mapinfoprouserguide projections chapter

MapInfo ProVersion 12.5.1

User Guide

BElements of a CoordinateSystem

In this section:

Projections and Their Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428 For More Information on Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445

Projections and Their ParametersThe next tables indicate the parameters applicable to each projection, which are listed in the order theyappear in the relevant coordinate system lines in the MAPINFOW.PRJ file (the first table lists the first sixparameters and the second table lists the next six parameters). The projection type is the equation orequations used by a coordinate system. The following list names the projections MapInfo uses and givesthe number used to identify the projection in the MAPINFOW.PRJ file:

StandardParallel 1

Origin,Latitude

Origin,Longitude

UnitsDatumProjectionType

ProjectionName

XXXXX9AlbersEqual-AreaConic

X *XXX28AzimuthalEquidistant

XXXX5AzimuthalEquidistant(polaraspect only)

XXXX30Cassini-Soldner

XXXX2CylindricalEqual Area

XXXX31DoubleStereographic

XXX14Eckert IV

XXX15Eckert VI

XXXXX6EquidistantConic

XXXX33EquidistantCylindrical

XXXX34ExtendedTransverseMercator

XXX17Gall

XXXX7HotineObliqueMercator

XXXXX32KrovakObliqueConformalConic(JTSKc)

MapInfo Pro 12.5.1428

Projections and Their Parameters

StandardParallel 1

Origin,Latitude

Origin,Longitude


ProjectionName

X XXX29LambertAzimuthalEqual-Area

X XXX4LambertAzimuthalEqual-Area(polaraspect only)

XXXXX3LambertConformalConic

XXXXX19LambertConformalConic(Modifiedfor Belgium1972)

X1Longitude-Latitude

XXX10Mercator

XXX11Miller

XXX13Mollweide

XXXX18NewZealandMap Grid

XXXX27Polyconic

XXXX26RegionalMercator

XXX12Robinson

XXX16Sinusoidal

XXXX20Stereographic

XXXX25SwissObliqueMercator

XXXX8TransverseMercator

XXXX21TranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor Danish

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Appendix B: Elements of a Coordinate System

StandardParallel 1

Origin,Latitude

Origin,Longitude


ProjectionName

System 34Jylland-Fyn)

XXXX22TranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor DanishSystem 34Sjaelland)

XXXX23TranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor DanishSystem 34/45Bornholm)

XXXX24TranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor FinnishKKJ)

The following table is a continuation of the previous list.

RangeFalseNorthing

FalseEasting

Scale FactorAzimuthStandardParallel 2

ProjectionName

XXXAlbersEqual-AreaConic

XAzimuthalEquidistant

XAzimuthalEquidistant(polar aspectonly)

XXCassini-Soldner

CylindricalEqual Area

XXXDoubleStereographic

Eckert IV

Eckert VI



RangeFalseNorthing

FalseEasting


ProjectionName

XXXEquidistantConic

XXEquidistantCylindrical

XXXExtendedTransverseMercator

Gall

XXXXHotineObliqueMercator

XXXKrovakObliqueConformalConic(JTSKc)

XLambertAzimuthalEqual-Area

XLambertAzimuthalEqual-Area(polaraspect only)

XXXLambertConformalConic

XXXLambertConformalConic(Modifiedfor Belgium1972)

Longitude-Latitude

Mercator

Miller

Mollweide

XXNewZealandMap Grid

XXPolyconic

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RangeFalseNorthing

FalseEasting


ProjectionName

RegionalMercator

Robinson

Sinusoidal

XXXStereographic

XXSwissObliqueMercator

XXXTransverseMercator

XXXTranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor DanishSystem 34Jylland-Fyn)

XXXTranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor DanishSystem 34Sjaelland)

XXXTranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor DanishSystem 34/45Bornholm)

XXXTranverseMercator,(Modifiedfor FinnishKKJ)

The Origin Latitude for the Azimuthal Equidistant projections must be either 90 or -90. An ObliqueAzimuthal Equidistant projection supports all Origin Latitudes, including the poles. A Lambert AzimuthalEqual-Area projection has been added that also supports all Origin Latitudes, including the poles.

Projection Types List

The projection type is the equation or equations used by a coordinate system. The following list namesthe projections MapInfo Pro uses and gives the number used to identify the projection in theMAPINFOW.PRJ file:



Projection TypeNumber

Albers Equal-Area Conic9

Azimuthal Equidistant (all origin latitudes)28

Azimuthal Equidistant (polar aspect only)5

Cassini-Soldner30

Cylindrical Equal-Area2

Double Stereographic31

Eckert IV14

Eckert VI15

Equidistant Conic, also known as Simple Conic6

Equidistant Cylindrical33

Extended Transverse Mercator34

Gall17

Hotine Oblique Mercator7

Krovak Oblique Conformal Conic (JTSKc)32

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area (polar aspect only)4

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area29

Lambert Conformal Conic3

Lambert Conformal Conic (modified for Belgium 1972)19

Longitude/Latitude1

Mercator10

Miller Cylindrical11

Mollweide13

New Zealand Map Grid18

Polyconic27

Regional Mercator26

Robinson12

Sinusoidal16

Stereographic20

Swiss Oblique Mercator25

Transverse Mercator, (also known as Gauss-Kruger)8

Transverse Mercator, (modified for Danish System 34 Jylland-Fyn)21

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Projection TypeNumber

Transverse Mercator, (modified for Danish System 34 Sjaelland)22

Transverse Mercator, (modified for Danish System 34/45 Bornholm)23

Transverse Mercator, (modified for Finnish KKJ)24

Projection numbers in the MAPINFOW.PRJ may be modified by the addition of a constant value to thebase number listed in the Projection table, above. Valid values and their meanings are in the next table:

ParametersMeaningConstant

Affine units specifier and coefficientsappear after the regular parameters forthe system.

System has affine transformations1000

Bounds appear after the regularparameters for the system.

System has explicit bounds2000

Affine parameters follow system'sparameters; bounds follow affineparameters.

System with both affine and bounds3000

Example:

Assume you want to work with a simple system based on the Transverse Mercator projection and usingthe NAD 1983 datum. You might have a line such as the following in your MAPINFOW.PRJ file:

"UTM Zone 1 (NAD 83)", 8, 74, 7, -177, 0, 0.9996, 500000, 0

Now let us say that you want a system based on this, but with an affine transformation specified by thefollowing parameters (see Affine Transformations in the Help System: Units=meters; A=0.5; B=-0.866;C=0; D=0.866; E=0.5; and F=0. The required line in the MAPINFOW.PRJ file is:

"UTM Zone 1 (NAD 83) - rotated 60 degrees", 1008, 74, 7, -177, 0, 0.9996, 500000, 0, 7, 0.5, -0.866, 0,0.866, 0.5, 0

Alternatively, if you want to bound the system to (x1, y1, x2, y2)=(-500000, 0, 500000, 1000000), therequired line is:

"UTM Zone 1 (NAD 83) - bounded", 2008, 74, 7, -177, 0, 0.9996, 500000, 0, -500000, 0, 500000, 1000000

To customize the system using both of these modifications, the line is:

"UTM Zone 1 (NAD 83) - rotated and bounded", 3008, 74, 7, -177, 0, 0.9996, 500000, 0, 7, 0.5, -0.866,0, 0.866, 0.5, 0, -500000, 0, 500000, 1000000

Projection Datums

The datum is established by tying a reference ellipsoid to a particular point on the earth. The followingtable lists these details for each datum.

The number used to identify the datum in the MAPINFOW.PRJ file. The datum's name The maps for which the datum is typically used The datum's reference ellipsoid



EllipsoidArea of CoverageDatum NameNumber

Clarke 1880Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal,Sudan

Adindan1

KrassovskySomaliaAfgooye2

Australian NationalAustralia, A.C.T.AGD 66, 7 parameter1007

Australian NationalAustralia, TasmaniaAGD 66, 7 parameter1008

Australian NationalAustralia, Victoria/NSWAGD 66, 7 parameter1009

Australian NationalAustraliaAGD 84, 7 parameter1006

InternationalBahrain IslandAin el Abd 19703

Clarke 1866American Samoa IslandsAmerican Samoa118

Australian NationalCocos IslandsAnna 1 Astro 19654

Clarke 1880Antigua, Leeward IslandsAntigua Island Astro 1943119

Clarke 1880Botswana, Lesotho,Malawi,Swaziland, Zaire, Zambia,Zimbabwe

Arc 19505

Clarke 1880Kenya, TanzaniaArc 19606

InternationalAscension IslandAscension Island 19587

InternationalTern IslandAstro B4 Sorol Atoll9

InternationalIwo Jima IslandAstro Beacon "E"8

InternationalSt. Helena IslandAstro DOS 71/410

InternationalMarcus IslandAstronomic Station 195211

Australian NationalAustralia and TasmaniaIsland

Australian Geodetic 1966(AGD 66)

12

Australian NationalAustralia and TasmaniaIsland

Australian Geodetic 1984(AGD 84)

13

Clarke 1880DjiboutiAyabelle Lighthouse120

Krassovsky (#3)ChinaBeijing 1954154

International 1924BelgiumBelgian 1972 (7parameters)

1019

InternationalBelgiumBelgium110

InternationalEfate and ErromangoIslands

Bellevue (IGN)14

Clarke 1866Bermuda IslandsBermuda 195715

InternationalColombiaBogota Observatory16

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Bessel 1841Bangka and BelitungIslands (Indonesia)

Bukit Rimpah121

InternationalArgentinaCampo Inchauspe17

InternationalPhoenix IslandsCanton Astro 196618

Clarke 1880South AfricaCape19

Clarke 1866Florida and Bahama IslandsCape Canaveral20

WGS 84South AfricaCape, 7 parameter1005

Clarke 1880TunisiaCarthage21

BesselSwitzerlandCH1903+ datum forSwitzerland

158

InternationalChatham Island (NewZealand)

Chatham 197122

InternationalParaguayChua Astro23

Bessel 1841EstoniaCoordinate System 1937 ofEstonia

122

InternationalBrazilCorrego Alegre24

Clarke 1880GuineaDabola123

KrassovskyRomaniaDealul Piscului 1970156

Clarke 1880Deception Island, AntarcticaDeception Island124

BesselGermanyDeutschesHauptdreicksnetz (DHDN)Potsdam/Rauenberg

1000

Bessel 1841Sumatra Island (Indonesia)Djakarta (Batavia)25

InternationalGizo Island (New GeorgiaIslands)

DOS 196826

InternationalEaster IslandEaster Island 196727

GRS 80EuropeEUREF 89115

InternationalAustria, Belgium, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany,

European 1950 (ED 50)28

Gibraltar, Greece, Italy,Luxembourg, Netherlands,Norway, Portugal, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland

InternationalAustria, Finland,Netherlands, Norway,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland

European 1979 (ED 79)29

InternationalEuropeEuropean 1987 (ED 87)108




Clarke 1880Nevis, St. Kitts, LeewardIslands

Fort Thomas 1955125

InternationalRepublic of MaldivesGandajika Base30

GRS 80AustraliaGDA 94116

GRS 67WorldwideGeodetic ReferenceSystem1967 (GRS 67)

32

GRS 80WorldwideGeodetic ReferenceSystem1980 (GRS 80)

33

International 1924Faial, Graciosa, Pico, SaoJorge, and Terceira Islands(Azores)

Graciosa Base SW 1948126

Clarke 1866Guam IslandGuam 196334

InternationalGuadalcanal IslandGUX 1 Astro35

WGS 84South AfricaHartbeesthoek 94150

International 1924AfghanistanHerat North127

Bessel 1841Yugoslavia (Prior to 1990),Slovenia, Croatia, Bosniaand Herzegovina, Serbia

Hermannskogel128

GRS80 (#0)HGRS87153

InternationalSouth Chile (near 53S)Hito XVIII 196336

InternationalIcelandHjorsey 195537

InternationalHong KongHong Kong 196338

GRS 80HungaryHungarian Datum of 1972(HD 72)

1004

InternationalTaiwanHu-Tzu-Shan39

Everest (India 1830)Thailand and VietnamIndian40

Everest (India 1830)Bangladesh, India, NepalIndian41

Everest (Pakistan)PakistanIndian129

Everest (India 1830)ThailandIndian 1954130

Everest (India 1830)VietnamIndian 1960131

Everest (India 1830)ThailandIndian 1975132

Indonesian 1974IndonesiaIndonesian 1974133

Modified AiryIrelandIreland 196542

International 1924South Georgia IslandISTS 061 Astro 1968134

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InternationalDiego GarciaISTS 073 Astro 196943

Bessel 1841JapanJGD2000152

InternationalJohnston IslandJohnston Island 196144

Everest (India 1830)Sri LankaKandawala45

InternationalKerguelen IslandKerguelen Island46

Everest (W. Malaysia andSingapore 1948)

West Malaysia andSingapore

Kertau 194847

InternationalFinlandKKJ1016

International 1924Caroline Islands, FederatedStates of Micronesia

Kusaie Astro 1951135

Clarke 1866Cayman Brac IslandL.C. 5 Astro48

Clarke 1880GhanaLeigon136

Clarke 1880LiberiaLiberia 196449

InternationalLibyaLibya (LGD 2006)155

InternationalPortugalLisboa (DLx)113

Krassovsky (#3)Latvia, LithuaniaLithuanian Pulkovo 19421018

Clarke 1866Philippines (excludingMindanao Island)

Luzon50

Clarke 1866Mindanao IslandLuzon51

Clarke 1880GabonM'Poraloko138

Clarke 1880Mahe IslandMahe 197152

InternationalSalvage IslandsMarco Astro53

Bessel 1841Eritrea (Ethiopia)Massawa54

InternationalPortugalMelrica 1973 (D73)114

Clarke 1880MoroccoMerchich55

InternationalMidway IslandMidway Astro 196156

Clarke 1880NigeriaMinna57

Clarke 1880Montserrat, LeewardIslands

Montserrat Island Astro1958

137

Clarke 1880Masirah Island (Oman)Nahrwan58

Clarke 1880United Arab EmiratesNahrwan59

Clarke 1880Saudi ArabiaNahrwan60

InternationalTrinidad and TobagoNaparima, BWI61




BesselNetherlandsNetherlands109

InternationalNew ZealandNew Zealand GeodeticDatum 194, 7 parameter

1010

InternationalNew ZealandNew Zealand GeodeticDatum 1949 (NZGD 49)

31

Clarke 1866Continental U.S.North American 1927 (NAD27)

62

Clarke 1866AlaskaNorth American 1927 (NAD27)

63

Clarke 1866Bahamas (excluding SanSalvador Island)

North American 1927 (NAD27)

64

Clarke 1866San Salvador IslandNorth American 1927 (NAD27)

65

Clarke 1866Canada (includingNewfoundland Island)


66

Clarke 1866Canal ZoneNorth American 1927 (NAD27)

67

Clarke 1866Caribbean (Turks andCaicos Islands)


68

Clarke 1866Central America (Belize,Costa Rica, El Salvador,


69

Guatemala, Honduras,Nicaragua)

Clarke 1866CubaNorth American 1927 (NAD27)

70

Clarke 1866Greenland (HayesPeninsula)


71

Clarke 1866MexicoNorth American 1927 (NAD27)

72

Modified Clarke 1866Michigan (used only forState Plane CoordinateSystem 1927)


73

GRS 80Alaska, Canada, CentralAmerica, Continental U.S.,Mexico


74

Clarke 1880AlgeriaNorth Sahara 1959139

Clarke 1880AlgeriaNorth Sahara 7-parameter1022

Modified Clarke 1880FranceNouvelle TriangulationFrancaise (NTF) GreenwichPrime Meridian

107

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Modified Clarke 1880FranceNouvelle TriangulationFrancaise (NTF) ParisPrime Meridian

1002

WGS 72WorldwideNWGL 10111

GRS 80New ZealandNZGD 2000117

InternationalCorvo and Flores Islands(Azores)

Observatorio 196675

International 1924Corvo and Flores Islands(Azores)

Observatorio Meteorologico1939

140

Helmert 1906EgyptOld Egyptian76

Clarke 1866HawaiiOld Hawaiian77

Clarke 1880OmanOman78

AiryEngland, Isle of Man,Scotland, Shetland Islands,Wales

Ordnance Survey of GreatBritain 1936

79

InternationalCanary IslandsPico de las Nieves80

InternationalPitcairn IslandPitcairn Astro 196781

Clarke 1880Burkina Faso and NigerPoint 58141

Clarke 1880CongoPointe Noire 1948142

WGS 84 SphereWorldwidePopular Visualization CRS/ Mercator

157

International 1924Porto Santo and MadeirasIslands

Porto Santo 1936143

BesselGermanyPotsdam1000

InternationalBolivia, Chile, Colombia,Ecuador, Guyana, Peru,Venezuela

Provisional South American1956

82

InternationalSouth Chile (near 53S)Provisional South Chilean1963

36

Clarke 1866Puerto Rico and VirginIslands

Puerto Rico83

KrassovskyGermanyPulkovo 19421001

InternationalQatarQatar National84

InternationalSouth GreenlandQornoq85

BesselGermanyRauenberg1000

InternationalMascarene IslandReunion86




BesselSwedenRikets Triangulering 1990(RT 90)

112

BesselSwedenRikets Triangulering 1990(RT 90), 7 parameter

1011

InternationalSardinia IslandRome 194087

PZ90RussiaRussia PZ901012

PZ90RussiaRussia PZ901012

SK95RussiaRussia SK421013

PZ90RussiaRussia SK951014

InternationalEspirito Santo IslandSanto (DOS)88

InternationalSo Miguel, Santa MariaIslands (Azores)

So Braz89

InternationalEast Falkland IslandSapper Hill 194390

Modified Bessel 1841NamibiaSchwarzeck91

Modified BesselNamibiaSchwarzeck (updated )datum for Namibia

159

International 1924Salvage IslandsSelvagem Grande 1938144

BesselRepublic of SerbiaSerbia datum MGI 19011021

Clarke 1880Sierra LeoneSierra Leone 1960145

Bessel 1841Czech RepublicS-JTSK146

Bessel #11Czech RepublicS-JTSK (Ferro primemeridian)

1020

South American 1969Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,

South American 196992

Guyana, Paraguay, Peru,Venezuela, Trinidad andTobago

Modified Fischer 1960SingaporeSouth Asia93

InternationalPorto Santo and MadeiraIslands

Southeast Base94

InternationalFaial, Graciosa, Pico, SaoJorge, Terceira Islands(Azores)

Southwest Base95

BesselSwitzerlandSwitzerland (CH 1903)1003

International 1924MadagascarTananarive Observatory1925

147

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Everest (India 1830)Brunei and East Malaysia(Sarawak and Sabah)

Timbalai 194896

Bessel 1841Japan, Korea, OkinawaTokyo97

Bessel 1841JapanTokyo971015

InternationalTristan da CunhaTristan Astro 196898

Clarke 1880Viti Levu Island (Fiji Islands)Viti Levu 191699

Clarke 1880Tunisia/AlgeriaVoirol 1874148

Clarke 1880AlgeriaVoirol 1960149

HoughMarshall IslandsWake-Eniwetok 1960100

WGS 60WorldwideWorld Geodetic System1960 (WGS 60)

101


102


103


104

1980ChinaXian1017

InternationalUruguayYacare105

InternationalSurinamZanderij106

Units

The following table lists the available coordinate units and the number used to identify the unit in theMAPINFOW.PRJ file:

UnitsNumber

Centimeters6

Chains31

Feet (also called International Feet)13

Inches2

Kilometers1

Links30

Meters7

Miles0



UnitsNumber

Millimeters5

Nautical Miles29

Rods32

US Survey Feet (used for 1927 State Plane)38

Yards4

1One International Foot equals exactly 30.48 cm.2One Nautical Mile equals exactly 1852 meters.3One US Survey Foot equals exactly 12/39.37 meters, or approximately 30.48006 cm.

Coordinate System Origin

The origin is the point specified in longitude and latitude from which all coordinates are referenced. It ischosen to optimize the accuracy of a particular coordinate system. As we move north from the origin, Yincreases. X increases as we move east. These coordinate values are generally called northings andeastings.

For the Transverse Mercator projection the origin's longitude defines the central meridian. In constructingthe Transverse Mercator projection a cylinder is positioned tangent to the earth. The central meridian isthe line of tangency. The scale of the projected map is true along the central meridian.

In creating a Hotine Oblique Mercator projection it is necessary to specify a great circle that is not theequator nor a meridian. MapInfo Pro does this by specifying one point on the ellipsoid and an azimuthfrom that point. That point is the origin of the coordinate system.

Standard Parallels (Conic Projections)

In conic projections a cone is passed through the earth intersecting it along two parallels of latitude.These are the standard parallels. One is to the north and one is to the south of the projection zone. Touse a single standard parallel specify that latitude twice. Both are expressed in degrees of latitude.

Oblique Azimuth (Hotine Oblique Mercator)

When specifying a great circle (Hotine Oblique Mercator) using a point and an azimuth (arc), the azimuthis called the Oblique Azimuth and is expressed in degrees.

Scale Factor (Transverse Mercator)

A scale factor is applied to cylindrical coordinates to average scale error over the central area of themap while reducing the error along the east and west boundaries. The scale factor has the effect ofrecessing the cylinder into the earth so that it has two lines of intersection. Scale is true along these linesof intersection.

You may see the scale factor expressed as a ratio, such as 1:25000. In this case it is generally calledthe scale reduction. The relationship between scale factor and scale reduction is:

scale factor = 1-scale reduction

In this case the scale factor would be 1-(1/25000) or 0.99996.

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False Northings and False Eastings

Calculating coordinates is easier if negative numbers are not involved. To eliminate this problem incalculating State Plane and Universal TransverseMercator coordinates, it is common to addmeasurementoffsets to the northings and eastings. These offsets are called False Northings and False Eastings. Theyare expressed in coordinate units, not degrees. (The coordinate units are specified by the Units parameter.)

Range (Azimuthal Projections)

The range specifies, in degrees, how much of the earth you are seeing. The range can be between 1and 180. When you specify 90, you see a hemisphere. When you specify 180 you see the whole earth,though much of it is very distorted.

Polyconic Projection

The following description is copied from "Map Projections - A Working Manual", USGS ProfessionalPaper 1395, by John P. Snyder.

The Polyconic projection, usually called the American Polyconic in Europe, achieved its name becausethe curvature of the circular arc for each parallel on the map is the same as it would be following theunrolling of a cone which had been wrapped around the globe tangent to the particular parallel of latitude,with the parallel traced onto the cone. Thus, there are many ("poly-") cones involved, rather than thesingle cone of each regular conic projection.

The Polyconic projection is neither equal-area nor conformal. Along the central meridian, however, it isboth distortion free and true to scale. Each parallel is true to scale, but the meridians are lengthened byvarious amounts to cross each parallel at the correct position along the parallel, so that no parallel isstandard in the sense of having conformality (or correct angles), except at the central meridian. Nearthe central meridian, distortion is extremely small.

This projection is not intended for mapping large areas. The conversion algorithms used break downwhen mapping wide longitude ranges. For example, WORLD.TAB, from the sample data shipped withMapInfo Pro, may exhibit anomalies if reprojected using Polyconic.

Equidistant Cylindrical Projection

The Equidistant Cylindrical projection (also called the Equirectangular projection, geographic projection,Plate Carre, or Carte Parallelogrammatique projection or CPP), is a very simple map projection attributedto Marinus of Tyre, who Ptolemy claims invented the projection about 100 AD.

The projection maps meridians to equally spaced vertical straight lines, and circles of latitude to evenlyspread horizontal straight lines. The projection is neither equal area nor conformal. Because of thedistortions introduced by this projection, it has little use in navigation or cadastral mapping, and finds itsmain use in thematic mapping. In particular, the Plate Carre is used often in computer applications thatprocess global maps, because of the particularly simple relationship between the position of an imagepixel on the map and its corresponding geographic location on Earth. The Plate Carre (French, for "flatsquare"), is the special case where standard parallel is zero.

The following examples are of PRJ entries for Plate Carre and Equidistant Cylindrical projection centeredat 46.5 degree Standard Parallel (used in France):

"Plate Carree WGS84", 33, 104, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0"Equidistant Cylindrical 46.5 Degree WGS84", 33, 104, 7, 0, 46.5, 0, 0



For More Information on ProjectionsThe first three publications listed are relatively short pamphlets. The last two are substantial books. Wehave also given addresses and phone numbers for the American Congress of Surveying and Mapping(the pamphlets) and the U.S. Geological Survey (the books).

American Cartographic Association. Choosing a World Map-Attributes, Distortions, Classes, Aspects.Falls Church, VA: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. Special Publication No. 2. 1988.

American Cartographic Association.Matching the Map Projection the Need. Falls Church, VA: AmericanCongress on Surveying and Mapping. Special Publication No. 3. 1991.

American Cartographic Association.Which Map is Best? Projections for World Maps. Falls Church, VA:American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. Special Publication No. 1. 1986.

John P. Snyder. Map Projections-A Working Manual.Washington: U.S. Geological Survey ProfessionalPaper 1395. 1987

John P. Snyder and Philip M. Voxland. An Album of Map Projections. Washington: U.S. GeologicalSurvey Professional Paper 1453. 1989.

Contact Information

The Department of Geography at the University of Colorado at Boulder has made available "TheGeographer's Craft" project, a website devoted to explanations of map projections, geodetic datums,and coordinate systems. It is particularly valuable because many of the explanations were presentedusing MapInfo Pro.

The materials may be used for study, research, and education. If you link to or cite the materials below,please credit the author: Peter H. Dana, The Geographer's Craft Project, Department of Geography,The University of Colorado at Boulder.

For geodetic datum information and explanations, go to:

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/datum/datum.html

For information on coordinate systems and associated topics, go to:

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/coordsys/coordsys.html

For information on map projections, go to:

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html

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ContentsIntroductionWhat is MapInfo Pro?Mapping at a GlanceUsing Your Own DataReviewing the MapInfo Pro FeaturesAccessing Your Documentation

Getting StartedGetting SupportUsing the Status BarUsing the Help SystemMapBasic Available Free of Charge on the Web

Tech SupportContacting Technical SupportTechnical Support Contact InformationTechnical Support Online Case Management System

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The Basics of MapInfo ProStarting and Leaving MapInfo ProStarting MapInfo ProExiting MapInfo Pro

A Tour of the MapInfo Pro DesktopMapInfo Pro RibbonHOME TabTABLE TabMAP TabSPATIAL TabLAYOUT TabPRO TabCustomizing the Ribbon

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Data - Where MapInfo Pro BeginsWhat is a Database and Other Basic TerminologyWhat Data Can I Use in MapInfo Pro?Support for Raster ImagesUnderstanding the Files Associated with MapInfo Pro TablesOpening Your Data in MapInfo ProMapInfo Pro Data File SupportFile Limitations for MapInfo Pro Supported FormatsFeature Manipulation Engine (FME) Format Support

Opening MapInfo TablesOpening Data in Remote Tables

Understanding Your Data in MapInfo ProWhat is a Layer?Map Objects as Part of LayersManaging a Map's Layers

Using WorkspacesReviewing the Windows in MapInfo ProExplorer WindowDisplaying Data in a Map WindowDisplaying Data in a Browser WindowAbout the Browser FormatOpening a Table in a Browser WindowBrowser Window Commands and Context MenuHow a Browser Displays in a Layout

Changing a Record's Data, Font, and StyleDisplaying Data in a Layout WindowOther Windows for Displaying Data

Working with Tables in the Tables ListAccessing the TablesAbout the Tables WindowSelecting Multiple Tables in the TablesDragging and Dropping in the TablesSorting in the Tables WindowSearching the Tables

Working with Layers in the Layers WindowAccessing the Layers windowAbout the Layers WindowAdding Layers to the MapOverview of the STYLE TabReordering Map LayersSetting the Zoom LayeringPositioning and Sizing LabelsDisplaying the Lines, Nodes, and CentroidsUnderstanding the Cosmetic LayerMaking the Layers "Editable"Making a Read-Only Table "Editable"Getting Layer InformationSelecting Objects in a Layer

Working with Thematic LayersOrdering Thematic LayersDisplaying Thematic Layers

Working with Raster and Grid LayersWorking with Seamless LayersFeatures Available with Seamless Layers

Working with MapInfo Manager Library ServicesAdd to Library

Saving, Closing, and Exporting Your WorkSaving a MapInfo WorkspaceExporting to GeoTIFF (*.tif) FormatSaving a Table or a Copy of a TableClosing a TableOpening vs. ImportingExporting Your Data to a New FormatImporting and Exporting Data in AutoCAD FormatCropping ImagesExporting to ASCII FormatExporting to dBase (*.DBF) FormatSmoothing Map Images during Export

Using the Tools in the Tools Manager

Configuring MapInfo Pro PreferencesSummary of PreferencesSetting Your PreferencesSetting Your System PreferencesSetting Your Default UnitsSetting Your Undo OptionsSetting Your Date Window for Two-Digit YearsSetting Your Copy to Clipboard PreferencesSetting Your Clipboard to Copy Maps in to Word, Excel, or PowerPoint

Setting Your Image Resolution for ExportingSetting how to Draw Symbols for MapInfo Pro 4.0 or Earlier

Setting Your Startup PreferencesCreating a Startup WorkspaceSetting Your Database Connection Preferences

Setting Your Directory PreferencesUsing Search Directories

Setting the Web Services PreferencesSetting the Proxy Server PreferencesSetting the WFS Server PreferencesSetting the WMS Server PreferencesSetting the Geocoding Server PreferencesSetting the Routing Server PreferencesSetting the Tile Server PreferencesSetting the Library Services PreferencesMapInfo Manager Authentication Handling within MapInfo Pro

Setting the Custom Proxy Server Preferences

Setting up a Geocoding ServerSetting up a Routing ServerSetting Your Performance PreferencesSetting Your Style PreferencesSetting Your Address Matching PreferencesSetting Your Image Processing PreferencesSetting Your Notification PreferencesSetting Your Map Window PreferencesSetting Your Browser Window PreferencesChanging the Browser Window Background Color

Setting Your Legend Designer Window PreferencesSetting Your Printer PreferencesPrinting CaveatsEnabling or Disabling the Subdivided Printing Option

Setting Your Output Setting PreferencesUnderstanding the Anti-Aliasing Export Preferences

Understanding Your DataWorking with MapInfo TablesAdding to a TableUpdating a TableAppending Rows to a TableAppending One Table to AnotherParsing Data from One Column to Multiple ColumnsPlacing Graphic Information in Visible ColumnsCreating a New TableEditing a Table's StructureCopying and Renaming a TableDeleting a TablePacking a TableCollecting Data into the Table using Update ColumnBrowsing a Table

Working with Data in a DBMSGetting StartedOverview of the DBMS Access Setup ProcessRequirements

Creating a Data Source ConnectionCreating a Data Source Connection to SQL ServerCreating a Data Source Connection to PostGISCreating a Data Source Connection to OracleCreating a Data Source Connection to Microsoft Access

Reconnecting to your Data Source after StartupConnecting and Opening a Table at the Same TimeConnecting to Oracle after Re-Starting MapInfo Pro

About Supported DBMS Data TypesSQL Server Data SupportPostGIS Data SupportOracle Data Support

Creating a Map Catalog in the DBMSBefore you Begin Creating a Map Catalog TableCreating a Map Catalog Table Using EasyLoader

Adding a Spatial Primary Key to a DBMS TableMaking a DBMS Table Mappable to Display it on a MapMaking a Table MappableAbout Updating Data Bounds in the MapInfo_MapCatalog

Deciding to work with Linked or Live Access TablesComparing and Contrasting Live and Linked Access to a Table

Opening a DBMS Table in MapInfo ProOpening a DBMS TableCreating a New DBMS TableRefreshing Live and Linked Remote TablesUnlinking a Table from a Remote DatabaseSaving a DBMS TableConflict Resolution when Multiple Users Access a Remote TableDisconnecting from a Remote DatabaseWorking with Styles in DBMS Tables

Working with Remote Tables from Specific DatabasesWorking with SQL Server TablesWorking with SQL Server with SpatialWare TablesWorking with PostGIS TablesWorking with Oracle Spatial Tables

Drawing and Editing ObjectsUnderstanding the Drawing and Editing CommandsUsing the Drawing and Editing CommandsAdding a Node to an ObjectAdding Nodes to an Object Using the Overlay Nodes Command

Drawing ObjectsSpecifying an Object's Spatial AttributesReverting to a Previous VersionUsing the Ruler Window as You DrawObject StylesPrinting Fill Patterns

Drawing Polygons and PolylinesConverting a Polyline to a RegionConverting Objects into Polyline Objects

Drawing SymbolsChanging a Symbol Style on a MapSupported Fonts for SymbolsWorking with Custom Symbols

Working with Text on the MapEditing ObjectsPositioning and Sizing your Map ObjectsChanging your Map Object AttributesReshaping Map ObjectsUsing "Snap To" to Select Nodes and CentroidsSetting Snap Preferences for a Visible Snap AreaAutotracing ObjectsSmoothing and Unsmoothing LinesConverting Objects into Region ObjectsConverting Regions to PolylinesMerging One Map into Another

Selecting and Querying DataSelecting Your Data in MapInfo ProCharacteristics of SelectionsSelecting from the ScreenSelection CommandsUsing SelectUsing ClearDeselecting Objects and Removing Objects from the SelectionUsing Radius SelectionUsing Marquee SelectionAdding Objects to the Selection SetUsing Polygon SelectionUsing Boundary SelectionUsing Invert

Unselecting Objects or Records

Querying Your Data in MapInfo ProSelecting and Using QueriesMaking Queries using the Select CommandMaking Queries using the SQL Select CommandDisplaying Query Results QuicklyCreating Query ExpressionsUsing Select to Create QueriesInteractively Selecting ObjectsUsing SQL Select to Query DataSaving QueriesUsing Date- and Time-Based Data in Maps and QueriesUsing Templates for QueriesDeriving ColumnsCreating Column AliasesAggregating DataJoining Tables Using SQL SelectJoining Tables Geographically (Using Geographic Operators)Joining Two or More TablesFinding Duplicate Values in a ColumnCalculating the Distance to a Fixed Point

Creating Thematic and Other Themed MapsMapInfo Pro in ActionUsing Thematic Mapping to Analyze InformationPlanning Your Thematic MapMethods of Thematic MappingTypes of Thematic MapsRanged MapsBar Chart MapsPie Chart MapsGraduated Symbol MapsDot Density MapsIndividual Value MapsGrid Surface Maps

Creating a Thematic MapStep 1 - Choosing a Type of Thematic TemplateStep 2 - Choosing Thematic ValuesStep 3 - Customizing Your Thematic MapWorking with a Thematic Map LegendThematic Maps as Layers

Changing the Display Parameters of a MapModifying a Thematic MapUsing the Theme TemplatesSaving Your Thematic Settings

Updating Columns using Thematic MappingAdding Temporary Columns

Working with Grid Surface MapsWorking with Grid Handlers

Buffering and Working with ObjectsBuffering Your DataUnderstanding BuffersCreating a BufferBuffer MethodsTypes of Buffers

Editing Objects using the Set Target ModelAggregating and Disaggregating DataClipping a Region of a MapOverview of Combining Map ObjectsClearing a TargetSplitting Objects

Creating Territories by Combining ObjectsCombining Selected ObjectsCombining Objects Using ColumnCreating a Voronoi PolygonGrouping Objects using Multipoint and Collection Object Types

Creating and Manipulating Objects

Stylizing Your Map for Presentations and PublishingChanging a Map's StyleChanging a Region's StyleChanging a Line's StyleChanging a Symbol's StyleChanging the Text Style

Labeling Your MapAbout LabelingChoosing the Label ContentUsing AutoLabelingAbout Customizing Layer PropertiesCreating CalloutsLabel StylesLabeling InteractivelyUsing Text Objects as LabelsSaving Labels

Adding an Adornment to the MapAdding a Scale Bar to Represent Map Scale

Working with LayoutsOpening a Layout WindowConverting Classic Layouts from Previous VersionsLAYOUT TabAdding a Map to the Layout WindowEditing the Contents of a Map FrameEditing the Map Display Style

Adding a Map Legend to the Layout WindowEditing a Legend in a Layout WindowRefreshing the Contents of a Legend Frame

Adding a Thematic Map to the Layout WindowAdding a Table (Browser) to the Layout WindowEditing the Contents of a Browser Frame

Adding an Image to the Layout WindowImage Not Found

Adding Text to the Layout WindowChanging the Text Style in a Text FrameChanging Text Alignment and Spacing

Adding Shapes to the Layout WindowSaving a Layout in the Layout WindowDeleting a Frame from the Layout WindowMoving FramesResizing FramesAligning Frames in the Layout WindowAligning Layout Frames Using Grid LinesAligning Layout Frames Using GuidelinesHiding and Showing Guidelines in the Layout WindowRemoving Guidelines in the Layout Window

Editing in the Layout WindowPrinting Your LayoutSetting Printing Margins for a LayoutNotes about Printer Settings

Exporting Your Layout

Creating a Legend for your MapWhat is a Legend?Creating a Map LegendAbout the Legend Designer Window

Printing and Exporting Your ResultsPrinting Your ProjectExporting a LayoutSave Window As Supports Raster Formats

Registering Raster ImagesWorking with Raster ImagesDetermining Map CoordinatesAn Introduction to Raster Image RegistrationUnderstanding Raster Images in MapInfo ProRaster Image Format Details

Opening a Raster ImageRegistering the Coordinates of a Raster ImageReprojecting a Raster MapTransferring Vector Map Coordinates Directly to a Raster MapModifying Control Points for Raster ImagesAdjusting the Contrast or Brightness of a Raster ImageAdjusting the Translucency of a Raster Image

Printing/Exporting Translucent Raster Images

Putting Your Data on the MapHow Do I Get My Data on the Map?Creating a MapInfo .tab File of Your DataWhen Do I Geocode vs. Create Points?Displaying DBMS and Web Service Data

Displaying your Excel (.XLS or .XLSX) DataDisplaying your Access (.MDB or .ACCDB) DataDisplaying your SQLite DataOpening SQLite Tables

Displaying your Comma Delimited CSV DataOpening Comma Delimited CSV Files in MapInfo ProExporting to Comma Delimited CSV Format

Displaying your dBase DataDisplaying your Lotus 1-2-3 DataDisplaying your ESRI Shapefile DataRegistering and Displaying your ASCII DataImporting and Displaying GML File DataImporting and Displaying GML 2.1 Files

Using Universal Data DirectlyOpening Universal Data DirectlyWorking with the FME SuiteUnderstanding MapInfo Pro's Use of the Topography Layer

Opening MapInfo Pro Grid FilesImporting Graphic FilesGeocoding - Assigning Coordinates to RecordsWhat Do I Need to Know Before Geocoding?Understanding the Geocoding ProcessModes of GeocodingMethods of GeocodingRefining Your Geocoding SearchFinding an Exact Street MatchPlacing Geocoded PointsMatching Street NamesMatching Address NumbersMatching to RegionSelecting Records Not GeocodedLocating Newly Geocoded PointsResult CodesUngeocoding a Table

Putting Latitude/Longitude Coordinates on a MapDispersing Points Located in the Same PlaceCreating Points for IntersectionsGeocoding Data using a Server

Displaying Your Data on the MapFinding Data on your MapViewing a List of Open TablesDisplaying Data Details using the Statistics Window

Printing Your ResultsSetting up the PagePrinting Your MapViewing and Printing TextTroubleshooting Print Problems

Working with Coordinate Systems and ProjectionsWorking with Coordinate SystemsDisplaying CoordinatesElements of a Coordinate SystemUnderstanding Coordinate Systems

Building Blocks of a Coordinate SystemCoordinate Systems, Projections, and their ParametersProjection TypesDatumsUnitsCoordinate System OriginStandard Parallels (Conic Projections)Oblique Azimuth (Hotine Oblique Mercator)Scale Factor (Transverse Mercator)False Easting and False NorthingRange (Azimuthal Projections)About Polyconic Coordinate SystemsExamples of Projection Entries in the MAPINFOW.PRJ File

Adding Projections to the MAPINFOW.PRJ FileUsing the New Projection in a Coordinate SystemEntering a New Coordinate System (Example)

Understanding Precision in MapInfo ProWhat is Precision?

Understanding Affine TransformationsDescription of an Affine Transformation

Using Earth and Non-Earth MapsSpecifying Coordinates for a Non-Earth Map

Working with Data from a Web ServiceIntroduction to Web ServicesAccessing Web Services in MapInfo ProWeb Service Authentication

Enhancing Map Data using a Web Map Service (WMS)How Does MapInfo Pro Use WMS Servers?Supported Image Formats for WMSUnderstanding WMS Error Messages

Enhancing Map Data using a Web Feature Service (WFS)WFS Server Requirements

Geocoding using a Geocoding ServerWhat Are MapMarker and Envinsa Geocoding Services?Geocoding a Single Address using a Geocoding ServiceUnderstanding the Geocoding Result Codes

Creating Routing Distance and Time BuffersHow are Time and Distance Buffers Calculated?Using Driving Region Buffers to Display DataCreating Time or Distance Buffers for Objects

Enhancing Map Data using a Mapping Tile ServerTile Server AuthenticationAdding a Tile Server Layer to your MapAdding a Layer to your Map from a Map Tile ServerBing License Key command

Working with Tile ServersChanging the Map Zoom to the Nearest Tile Server LevelSetting Tile Server Layer Properties

Specialized Topics in MapInfo ProInternet Connectivity and MapInfo ProWhat Are Active Objects?HTML Landing Pages

Redistricting-Grouping Map Objects into DistrictsWhat is Redistricting and How Can I Use It?Using the Districts BrowserUsing RedistrictingOptions in Redistricting

Creating ExpressionsWhere Expressions Can Be UsedConstructing Simple ExpressionsConstructing Complex ExpressionsEntering Specific Values (Constants) into ExpressionsUsing Mathematical Operators in ExpressionsUsing String Operators in ExpressionsUsing Comparison Operators in ExpressionsUsing Geographic Operators in ExpressionsUsing Logical Operators in ExpressionsUnderstanding Operator PrecedenceUsing Functions in Expressions

Working with the MapBasic WindowAccessing the MapBasic WindowRunning a MapBasic Program

Keyboard ShortcutsShortcuts by Keystroke

Elements of a Coordinate SystemProjections and Their ParametersProjection Types ListProjection DatumsUnitsCoordinate System OriginStandard Parallels (Conic Projections)Oblique Azimuth (Hotine Oblique Mercator)Scale Factor (Transverse Mercator)False Northings and False EastingsRange (Azimuthal Projections)Polyconic ProjectionEquidistant Cylindrical Projection

For More Information on ProjectionsContact Information

Manually Creating a MapInfo_MapCatalogManually Creating a MapInfo_MapCatalogManually Making a Remote Table Mappable

MapInfo Map Interchange FormatFile Versions and TAB, MIF/MID, and WOR SupportCharSetDelimiterUniqueIndexCoordSys ClauseTransform ClauseColumns

Glossary of TermsGlossary of Terms

Index

mapinfoprouserguide projections chapter

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projections mapinfo

modifiedfor finnishkkjthe

parameters applicable

projection type

following list names

previous list

mapinfo proversion

user guidebelements