Michael Quiñones, NBCT

Adapted from a presentation originally created by Mr. Donn.org

Essential Question

Answer the question above in at least five complete sentences based on your analysis and evaluation of the information contained in this presentation.

North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

BritishBritish FrenchFrench at Fort Necessity at Fort DuquesneFort Necessity at Fort Duquesne** Led by British Colonel George Washington Led by British Colonel George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & Shawnee Shawnee (yes the same Washington who became president)(yes the same Washington who became president) Indians Indians

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

1754 1754 The First Clashes The First Clashes (fights or battles)(fights or battles)

1754 1754 The First Clashes The First Clashes (fights or battles)(fights or battles)

Ben Franklin from Pennsylvania led representatives from his Ben Franklin from Pennsylvania led representatives from his state, the New England colonies (Connecticut, Massachusetts, state, the New England colonies (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island) New York, and Maryland New Hampshire, and Rhode Island) New York, and Maryland who decided to join forces as a group of united British who decided to join forces as a group of united British colonies to try to negotiate peace with the Mohawk and colonies to try to negotiate peace with the Mohawk and Iroquois nations Iroquois nations andand defend and fight against the French. defend and fight against the French.

A TheThe Albany Congress’Albany Congress’ plan to unite the colonies failed plan to unite the colonies failed mostly because the legislatures of each colony (law makers) mostly because the legislatures of each colony (law makers) were jealous of the power a united colonial government were jealous of the power a united colonial government might have. Also, the British government in England might have. Also, the British government in England believed the military should have the most power. The believed the military should have the most power. The Iroquois eventually broke off relations with Britain & Iroquois eventually broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade only with France.threatened to trade only with France.

1754 1754 Albany Plan of Union Albany Plan of Union1754 1754 Albany Plan of Union Albany Plan of Union

British General Edward Braddock British General Edward Braddock evicted (threw out) the French evicted (threw out) the French from the Ohio Valley and areas of from the Ohio Valley and areas of Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)Scotia)A Attacks in the Ohio Valley, Attacks in the Ohio Valley, Mohawk Valley, and Acadia.Mohawk Valley, and Acadia.

A General Braddock was killed 10 General Braddock was killed 10 miles from Ft. Duquesne miles from Ft. Duquesne by by 1500 French and Indian forces.1500 French and Indian forces.

Britain’s only success was Britain’s only success was expelling (kicking out) French expelling (kicking out) French (Cajuns) from Louisiana. (Cajuns) from Louisiana.

1755 1755 Britain Decides to Eliminate Britain Decides to Eliminate French Presence in North AmericaFrench Presence in North America1755 1755 Britain Decides to Eliminate Britain Decides to Eliminate French Presence in North AmericaFrench Presence in North America

Native American tribes Native American tribes exploited (took advantage exploited (took advantage of) both sides French and of) both sides French and

British! British!

Lord Lord LoudouinLoudouin

Marquis Marquis de Montcalmde Montcalm

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

Leader of British troops

Leader of French troops

BritishBritish

• Marched in formation or Marched in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• British officers wanted toBritish officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna British Prima Donna British officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics (did not fight in the tactics (did not fight in the open and did not wear open and did not wear uniforms.uniforms.

• Colonial militias servedColonial militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No military deference orNo military deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

A He understood colonial concerns.He understood colonial concerns.

A He offered them a compromise:He offered them a compromise:

-- colonial loyalty & military colonial loyalty & military cooperation with the British and cooperation with the British and the British would reimburse the British would reimburse colonial assemblies’ costs.colonial assemblies’ costs. -- Lord Loudoun would be Lord Loudoun would be removed.removed.

RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale Colonial morale (self-esteem) improved by (self-esteem) improved by 1758.1758.

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

** By 1761, Spain has become an ally of By 1761, Spain has become an ally of France.France.

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

France --> France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River.River.Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to Orleans, but lost Florida to England.England.England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India.in India.

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

1.1. Britain increased its colonial Britain increased its colonial empire in empire in the Americas. the Americas.

2.2. Britain greatly enlarged its debt. Britain greatly enlarged its debt.

3.3. Britain’s contempt (bad Britain’s contempt (bad feelings) for the colonials created feelings) for the colonials created bitter feelings.bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of its major reorganization of its

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

What were effects of What were effects of the War the War

on Britain?on Britain?

What were effects of What were effects of the War the War

on Britain?on Britain?

1.1. The war united them against aThe war united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

2.2. The war created a socializingThe war created a socializing experience for all the colonials experience for all the colonials who participated (people who participated (people learned how to work together.learned how to work together.

3.3. The war created bitter The war created bitter feelings feelings towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify.would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

17631763 Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (Ottawan chief’s attempt to (Ottawan chief’s attempt to fight new British policies of fight new British policies of leaving N.A. to own leaving N.A. to own devices).devices).

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

British gave “gifts” of smallpox-British gave “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets to “Indians” from infected blankets to “Indians” from

Fort Pitt.Fort Pitt.

The Aftermath of the The Aftermath of the War: Tensions Along War: Tensions Along

the Frontierthe Frontier

The Aftermath of the The Aftermath of the War: Tensions Along War: Tensions Along

the Frontierthe Frontier

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

British British ProclamationProclamation Line of 1763. Line of 1763.

BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

The British government forbade American settlers from living west of the line in order to keep good relations with the “Indians” who lived west of the line. This angered Americans.

The British Government passed The British Government passed laws to prevent smuggling by laws to prevent smuggling by Americans who wanted to avoid Americans who wanted to avoid paying taxes on goods:paying taxes on goods:

James Otis Jr.’s (lawyer, no James Otis Jr.’s (lawyer, no taxation without representation)taxation without representation) casecase

Protection of a citizen’s private Protection of a citizen’s private property must be held in higher property must be held in higher regard than a British law.regard than a British law.

Otis lost his case so British law Otis lost his case so British law and custom had equal weight.and custom had equal weight.

A 1761 1761 writs of assistance writs of assistance (ability to enter a home (ability to enter a home without permission)without permission)

Rethinking The British Rethinking The British Empire after the French Empire after the French

and Indian Warand Indian War

Rethinking The British Rethinking The British Empire after the French Empire after the French

and Indian Warand Indian War

1.1. Sugar Act - 1764 Sugar Act - 1764

2.2. Currency Act - 1764 Currency Act - 1764

4.4. Stamp Act - 1765 Stamp Act - 1765

3.3. Quartering Act - 1765 Quartering Act - 1765

Laws passed in the American Laws passed in the American colonies to generate money to colonies to generate money to

get Britain out of debt get Britain out of debt created by the French and created by the French and Indian War from 1763-1765Indian War from 1763-1765

Laws passed in the American Laws passed in the American colonies to generate money to colonies to generate money to

get Britain out of debt get Britain out of debt created by the French and created by the French and Indian War from 1763-1765Indian War from 1763-1765

Real Whigs Real Whigs (Revolutionaries)(Revolutionaries)Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? OR OR Limited?Limited?

Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or How could the colonies give or withhold consent for withhold consent for parliamentaryparliamentary legislation when they did not legislation when they did not havehave representation in that body?? representation in that body??

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Images sources

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albany_Congress.jpeg