media's role in reporting corruption - public opinion survey 2009
DESCRIPTION
This survey explores Malaysians’ level of satisfaction with the role of media in reporting corruption and to provide the missing link in the recent studies on corruption, which have largely focused on the role public institutions and the opinion of the business sectors.TRANSCRIPT
MALAYSIAN PUBLIC PERSPECTIVES ON THE
MEDIA’S ROLE IN REPORTING CORRUPTION
Highlights of Public Opinion
Survey Findings
November 16, 2009
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Supported by
Friedrich Naumann Foundation
2
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Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Survey objectives
• To explore the Malaysians’ level of satisfaction with the role of media in reporting
corruption and to provide the missing link in the recent studies on corruption,
which have largely focused on the role public institutions and the opinion of the
business sectors.
Objectives
3
• The study also aims at highlighting public opinion on the role of the media in
fighting corruption and to support the position that the continued restrictions on the
media help entrench practices of corruption already perceived as endemic in
Malaysia.
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
• 1241 randomly selected respondents aged 20+ were interviewed via telephone for
the survey.
• Respondents were selected via random stratified sampling method along the lines
of state of residence, ethnicity, and gender. The survey covers all over Peninsular,
Sabah and Sarawak.
• Survey was carried out between 16th Sept and 12th Oct 2009.
Methodology
Quantitative survey
4
• Survey was carried out between 16th Sept and 12th Oct 2009.
• Survey margin of error estimated at ±2.78%
Qualitative survey
• The qualitative survey is carried out via 2 focus groups in the Klang Valley on the
13th of October, involving 20 people of different gender, ethnicity, occupational
background and preferred choice of newspapers.
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
MALAYSIAN PUBLIC PERSPECTIVES
ON THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN
REPORTING CORRUPTION
RESPONDENT
PROFILE
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Respondent Profile
50%
31%
7% 7% 5%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Malay Chinese Indian Muslim Bumiputra
Non-Muslim Bumiputra
Ethinicity
23%
14%
25%
19% 18%
0%
10%
20%
30%
20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 > 60
Age
6
Male50%
Female50%
Gender
Peninsular Malaysia84%
Sarawak8%
Sabah8%
Location
Urban41%
Rural59%
Setting
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Respondent Profile
3%
19%
51%
15%12%
0%
20%
40%
60%
No formal Primary school Secondary Diploma & Degree
Education Level
37%
27%
13% 12%
6% 5%
0%
20%
40%
Monthly household income
7
No formal education
Primary school Secondary school
Diploma & equivalent
Degree < RM1500 per mth
RM1501 -RM3000 per
mth
RM3001 -RM5000 per
mth
> RM5000 per mth
Don't know No response
25%
7%4% 4%
59%
0%
20%
40%
60%
At home Workplace/school At home & workplace/school
Other locations No internet access
Internet accessInternet access
75%
9%15%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Regular voter Irregular voter Unregistered
Voting status
MALAYSIAN PUBLIC PERSPECTIVES
ON THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN
REPORTING CORRUPTION
CONTEXT
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Corruption in the context of national issues
• The public remains ambivalent over the direction of the country
• Corruption is a principal factor among those saying country is headed the
wrong direction
• Overall, corruption is seen as a major problem that needs solving
9
• Overall, corruption is seen as a major problem that needs solving
• 74% of the public is not satisfied with government’s handling of the
problem.
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Perception About National Direction
Considering the conditions in the country today, how strongly would you say that things
are heading in the right or wrong direction?
10%15%
1%
Strongly in the right direction Somewhat in the right direction
Somewhat in the wrong direction Strongly in the wrong direction
Don’t know No response
10
37%
29%
8%Less than half,
47%, say the
country is
headed in the
right direction
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Considering the conditions in the country today, how strongly would you say that things
are heading in the right or wrong direction?
52%
47%
56%
47%
57%
66%
59% 58%
43%
70%
55%
60%
80%Right direction Malay Chinese Indian
Perception About National Direction
11
45%
29%35%
42%
47%
45%
42%
47%
33%
8%
14%
16%27% 18% 18%
21%
17%
38%
43%
48%
0%
20%
40%
Oct 08 3 - 9 Mar 09 27 Mar - 2 Apr 09 6 - 15 May 09 Jul 09 4-14 Sept 09 16 Sept- 12 Oct 09
Among Peninsular Malaysians
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
And what would you say is the issue that is the main reason for your answer?
Right direction , n= 590
17%
31%
Peaceful condition in the country
Economic recoveryTop 5
12
7%
8%
17%
Good national administration
Quality of national leadership & civil servants
Don't know
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
And what would you say is the issue that is the main reason for your answer?
Top 5
Wrong direction , n= 491
15%
21%
Corruption & cronyism
Political instability
13
7%
8%
12%
Government affairs- not transparent/ efficient
Quality of national leadership & civil servant
Unfavourable economic condition
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
What in your view, is the most important problem that needs solving in the country today?
Corruption & abuse of power is the most important problem at the top of minds of the public in the survey
12%
13%
Social problems
Corruption and abuse of power
Top 6
14
7%
8%
10%
11%
None
Political instability
Crime & public safety
Don't know
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with what the federal government is doing to resolve
the problem?
34% 40% 21% 3%2%Corruption and abuse of
power
Very dissatisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Somewhat satisfied Very satisfied Don't know
74% dissatisfied with government
handling of corruption
Satisfaction with Government in Addressing Top Issues
15
14%
21%
20%
34%
45%
45%
47%
40%
23%
27%
25%
21%
9%
3%
6%
3%
7%
4%
1%
2%
Political instability
Crime & public safety
Social problems
power
MALAYSIAN PUBLIC PERSPECTIVES
ON THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN
REPORTING CORRUPTION
PUBLIC PERCEPTION
OF CORRUPTION
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Perception of Corruption in Malaysia
• Corruption level in the country is serious
• However, half the public feels that corruption has minimal impact
on their lives
• Who are those feel not affected : mainly Indian respondents,
17
• Who are those feel not affected : mainly Indian respondents,
those with lower education and incomes, without internet access,
those who feel good about the country’s direction
•Less than 50% feel that major institutions tasked to fight
corruption are effective
•Public is very much aware about petty corruption but less aware
of grand corruption
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
How serious do you think corruption is in this country?
1%
12%6%
Not serious at all Somewhat not serious Somewhat serious
Very serious Don't know
Corruption as a problem in Malaysia
18
41%
40%Overwhelming 81% thinks it is serious.
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
To what extent do you think corruption affects your personal life?
26%21%
4%
1%Not at all A little Some Very much Don't know No response
48% feel that 47% feel that
Perceived Impact of Corruption
19
26%
22%26%
21% 48% feel that
they are not
affected
47% feel that
they are
affected by
corruption in
personal life.
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
How serious would you say is …… in Malaysia?
Public less aware about Grand Corruption
42% 29% 15% 2% 9% 3%Petty Corruption
Very serious Somewhat serious Somewhat not serious
Not serious at all Not able to assess/Don't know No response
42% of respondents view petty corruption as “Very Serious”.
20
30%
24%
34%
37%
41%
28%
41%
37%
35%
31%
17%
18%
12%
12%
12%
6%
2%
2%
3%
3%
16%
12%
13%
10%
10%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
Grand Corruption
Administrative Corruption
Corruption among Politicians
Fraud
Nepotism
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
How serious would you say is …… in Malaysia?
21
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Petty Corruption “He asked how do I want to settle it, should it be ‘inside court’ or
‘outside court’…”(female, 24 years old, Kuala Lumpur, on encounter with a police due to traffic offence)
Fraud
Example of Corruption from study:
22
Fraud “My friend receives calls from a bank staff who asked for his personal
information, and later he found out that his savings had been
withdrawn.”(female, 30 years old, Kuala Lumpur)
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Do you think …. is effective or ineffective in fighting corruption?
Net
Most public institutions seen to be tepid in fighting corruption
23
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
MACC“MACC is not an independent body so it is likely to be bias.…”
(Male, 40 years old, Kuala Lumpur)
Federal Government“I don’t think putting up ‘Anti-rasuah’ badge on the uniform is effective.
There is nothing much the government had done besides that.”
24
There is nothing much the government had done besides that.”(Female, 30 years old, Cheras)
State Government“It is good to have SELCAT because people now get to know what has
happened in the past.”(Male, 28 years old, Kuala Lumpur)
MALAYSIAN PUBLIC PERSPECTIVES
ON THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN
REPORTING CORRUPTION
MEDIA ROLE IN
REPORTING
CORRUPTION
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Media Role In Reporting Corruption
• Traditional media - newspapers and TV are the main
channels of information about corruption cases/issues
• Public agrees that media is an important player in the
fight against corruption – more needs to be done
26
fight against corruption – more needs to be done
• A majority feels that currents laws actually hinder the
fight against corruption
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241Newspapers and TV are the main channels of information about corruption issues
From where do you receive information about corruption?
5%
5%
10%
19%
22%
22%
Media in general
Own experience
Friends/family/relatives
Newspapers & TV
Newspapers
Television
63% receive news
27
1%
1%
2%
2%
2%
2%
3%
4%
5%
Friends & internet
Others
Don't know
Word of mouth
Internet & newspapers/ TV
Friends & TV
Internet
Friends & newspapers
Media in general 63% receive news about corruption from newspapers and television.
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Can you name one incident of corruption in Malaysia that was widely reported by the
media?
3%
Able to mention an example Don't know No response
58% of respondents could not name an
But more than 50% could not name a corruption case reported in the media
28
42%55%
could not name an incident reported by the media.
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Can you name one incident of corruption in Malaysia that was widely reported by the
media?
Among those who in the know, 42% mentioned PKFZ
12%
42%
Corruption among politicians & leaders
Port Klang Free Zone (PKFZ) scandal
Top 5
29
6%
7%
8%
Money politics in UMNO, politics & during election
Teoh Beng Hock.murder.MACC
Former Selangor Chief Minister, Khir Toyo
Among those who know about corruption cases in
the media, n= 521
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the media reporting of the said case?
51% are not
Among those in the know, 51% are not satisfied with the level of reporting
12%8%
5%
Very dissatisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Somewhat satisfied
Very satisfied Don't know
30
51% are not satisfied with
media reporting on the cases
they mentioned
Among those who know about corruption cases in
the media, n= 521
12%
31%
44%
8%
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with the media reporting of the said case?
52%
44%
59%62%
58%
43%
51%
61%60%
80%Satisfied Dissatisfied Don't know
Malay and Indians are more dissatisfied with
media reporting of the cases they mentioned.
31
44%
35%
43%
35%31%
33%
5% 4% 6% 7%4%
0%
20%
40%
Overall (521) Malay (218) Chinese (219) Indian (31) Muslim Bumiputra (29)Non-Muslim Bumiputra (24)
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Satisfaction with reporting by case/issues
Least satisfied with media reporting money politics in UMNO and during elections
6%
14%
44%
24%
36%
45%
7%
14%
7%
3%
PKFZ scandal (n=218)
Money politics in UMNO, politics & during election (n=29)
Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied Don't know No response
32
15%
3%
12%
6%
47%
55%
45%
44%
17%
34%
31%
36%
20%
5%
7%
7%
2%
3%
2%
7%
2%
Corruption among politicians & leaders (n=60)
Teoh Beng Hock.murder.MACC (n=38)
Former Selangor Chief Minister, Khir Toyo (n =42)
PKFZ scandal (n=218)
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Can you name incident(s) of corruption that you believe is serious but under-reported by
the media?
21%
5%
Able to mention an example Don't know No response
79% could not name a corruption incident that they believe is serious but under-reported
33
21%
74%
79% of respondents could not name an incident.
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Can you name incident(s) of corruption that you believe is serious but under-reported by
the media?
Among those in the know, all named instances of corruption involving public sector
22%
25%
Corruption in government sector & project
Corrution among politicians and leaders
Top 5
34
7%
9%
15%
22%
Former Selangor Chief Minister, Khir Toyo
Corruption among civil servants
Corruption among police
Corruption in government sector & project
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Do you think the major media should
follow up/ investigate on allegations of
corruption involving those in senior position
that appear in blogs/ internet?
9%
Yes No Don't know
1%
Yes No Don't know No response
Do you think the media is following
up/ investigating these corruption
allegations on blogs/ internet?
Most people feel the media is not doing enough to follow up on corruption stories
35
84%
7%
49%
27%
22%
Answered “Yes”, n = 1043
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
How strongly do you agree or disagree that the media plays an important role in the
present and future improvement of transparency and integrity in the country?
4%
5%
1%
Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree Don't know No response
83% agree that media
Most people agree that media plays an important role in improving integrity & transparency
36
44%
39%
7%5% 83% agree that media
plays an important role
in improving
transparency and
integrity in the country
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
How strongly do you agree or disagree that a free media is the key to eradicate
corruption?
5%6%
1%
Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree Don't know No response
Most people agree that a free media is key in fighting corruption
37
31%
45%
13% 76% of respondents
agree that free media
is the key to
eradicate corruption
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Do you think the coverage of media on corruption is good or bad for the development of
the country?
8%
1%Good Bad Don't know No response
Most people feel that media coverage of corruption does not tarnish the image of the country
38
72%
19%
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Do you think the current laws help or hinder the media in reporting on corruption?
17%
3%Help Hinder Don't know No response
Public is split on whether current laws in the country help or hinder the media in its role of fighting corruption
39
48%
32%
17%
MALAYSIAN PUBLIC PERSPECTIVES
ON THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN
REPORTING CORRUPTION
PUBLIC
PERCEPTIONS ON
THE MEDIA
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Attitude towards the media
• Generally positive towards the media.
• Would like to see more reporting on corruption
41
• Sees bias in favor ruling federal government in
reporting large scale corruption
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Are you satisfied with the coverage of corruption by ……?
Public is split on the coverage by traditional media. Among internet users, more than half are satisfied with new media coverage of corruption
29% 30%
9% 9%
11%
6% 6%
24%
43%
5% 6% 6% 9%
80%
100%
Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied Don't know No response
High percentage
of “don’t know” -
reflects that
internet
penetration in
42
9% 10% 7%10%
42% 40%
26% 22%
29% 30%
26%
12%
11%
4%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Printed media Television Radio New media
penetration in
the country is
still low.
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Are you satisfied with the coverage of corruption by ……?
Satisfaction towards media
43
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Are you satisfied with the coverage of corruption by ……?
5%
20%
4%
80%
100%
Very satisfied Somewhat satisfied
Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied
Don't know No response
25%
Satisfied Dissatisfied
27%New media
(n=506) 52%
Net
Among the internet users, n = 506
44
17%
35%
20%
5%
0%
20%
40%
60%
New media (n= 506)
(n=506)
52% are satisfied
with the coverage
of corruption online
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Would you like to see more reports on corruption from the media compared to the current
mode of reporting?
4%4%
Yes No Don't know No response
A large majority want to see more reports on corruption in the media
45
75%
17%
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Do you think the media is biased when reporting on large scale corruption?
28%19%
5%
Not bias Bias Don't know No response
A majority say media is biased when reporting corruption
46
28%
48%
19%
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Do you think that the media is biased towards….?
Ruling party and government agencies seen to benefit from media bias
58%
74%
No Yes - bias towards
17%Police force
Barisan Nasional
40%
68%6%
47
28%
32%
45%
58%
32%
17%
41%
Judiciary
Pakatan Rakyat
0%
24%
-13%
21%
Private sectors
MALAYSIAN PUBLIC PERSPECTIVES
ON THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN
REPORTING CORRUPTION
PUBLIC PROFILE ON
CORRUPTION
AWARENESS
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Corruption cases that are widely reported by the media vs. under-report by the media.
8%8%(n = 93)
14%14%(n = 172)
Aware of corruption cases widely reported by media
YES NOreporting
YES
49
(n = 93)(n = 172)
28%28%(n = 349)
51%51%(n = 627)
Aware of med
ia under-rep
orting
NO
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241Group 1 – 14% of the overall respondents
Very well informed and well aware of corruption cases covered and omitted by the media
Group 2 – 8% of the overall respondents
Less aware of media coverage on corruption but knew of instances from outside media source.
• Comprised of 42% Malay & 40%
Chinese.
• 72% male
• 62% are 40 years old and above
• 44% have a diploma and above
• 41% with monthly household income
• 57% Malay, 16% Chinese & 14% Indian,
12% Bumiputera
• 53% Male
• Mixture of middle-aged (26%) & younger
group (27%)
• 72% with secondary education and
50
• 41% with monthly household income
more than RM 3000
• 59% with internet access.
• Feel strongly that corruption is serious in
the country (92%) and corruption affects
their personal lives (59%).
• 48% state heading in the wrong
direction.
• 55% dissatisfied with the way things are
in the country.
• 72% with secondary education and
below.
• Lower income group – 72% have less
than RM 3000)
• 53% without internet access.
• Feel that corruption is serious in the
country (88%) and affects personal lives
(56%).
• 53% state heading in the right direction.
• 55% satisfied with the way things are in
the country.
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Group 3 – 28% of the overall respondents
Knew about corruption only based on what was reported in the media.
Group 4 – 51% of the overall respondents
Did not read or take notice of corruption reported in the media nor knew of specific instances not covered by the media.
• 43% Chinese & 42% Malay
• 52% Male
• Middle-aged to older folks (64% above
40 years old)
• 70% with secondary education and
below
• 56% Malays, 24% Chinese
• 58% female
• 63% are 40 years old and above
• 77% with secondary education and
51
below
• 54% with monthly household income
lesser than RM 3000.
• 53% with internet access
• 84% feel corruption is serious but
effects on personal lives are split.
• 40 : 45 between right direction and
wrong direction
• 49 : 50 between satisfaction and
dissatisfaction
• 77% with secondary education and
below
• 45% with monthly household income
lesser than RM1500
• 68% without internet access
• 74% feel that corruption is serious but
did not affect personal lives (51%)
• 53% state heading in the right direction
• 66% satisfied with the way things are in
the country.
MALAYSIAN PUBLIC PERSPECTIVES
ON THE MEDIA’S ROLE IN
EXPOSING CORRUPTION
CONCLUSIONS
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Conclusions I
• Corruption is a principal factor among those saying country is headed the
wrong direction and is a major problem that needs solving
• Most are not satisfied with government’s handling of the problem.
• Most feel that corruption levels are serious
• Split views on whether corruption affects their daily lives
53
• Split views on whether corruption affects their daily lives
• Less than 50% feel that institutions that fight corruption are effective
Media Role in Reporting Corruption
Public Opinion Survey Highlights
16 Sept – 12 Oct 09; n = 1241
Conclusions II
• The traditional media remains most important source of information
about corruption
• Satisfaction with reporting coverage of corruption is low , especially
among those with greater awareness
• Most report awareness of bias in favor ruling party and government
54
• Most report awareness of bias in favor ruling party and government
agencies
• Most agree that a media, especially a free media is a key element in
fighting corruption