dqN Hkh dj ldrs gSa mu lkjh pht+ksa dks fy[k nsaA ;g dke ^oks reke pht+sa tks vki djuk ;k ikuk pkgrs gSa* dks fy[kus ls vyx gSA tks dqN djus esa vki igys ls l{ke gSa] mldh ljkguk djus ls vkids vkRe lEeku vkSj var%izsj.kk dks cy feyrk gSA

ge ,d ckj fQj ogha igqap tkrs gSa tgka ls geus ckr 'kq: dh Fkh & lh[kus vkSj i<+kus dk QdZA dqN yksx vHkh Hkh ekurs gSa fd dsoy fdlh fo"k; ls voxr gks tkuk gh i;kZIr gks tkrk gS vkSj vè;kid ds ikl ekStwn dkS'ky vkSj Kku cwan&cwan fjl dj fo|kfFkZ;ksa rd igqaprk jgsxkA exj pkg ;k var% izsj.kk dk vHkko ,d izeq[k otg gS ftlds pyrs cgqèkk yksx fl[kkbZ tk jgh pht+ dks ugha lh[k ikrsA izf”k{kqvksa esa lh[kus dh pkg D;ksa ugha gksrh ;k ;g pkg D;ksa ej tkrh gS blds cgqr lkjs dkj.k gks ldrs gSa%

• mUgsa viuh bPNk ds fo#) izf'k{k.k esa fgLlk ysus ds fy, gqDe fn;k x;k gSA • mudks ekywe gh ugha gS fd os izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa fgLlk D;ksa ys jgs gSaA • os vius n¶rj ;k dk;ZLFky ij dke ds ̂ c<+rs <sj* ds ckjs esa lksp&lksp dj fpafrr gSaA fygktk] lh[kus ij è;ku ugha yxk ikrsA

• viukbZ xbZ izf'k{k.k 'kSyh muds Kku] dkS'ky vkSj le>nkjh dk bLrseky djus ds fy, mi;qDr ugha gSA

• mudks ;g lc dqN igys Hkh ^i<+k;k tk pqdk gS* blfy, mudks yxrk gS fd mUgsa lkjh ikB~; lkexzh igys ls ekywe gSA

• mUgsa vkids ;k vkidh laLFkk ds ckjs esa rjg&rjg dh Hkzkafr;ka gSaA

vkids fglkc ls izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa izf”k{kq vkSj D;k&D;k iwokZxzg vkSj ijs'kkfu;ka ysdj vkrs gksaxs\ izf'k{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk ^var% izsj.kk* ij vkidk D;k vuqHko jgk gS\ tks dqN Hkh fy[kus yk;d vki lksprs gSa] mls fy[ksaA

laizs"k.k esa ckèkd vkSj lgk;d vk;ke

cf<+;k laizs"k.k vkSj lwpukvksa dk eqDr vknku&iznku izf'k{k.k vkSj ekuo lalkèku fodkl dk;ZØeksa dh vkèkkjf'kyk gksrs gSa] exj bl edln ds jkLrs esa dbZ #dkoVsa Hkh gks ldrh gSa tks QsflfyVsVj vkSj lh[kus okyksa & nksuksa ds Hkhrj gks ldrh gSaA mfpr vH;klksa vkSj f'k{kk i)fr pquus ds ckotwn dbZ #dkoVsa izs"kd vkSj izkIrdrkZ ds chp laizs"k.k dks det+ksj cuk ldrh gSaA

izHkkoh laizs"k.k ds jkLrs esa D;k #dkoVsa gksrh gSa\

fdlh Hkh izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa QsflfyVsVj bl mEehn ds lkFk dke djrs gSa fd os lh[kus okyksa dks vius Hkhrj cnyko ykus ds fy, izksRlkfgr dj ik,axsA exj T+;knkrj yksx rc rd cnyko dk izfrjksèk djrs jgrs gSa tc rd fd mUgsa mlds izR;{k ykHk fn[kkbZ ugha nsrsA crkSj QsflfyVsVj] ge izf”k{kqvksa ls ;g mEehn ugha dj ldrs fd os vius iwokZxzgksa dks vius vki NksM+ nsa ;k QkSju gh vius O;ogkj dks cny ysa] exj ge ;g lqfuf'pr t+:j dj ldrs gSa fd laizs"k.k ds jkLrs esa vkus okyh #dkoVsa de ls de gksaAlewg esa laizs"k.k dks ckfèkr djus okyh cgqr lkjh ck/kk,a gksrh gSaA tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh leL;k ls xqt+jrk gS rks vkerkSj ij mldh Hkkouk,a cgqr rhoz gksrh gSaA tc mls lh[kus dh fdlh ,slh izfØ;k esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS tgka mls vius O;ogkj dks cnyuk gksxk rks cgqr lkjs yksx 'kfe±nxh] uktqd ;k vleFkZ fn[kus ls cpus ds fy, j{kkRed eqnzk vf[r;kj dj ysrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa QsflfyVsVj vkerkSj ij tks izfrfØ;k,a nsrs gSa os dbZ ckj ennxkj izrhr gksrs gq, Hkh laizs"k.k dks ckfèkr djus okyh vkSj ncko o vyxko dh Hkkoukvksa dks c<+kus okyh gks ldrh gSaA


vkidh izfrfØ;k urhtslekèkku o lykg vxj vki lykg ;k lekèkku nsrs gSa rks bldk ,d eryc ;g gks ldrk gS fd ßvki brus csodwQ

gSa fd bl leL;k dks gy ugha dj ldrs blfy, esjs <ax ls djds nsf[k,A vkidh Hkkoukvksa dk dksbZ egRo ugha gSAÞ

vkns'k vxj vki vkns'k nsrs gSa rks blls yksxksa esa vkØks'k iSnk gks ldrk gS D;ksafd vki mudks dksbZ fodYi ugha ns jgs vkSj mudh Hkkoukvksa dk lEeku ugha dj jgs gSaA

èkedh vxj vki Mj iSnk djds ;g trkus dk iz;kl djrs gSa fd gekjs <ax ls dke ugha djus ds xaHkhj urhts gks ldrs gSa] rks ,slh fLFkfr mUgsa vlqjf{kr@Hk;Hkhr cuk ldrh gSA

mins'k ;k Hkk"k.k nsuk tc ge yksxksa dks ;g crkrs gSa fd mUgsa D;k djuk pkfg, rks bldk eryc gS fd ge mudh Hkkoukvksa ds eqdkcys viuh ewY;&ekU;rkvksa dks T+;knk egRo ns jgs gSaA

vkykspuk djuk ;k galh mM+kuk

;g dgdj ge yksxksa dh Hkkoukvksa dh vuns[kh dj nsrs gSa fd os xyr gSa vkSj mUgsa oSlk eglwl djus dk dksbZ vfèkdkj ugha gS tSlk os vHkh eglwl dj jgs gSaA

ljkguk ;k gennhZ ge mudh Hkkoukvksa ij nwljh Hkkoukvksa dh ijr p<+kus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA bl rjg ds c;ku vlyh eqís dks ut+jvankt+ dj nsrs gSaA

loky [kM+k djuk tc ge ;g dksf'k'k djrs gSa fd yksx rkfdZd <ax ls lkspus yxsa rks dbZ ckj ge mudh Hkkoukvksa dh vuns[kh dj jgs gksrs gSaA

gekjh Hkkouk,a vkSj vglkl laizs"k.k ds jkLrs esa cgqr dfBu #dkoVsa gks ldrh gSaA cgqr lkjh Hkkouk,a v'kkfCnd ladsrksa esa lkeus vkrh gSa & ns[kus ds vankt+ esa] gkFk Fkkeus esa ;k 'kjhj ds gko&Hkko esa ¼bl ipsZ ds vUr esa v'kkfCnd laizs"k.k okyk uksV ns[ksa½A laosnu'khy QsflfyVsVj rhoz Hkkoukvksa ds 'kkfCnd vkSj v'kkfCnd & nksuksa izdkj ds ladsrksa dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA ;kn j[ksa fd dksbZ O;fDr tks ckr dg jgk gS og ges'kk bl ckr dk |ksrd ugha gksrh fd og D;k dguk pkgrk gSA

vxj iwokZxzg cuk ysus vkSj Hkkoukvksa dks ut+jvankt+ djus ls vPNs laizs"k.k esa #dkoV vkrh gS rks lacafèkr O;fDr dks viuh Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus esa enn nsdj vki laizs"k.k dks csgrj cuk ldrs gSaA

vki fdruh vPNh rjg lqurs gSa\lgh <ax ls lquuk mruk vklku dke ugha gS ftruk yxrk gSA vDlj ge dsoy 'kq#vkrh dqN 'kCnksa dks gh lqurs gSa vkSj iwjk c;ku lqus fcuk gh viuh jk; cuk ysrs gSaA lquus ds dkS'ky dk bLrseky lQy lapkj ds fy, lcls ykHknk;d pht+ gksrh gSA vPNh rjg lquus vkSj [kqydj viuh izfrfØ;k nsus ds dqN rjhds bl izdkj gSa%

vkidh izfrfØ;k urhtsfuf"Ø; :i ls lquuk [kkeks'k jgsa vkSj lkeus okys dks cksyus nsaA vius v'kkfCnd O;ogkj ls ge viuh #fp vkSj fparkvksa

dks laizsf"kr dj ldrs gSaA

ekU;rk nsuk ,slh laf{kIr vfHkO;fDr;ksa dk lgkjk ysa tks ;g laizsf"kr djrh gksa fd ge lkeus okys dh ckr dks le> vkSj Lohdkj jgs gSa] tSls ßvkgkÞ] ßgEEEeÞ] ßgka] eSa le>rk gwa---ÞA

njokts+ [kksyuk izR;{k lokyksa ds ctk; ,slh vfHkO;fDr;ksa dk lgkjk ysa tks cksyus okys dks viuh ckr vkSj foLrkj ls dgus ;k viuh lksp o Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djrs tkus ds fy, vkeaf=r djsaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ßvPNk] eq>s bl ckjs esa crkvks---Þ ßeSa mlds ckjs esa vkSj lquuk pkgwaxk@pkgwaxh---ÞA

lkj&la{ksi geus tks dqN lquk] mldks la{ksi esa nksgjk,a rkfd bl ckr dh iqf"V dj ldsa fd ge dgh xbZ ckr dks fcYdqy lgh&lgh le> jgs gSaA elyu] ßrks vki ;s dg jgs gSa fd iwjh ;kstuk lgh <ax ls pys rks ekuns; ds rRdky forj.k dh leL;k Hkh gy gks tk,xhAÞ

lfØ; :i ls lquuk oDrk dks vius laizs"k.k esa fufgr lksp vkSj Hkkoukvksa dks le>us esa enn nsus ds fy, crk,a fd mldh dgh ckrksa ls vkidks D;k yxrk gS vkSj vkius mlds gko&Hkko esa fdl rjg dh Hkkoukvksa dks eglwl fd;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ßvki bl ckr ls ijs'kku yx jgs gSa fd mlus vkils ckr fd, fcuk fjiksVZ vkxs Hkst nh FkhÞ ;k ßesjs [k;ky esa vki bl ckjs esa vHkh Hkh Li"V ugha gSa fd vkxs D;k djuk pkfg,AÞ,d [kkl rjg dk lfØ; Jo.k rc gks ldrk gS tc cksyus okyk O;fDr ekSf[kd :i ls dqN Hkh u dgs exj gko&Hkko ds t+fj;s cgqr dqN dg jgk gksA vki viuh le> ds fglkc ls ml O;fDr ds O;ogkj dk ,d voyksdu dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,% ßvki nq[kh yx jgs gSaÞ] ßvki cspSu vkSj ijs'kku yx jgs gSaAÞ

enn nsuk enn dh tk;t+ t+:jrksa ij ldkjkRed izfrfØ;k nsa] tSls & tkudkjh iznku djukA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ßehfVax 'kke dks 4 cts r; dh xbZ gSAÞ

40

,d vPNs QsflfyVsVj dh D;k [kkfl;rsa gSa\

,d izHkkoh QsflfyVsVj cuus ds fy, lcls c<+ dj le; vkSj rtqcsZ dh t+:jr gksrh gSA blds fy, djds lh[kuk gh lcls vPNk rjhdk gksrk gSA ,d cf<+;k QsflfyVsVj dh dbZ [kkfl;rsa gksrh gSaA elyu%

• ,d xeZtks'kh okyk O;fDrRo rFkk lh[kus okyksa ds izfr LohÑfr vkSj lgefr fn[kkus dk lkeF;ZA

• lkekftd dkS'ky] lewg dks ,d lw= esa fijksus vkSj lkewfgdrk dks cuk, j[kus dk lkeF;ZA

• ,d ,slk 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k cukus dk <ax] ftlesa lh[kus okyksa ds fopkjksa vkSj dkS'kyksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldsA

• vk;kstu dh {kerk rkfd lalkèkuksa dh cqfdax dh tk lds vkSj O;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr bart+ke lgt <ax ls laHkkys tk ldsaA

• izf”k{kqvksa dh leL;kvksa dks igpkuus vkSj gy djus dk dkS'kyA

• lacafèkr fo"k; ds izfr mRlkg rFkk mls jkspd <ax ls izLrqr djus dh {kerkA

• lh[kus okyksa dh cnyrh t:jrksa ij izfrfØ;k djus esa yphykiuA

• fo"k;&oLrq dk KkuA

buesa ls dqN fo'ks"krk,a lacafèkr O;fDr ds O;fDrRo dh varfuZfgr fo'ks"krk,a gks ldrh gSa( dqN fo'ks"krk,a vuqHko vkSj vH;kl ls lh[kh vkSj lqèkkjh tk ldrh gSa( dqN fo'ks"krk,a [kkl vH;klksa ds t+fj;s lh[kh tk ldrh gSaA fQj Hkh] QsflfyVs'ku djuk lh[kus ds fy, lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd ge izf'k{k.k ds gj pj.k esa vius izn'kZu dk vkRefo'ys"k.k djrs jgsaA D;k eSa vkSj csgrj izn'kZu dj ldrk@ldrh Fkh] bldh ctk; ;g iwNuk T+;knk csgrj gksxk fd dc vkSj D;k T+;knk vPNh rjg fd;k tk ldrk Fkk\ lgdfeZ;ksa ;k lkfFk;ksa ls feyh jpukRed vkykspuk Hkh viuh leh{kk esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrh gS] exj ;kn j[ksa fd dksbZ Hkh vkSj dHkh Hkh izR;sd lh[kus okys dks iwjh rjg larq"V ugha dj ldrkA crkSj QsflfyVsVj] vxj vki vfèkdka'k yksxksa esa lh[kus dks izksRlkfgr djus esa lQy jgs gSa rks vkidh dksf'k'k dke;kc ekuh tk,xhA

pkykdh ;k izf'k{k.k

vki izf”k{kqvksa ds lkFk fdl rjg dk laizs"k.k djrs gSa] ;g bl ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gS fd vki muds lkFk pkykdh dj jgs gSa ;k QsflfyVs'ku dj jgs gSaA pkykdh vkSj QsflfyVs'ku djus esa cgqr cM+k Qklyk gksrk gSA pkykdh++ QsflfyVsVj&dsafnzr izfØ;k gksrh gS tcfd QsflfyVs'ku djuk ,d izfrHkkxh&dsafnzr izfØ;k gSA izfrHkkxh&dsafnzr izfØ;k esa QsflfyVsVj yksxksa dks lh[kus esa enn nsrs gSa vkSj lkFk gh] [kqn Hkh lh[krs tkrs gSaA

viuh vksj ls dqN Hkh Fkksis fcuk ;k fu;a=.k dh pkg ds fcuk izfrHkkfx;ksa dk ekxZn'kZu djuk lquus esa vklku yxrk gS exj dkQh dfBu dke gSA ,d v/khj QsflfyVsVj ds Hkhrj iwjh izfØ;k ij l[r fu;a=.k vkSj ;g r; djus dh pkg cgqr xgjh gksrh gS fd dc vkSj dSls] dgka vkSj D;ksa rFkk fdlds lkFk D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ,d v/khj QsflfyVsVj ds fy, Åij ls uhps dh fn'kk esa dsafnzr izf'k{k.k i)fr cgqr dq'ky vkSj mlds vkRefo'okl dks iq"V djus okyh gks ldrh gS exj blls vkerkSj ij lh[kus okyksa dks dksbZ [kkl Qk;nk ugha gks ikrkA

blds ckotwn] pkykdh dks Hkh iwjh rjg xyr ekuuk Bhd ugha gksxkA dHkh&dHkh QsflfyVsVj dks ,slh fLFkfr Hkh jpuh iM+ ldrh gS ;k ,slh izfrfØ;k nsuh iM+ ldrh gS ftlls izfrHkkxh ,d [kkl fcanq dks visf{kr <ax ls le> ysaA fdlh Hkh vPNs izf'k{k.k l= esa bl rjg dh pht+ksa ds fy, Hkh xqatkb'k gksrh gS D;ksafd gekjk bjknk izfrHkkfx;ksa ij fu;a=.k dk;e djuk ugha cfYd lh[kus dh izfØ;k dks izksRlkfgr djuk gSA


izfrHkkxh izf'k{k.k ds fl)kUr

izfrHkkxh izf'k{k.k thou&dsafnzr gksrk gSbldk eryc gS fd vkius tks dqN lh[kk gS og okLrfod thou ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iz;ksx ds yk;d gksuk pkfg,A fygktk] izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa izkS<+ izf”k{kqvksa dks ,sls volj vkSj lgk;rk feyuh pkfg, fd os lh[kh gqbZ pht+ksa dks viuh thou ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj viuh ukSdjh esa bLrseky dj ldsaA

izfrHkkxh izf'k{k.k izfrHkkxh&dsafnzr gksrk gSizf'k{k.k dk;ZØe izfrHkkfx;ksa dh t+:jr ds vuqlkj gksrk gS vkSj muds lkFk lykg&e'kfojs ds vkèkkj ij r; gksrk gSA ^vko';drkvksa ij lykg&e'kfojk* ,d rjQ rks izfrHkkfx;ksa dh t+:jrksa vkSj nwljh rjQ okafNr fo"k;&oLrq ds chp larqyu cuk, j[kus ds fy, cgqr t+:jh gksrk gSA mi;qDr Kku o lkeF;Z gkfly djus rFkk lQyrk o miyfCèk dk Hkko ikus ds fy, okafNr fo"k;&oLrq ls voxr gksuk cgqr t+:jh gksrk gSA okafNr vkSj vko';d 'kSf{kd ifj.kkeksa ls gh izfrHkkfx;ksa dks izf'k{k.k izfØ;k ij viuk fu;a=.k cukus esa enn feyrh gS ftlls os [kqn vius lh[kus dh j¶rkj r; dj ldrs gSaA

izfrHkkxh izf'k{k.k ykspnkj gksrk gSmís'; vkSj fo"k;&oLrq dks ut+jvankt+ fd, fcuk lh[kus&lh[kkus dh izfØ;k esa ges'kk gh bl ckr ij è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd izfrHkkxh fdu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk dj jgs gSa vkSj mudh izxfr dSlh gSA blds fy, dk;ZØe dh le;&lkfj.kh esa [kqykiu gksuk pkfg, vkSj mlesa iqujko`fÙk rFkk vuisf{kr fLFkfr ds fy, xqatkb'k gksuh pkfg,A fdlh Hkh izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh vafre :ijs[kk izf'k{k.k ds nkSjku gh r; gksrh gSA

izfrHkkxh izf'k{k.k foLr`r gksrk gS tks tkx:drk] Kku rFkk dkS'ky ij dsfUær gksrk gS,sls la;qDr Qksdl ls izf'k{k.k i)fr dk p;u isphnk gks tkrk gSA tkx:drk c<+kus ds fy, QsflfyVsVj vkSj izf”k{kqvksa ds chp laokn lcls vPNh i)fr jgrh gSA Kku gkfly djus ds fy, ysDpj&ppkZ ;k gSaMcqd ,oa pqfuank lanHkZ lkexzh ij vkèkkfjr i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ lcls vPNk rjhdk jgrh gSA u, dkS'ky lh[kus ;k ekStwnk dkS'ky esa vkSj fu[kkj ykus ds fy, dk;Z'kkyk ds nkSjku lewgksa esa ¼lgdehZ leh{kk ds lkFk½ ;k O;fDrxr Lrj ij QsflfyVsVj dh ns[kjs[k esa vH;kl dk volj nsuk t+:jh gksrk gSA

izfrHkkxh izf'k{k.k dk eryc gksrk gS & izfrHkkfx;ksa ds vuqHko ds lgkjs lh[kukizkS<+ izf”k{kq vius lkFk cgqr lkjs vuqHko ysdj vkrs gSa vkSj izf'k{k.k ls u, vuqHko ysdj tkrs gSaA ,sls esa ;g t+:jh gS fd izf”k{kq ¼vkSj lalkèku O;fDr½ vius vuqHkoksa ds ckjs esa crk,a vkSj mi;qDr lekèkku <wa<+us ds fy, mudk vknku&iznku djsaA bl rjg] ,d izkS<+ izf'k{k.k dk;Z'kkyk ,d ^'kSf{kd dks&vkWijsfVo* cu tkrh gSA

izfrHkkxh izf'k{k.k vkilh lEeku ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSizkS<+ izf”k{kqvksa dks ges'kk gh igys lh[ks gq, dks Hkqykus vkSj fQj u, fljs ls lh[kus ds voljksa dh t+:jr gksrh gSA ;s nksukas izfØ;k,a ,d vHkko dk |ksrd gSa vkSj lh[kus okys ds fy, xgjh cspSuh dk dkj.k gks ldrh gSaA viuh vkykspukvksa dks Lohdkj djus ds fy, t+:jh gS fd izfrHkkfx;ksa dks mlh rjg Lohdkj djus dk vglkl fnyk;k tk, tSlh os gSa] mUgsa tksf[ke mBkus vkSj enn ysus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,A

dk;Z'kkyk dk ekgkSy ,slk gksuk pkfg, ftlesa izfrHkkfx;ksa dks lh[kus esa et+k vk, vkSj os bl ckjs esa lgt vkSj vkRefo'okl eglwl djsa fd izf'k{k.k ds nkSjku tks dqN gksxk] mls muds f[kykQ bLrseky ugha fd;k tk,xkA

42

izfrHkkxh izf'k{k.k esa QsflfyVsVlZ dh Vhe gh QsflfyVsVj gksrh gSizfrHkkxh izf'k{k.k esa QsflfyVsVj dk O;ogkj vkSj ewY;&ekU;rk,a Hkh mruk gh ek;us j[krh gSa ftruk mudk is'ksoj Kku vkSj vè;kiu dkS'ky egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA dk;Z'kkyk esa QsflfyVsVjksa dks QsflfyVsVlZ dh Vhe ds :i esa gh dke djuk pkfg,A mUgsa vkRekykspuk ds fy, [kqyk joS;k viukuk pkfg,( izfrHkkfx;ksa ds izfr j{kkRed gq, fcuk ,d&nwljs dh enn ds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A QsflfyVsVlZ dh Vhe iwjh dk;Z'kkyk ds nkSjku ekStwn jguh pkfg,A

dk;Z'kkyk dk vk;kstu LFky lh[kus dh izfØ;k ij cgqr xgjk vlj Mkyrk gSvk;kstu LFky ,slk gks tgka lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa dksbZ O;oèkku u iM+sA ;g txg fdlh cM+s 'kgj ds ckgj gksuh pkfg, tgka izfrHkkxh viuh nSfud ft+Eesnkfj;ksa ls eqDr jgrs gq, vius vuqHkoksa dk vknku&iznku dj ldsa vkSj lekèkku <wa<+us ds fy, ,d&nwljs dh enn dj ldsaA ;g ,d vkoklh; lqfoèkk gksuh pkfg, rkfd izf”k{kq dks&vkWijsfVo ,d LFkk;h lewg cu tk,A

izfrHkkxh izf'k{k.k QhMcSd ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSiw.kZ :i ls lgh dksbZ ugha gksrkA u dsoy dk;Z'kkyk ds dk;ZØe dks izfrHkkfx;ksa dh 'kSf{kd vko';drkvksa vkSj izxfr ds vuqlkj <kyus ds fy, cfYd Hkkoh dk;ZØeksa esa lqèkkj ds mís'; ls Hkh fiNyh dk;Z'kkykvksa ds vuqHkoksa ls lh[kus ds fy, QhMcSd cgqr t+:jh gksrk gSA blds fy, vkarfjd ewY;kadu dh i)fr viukbZ tk ldrh gSA ;g i)fr dk;Z'kkyk ds nkSjku pyus okyh ;kuh l=dkyhu vFkok l= ds vUr esa gksus okyh ;kuh l=kar ewY;kadu i)fr gks ldrh gSA

v'kkfCnd laizs"k.k ij uksVldkjkRed v'kkfCnd ladsr • vkjkensg eqnzk & vkjke ls cSBuk] lkekU; lkalsa] vdM+ Hkjh eqnzk ;k ,dk,d xfr u djuk & ;kuh laizs"k.k esa dksbZ cM+h ckèkk ugha gSA

• gkFk vkjkensg eqnzk esa gSa & gkFk f'kfFky vkSj [kqys gSa ¼gFksfy;ka Åij dh rjQ ;k nwljksa dks vklkuh ls fn[kkbZ iM+ jgh gSa½ & [kqysiu dh fu'kkuh gSA

• vka[k ls vka[k feykuk & lkeus okys O;fDr dh vka[kksa esa ns[kuk] [kklrkSj ls tc og cksy jgk@jgh gksA ;g bl ckr dk ladsr gS fd og O;fDr@efgyk vkidh ckr esa #fp ys jgk@jgh gSA vka[k ls vka[k feykdj ns[kus ds fy, dHkh&dHkkj b/kj&mèkj ns[kuk Hkh t+:jh gS rkfd ?kwjus okyk vglkl iSnk u gksA

• flj fgykuk & tc eq[; pht+ksa ds chp vki flj fgykrs gSa rks ;g lgefr] LohÑfr vkSj le>us dk ladsr gS] exj ;fn vki jg&jgdj vkSj fcuk lksps&le>s flj Åij&uhps djus yxrs gSa rks bldk eryc ;g gks ldrk gS fd lquus esa vkidh #fp [kRe gks pqdh gSA

• uksV ysrs jguk & ;g vkidh #fp vkSj fgLlsnkjh dk ladsr gS] [kklrkSj ls vxj ;g mlh ckjs esa gks ftl fo"k; ij lkeus okyk O;fDr cksy jgk gSA

• eqLdqjkuk@galh&et+kd & ;g cgqr ldkjkRed ladsr gSA ;g ,d xeZtks'kh Hkjs O;fDrxr lacaèk dh fu'kkuh gSA

• oDrk dh vksj >qduk & nks yksxksa ds chp Qklys dks de djuk] [kklrkSj ls tc ,d O;fDr cksy jgk gks] rks ;g bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd laokn esa nksuksa dh #fp cuh gqbZ gS vkSj laizs"k.k dh ckèkk,a VwV xbZ gSaA

• xeZtks'kh Hkjh Hkko&Hkafxek & gkFkksa ls] [kklrkSj ls [kqyh gFksfy;ksa ds lkFk ckr djuk ckrphr esa fgLlsnkjh vkSj nwljs O;fDr ds [kqysiu dk ladsr gksrk gSA


gSUMvkmV VI

izh&iksLV izi=,lchlhlh QsflfyVsVjksa ds fy,

Vªsfuax ls igys Vªsfuax ds ckn

izfrHkkxh dk uke% fnukad%

d- ;fn vki uhps fn, x, dFku ls lger gSa rks ^gka* ij fu'kku yxk,a vU;Fkk ^ugha* ij

1 ,d vPNk QsflfyVsVj pqVdqys lquk dj izfrHkkfx;ksa dks ges'kk [kq'k j[krk gS

gka ugha

2 izfrHkkxh vPNs Hkh gksrs gSa vkSj cqjs Hkh gka ugha

3 dqN izfrHkkxh ges'kk phtksa dks ^ns[kuk* ilan djrs gSa vkSj blls mUgsa lh[kus esa enn feyrh gS

gka ugha

4 dqN izfrHkkxh phtksa ds lkFk dke djrs gq, mUgsa csgrj :i ls ;kn dj ikrs gSa

gka ugha

5 QsflfyVsVj nwljksa dh vuqHkwfr dks ns[kus vkSj le>us esa izfrHkkfx;ksa dh vf/kd enn ugha dj ldrs gSa

gka ugha

6 tc ,d QsflfyVsVj vPNh rjg cksyrk gS] rks izfrHkkxh lqurs gSaA os QsflfyVsVj ds 'kjhj ;k psgjs ij è;ku ugha nsrs gSa

gka ugha

7 ,d vPNk izf'k{kd cuus ds fy, lquuk cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS gka ugha

44

[k- Lo&ewY;kdau QkWesZV

,d vH;kl l= djus ds ckn uhps fn, x, QkWesZV dk Lo&ewY;kadu QkWesZV ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tk,xk%

1) izfrHkkxh mUgsa QkWesZV ij vafdr djsaxsA 2) eq[; QsflfyVsVj ds lkFk QkWesZV ij fopkj&foe'kZ djsaxsA 3) eq[; QsflfyVsVj izfrHkkfx;ksa dks nksuksa igyqvksa@etcwrh vkSj lq/kkj ds {ks= ij vfrfjDr

QhMcSd nsaxsA

fuEufyf[kr dlkSVh ij Lo;a dks vad (U;wure 1] vf/kdre 3) nsa vkSj mlds ckn vius eq[; QsflfyVsVj ds lkFk ppkZ djsa vkSj muds QhMcSd ysaA

dlkSVh vlarks"ktud] lq/kkj dh t:jr(1)

larks"ktud] csgrj gks ldrk

gS(2)

vPNk

(3) 1 tc nwljs cksy jgs gksa rks mUgsa lqu ikrs

gSa

2 è;kuiwoZd lquuk & oDrk ls utjsa feyk, j[k dj vkSj@;k flj fgyk dj bls iznf'Zkr djrs gSa

3 tks dgk x;k mls vklku :i ls O;Dr djrs gSa vkSj nwljksa dks cksyus dk ekSdk nsrs gSa

4 [kqys iz'uksa dks iwN ikrs gSa

5 cM+s lewg dks lacksf/kr djrs gq, lcds lkFk utjsa feyk, j[krs gSa

6 izfrHkkfx;ksa ds iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsrs gq, vkRefo'okl n'kkZrs gSa

7 izf'k{k.k esa lgk;d midj.kksa@laizs"k.k lkefxz;ksa dks vklkuh ls iz;ksx dj ikrs gSa

8 dk;ZØe esa #fp n'kkZrs gSa

9 l= dh igys ls rS;kjh dh ¼xkbM i<+h] uksV~l cuk;s] gSUMvkmV i<+s½

10 l= ds fo"k;&oLrq dks iwjh rjg Li"V fd;k vkSj mldh iwjh lS)kafrd tkudkjh gSA

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bl lhMh esa l=kuqlkj izf'k{k.k lkexzh &rLohjsa] ikoj IkkWbUV isztsaVs'ku rFkk fQYesa vkfn gSaA

50

la;qDr jk"Vª cky dks"k73] yks/kh ,LVsVubZ fnYyh 110 003bZ&esy: [email protected]: www.unicef.org www.unicefiec.org www.unicef.org/india/VsyhQksu: +91-11-24690401

vf/kd izfr;ksa ds fy, laidZ djsa%dE;qfuds'ku QkWj MsoYiesUV

lkekftd ,oa o;ogkj ifjorzu lapkj...

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