nanocoatings for energy conservation and generation · state-of-the-art technology methods...

Nanocoatings for energy conservationand generation

“A coating whose thickness is measured on the nano scale”1

1 http://en.wiktionary.org/

“Thin films are thin material layers ranging from fractions of a nanometre to several micrometres in thickness.”2

2 http://en.wikipedia.org/

Joe Pimenoff, BeneqJuly 17th, 2009

Contents

� State-of-the-art technology� methods� applications

� Potential environmental benefits� Potential environmental benefits

� Potential human health and environmental safety concerns and issues

� Policy considerations

Beneq © 2009 2

State-of-the-art – Methods 1/3

� Chemical vapour deposition (CVD)� process: substrate exposed to volatile

precursor(s) ⇒ decompose or/and react on surface ⇒ desired deposit

� produce: mono- and polycrystalline, amorphous and epitaxialand epitaxial

� operating pressure: atmospheric, low-pressure and vacuum

� vapour characteristics: aerosol assisted, direct liquid

� ...plasma-enhanced CVD, flame-assisted CVD...� ALD atomic layer deposition – epitaxial growth

Image courtesy of E. Kauppinen and H. Jiang,Helsinki University of Technology (TKK)Beneq © 2009 3


� Physical vapour deposition (PVD)� process: condensation of vapourised coating

material on to substrate� operating pressure: vacuum� deposition methods: evaporative, electron beam,

sputtering, cathodic arc and pulsed laser...

100 nm

Image courtesy of openlearn.open.ac.ukBeneq © 2009


� Powder spray� Sol-Gel� Spray pyrolysis� Reactive sputtering� Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)� Topotaxy

Beneq © 2009 5

Thin films – Nanocoatings?

Autom.dimmingmirrors

Anti-fogging

windscreen

Heat reflectivewindscreen

Anti-reflectingdashboard

Image courtesy of AUDI AG

Minimised motor friction

Heated windscreen

Reflector surfaces of

lights

Self-repairingpaint

Water anddirt resistant

body paintMinimisedroll friction

Beneq © 2009 6

Energy!

World marketed energy consumption, 1980 – 2030World predicted CO2 emissions, 2005 - 2030

500

600

700

800Quadrillion Btu

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0 Billion metric tons

Source: www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo

0

100

200

300

400

500

1 Btu is approximately:≈ 1 000 J≈ 3 × 10-4 kWh

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

OECDNon-OECDWorld Total

Beneq © 2009 7

Home sweet home

� > 50 % of dwellings in EU (15) are single-glazed

� Decreasing the heat conductivity of the windows in Europe, i.e., changing from single-glazing to double-glazing, would save 26 million Toe (tonnes of oil equivalent) per annum. CO2 emissions would drop with 82 million tonnes per annum.

Beneq © 2009

Conservation of energy

Properties to affect� Reflection� Absorption� Emissivity

Product names and applications:� Low-e� Low-e� Solar control� Transparent conductive

oxide (TCO)

Beneq © 2009 9

Case 1: U-value

� Describes how well a building element conducts heat

� The lower, the better

Image courtesy of WikipediaBeneq © 2009

U-value versus Low-e

� Low-emissivity (Low-E) is a nanocoating deposited on glass that reduces the U-value by suppressing radiative heat flow, which is the principal mechanism of heat transfer in multilayer glazing.

� Low-e reflects a significant amount of this � Low-e reflects a significant amount of this radiant heat (IR energy), thus lowering the total heat flow through the window.

Image courtesy of www.welshwindows.co.ukBeneq © 2009

11

Case 2: Solar (Heat) Gain

� SHG refers to the increase in temperature in a space, object or structure that results from solar radiation.

� Objects absorb short-wave radiation from light and re-radiate heat at longer IR wavelengths.

Beneq © 2009 12

Solar Gain versus Solar control

� Solar control is a nanocoating deposited on glass that reduces the impact of the sun's heat, without sacrificing view.

� Solar control is spectrally selective (transmits � Solar control is spectrally selective (transmits visible light while reflecting the long-wave infrared portion of sunlight).

13Beneq © 2009

Environmental impact 1/3

� Buildings account for 40 % of CO2 emissions.� energy mainly needed for heating and cooling

� Manufacturing 1 m2 Low-e 2-glazing ⇒ 25 kg CO2.

� Annual savings in CO2 emissions, compared to single glazing (no Low-e) is 91 kg CO2.

Beneq © 2009 14

Uhlens, A. Glass Worldwide, 9, 2007.


� It costs more to cool a building down than to heat it up.

� Total cooled area will rise by a factor of 5 from 1990 to 2020.

� Cooling expenses can be significantly reduced (up to 60 %) by using solar control glass (calculated for Brussels and Rome).

� Production-related CO2 emissions are offset after 2.5 months (Belgium).

Beneq © 2009 15

Uhlens, A. Glass Worldwide, 9, 2007.


INDUSTRY DEMANDS:� Low cost

� low running cost, short down-time, less spillage etc.

� Improved functionality� lower Low-e, better filtration etc.

� Low energy consumption� we are running out of energy

� Low raw material consumption (yieldwise)� CVD on-line today η ≈ 5...15 %

� On-line� offline necessitates preparing: cleaning, heating etc.

Beneq © 2009 16

Generation of energy

� Crystalline Si� Amorphous Si� Thin film� Photochemical� Organic� Organic� Multi-junction

17Beneq © 2009

Beneq © 2009

Photovoltaics

Global cumulative photovoltaic (PV) power installed (per region)

Beneq © 2009 18

Source: European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), Global Market Outlook for PV until 2013.

PV basics

Nanocoatings

Beneq © 200919

Source: European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), Solar Generation V - 2008.

PV technologies – Nano?

� Thin film PV, because:� low material consumption� low weight� smooth appearance� ⇒ roll-to-roll manufacturing

Beneq © 200920

2009 ≈ 18 %2013 ≈ 25 %



� ”moderate scenario”

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� Thin film methods with higher yield, lower cost, more efficient raw material usage and less toxicity are constantly being developed, due to competition and global trends. A strong candidate for this is ALD.

� Possibilities to eliminate the use of dangerous � Possibilities to eliminate the use of dangerous substances, e.g., cadmium (Cd), phosphorus (P) and fluorine (F), both from the production process and the procuct are being developed.

� If dry process (ALD): no massive water handling or rinsing and no toxic waste solutions.

Image courtesy of ARCHITEKTURBÜRO HAGEMANN/European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA)

Beneq © 2009 22

Potential H&E safety concerns

� Emissions of particulate matter� filtering and immobilisation

� Toxicity� compared to 1 µm and larger

� Recycling� chemical toxicity versus dimensional toxicity

Oberdörster, G. et al., Env. Health Persp., 113, 7 (2005), pp 823-839.Beneq © 200923

Where are we today?

� ”Carbon nanotubes...show asbestos-like pathogenicity in pilot study” (Nature Nanotehchnology, May 2008.)� ”This is a wakeup call for nanotehncology in general and

nanotubes in particular. As a society, we cannot afford not to exploit this incredible material, but neither can we afford to get it wrong – as we did with asbestos.” (Andrew Maynard, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, USA)

� ”The caution or prudence principle is of paramount importance in nanoproduction. If you don’t know the effects of nanoparticles, don’t expose yourself to them.” (Arto Säämänen, VTT, Telma-magazine 1/2009)

� ”The largest part of nanoparticles are most likely harmless, but the challenge is to identify the harmful ones and prevent them from causing a health risk.” (Kai Savolainen, TTL, Telma-magazine 1/2009)

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What do we need?

� Information (filtered)� documents� standards� research results� international reviews

� Support (active)� Support (active)� call-centre� firm opinions� measurement services� access to projects

� Codes of conduct (applicable)� practical solutions� BATs, SOPs and harmful nanoexposure levels

Beneq © 2009 25

How does Beneq gather data?

� National projects (Tekes)� NanoBAT� NanoTurva

� Companies (B2B)� Dekati

� Customers� Consultants

� Industry organisations� NIA

� Standards� ISO, BSI...

� Serious scientific research� Less serious scientific

reports/articles� Consultants� dedicated

� Conferences and seminars, workshops� within the EU� OECD

� Expert organisations� TTL, VTT, IOM...

� Authorities

reports/articles� ”grey goo”

� In-house technical studies� filtering efficiency� ventilation efficiency

� In-house clinical studies� biomonitoring� thorax� spiro

Beneq © 2009 26

Nano – impact at Beneq

Occupationalsafety and health

Design

Marketing

The

”NANO”

aspectCustomer interface

R&D

Training

aspect

Environment

Business modelStrategic planning

FutureBeneq © 2009 27

The nanobusinesses - attitudes

� All need to understand that this ”nanothing” might apply to us too, because if one causes a stir, we will all be affected.

1. Old companies, ”No, we don’t have nano, do we?”Mines, ceramic plants, airports, foundries, bakeries, welding huts, pigment manufacturers, coaters etc.huts, pigment manufacturers, coaters etc.

2. Old companies, ”Yes, we have nano.”Chemical manufacturers, particle manufacturers, coaters etc.

3. New companies, ”No, we don’t have nano.”?

4. New companies, ”Yes, we have nano.”All companies using ”nano” in their marketing, coaters, chemical companies etc.

Beneq © 2009 28

Policy considerations

Nano tools Nanomaterials

Nano energyand others

Nano information technology

Nanohealthcare

Manipulation Materials Solar panels ICs Sensors Drug delivery

NANOTECHNOLOGY

� The platform is global, broad and fragmented.� Policies must cope with this, or they will be useless.� The only(?) unifying property of all nanotechnology is

still that it is a fourteen letter word to fast funding.

Source: Credit Suisse, 2009 & A.Maynard, 2007

ManipulationCharacteri-

sation

MaterialsCompositesCoatings

Solar panelsFuel cellsBatteries

Supercapacitors

ICs SensorsMemorySystems

Drug deliveryMedical devicesCancer treatmentBiomaterials

Beneq © 2009 29

More on policy

� There is an abundance of ”non-official” information available. In addition, there is common sense.

� Consciensious companies are already doing what policy and directives of the future most likely and hopefully and directives of the future most likely and hopefully will demand of them. The mavericks will be the biggest risk to health.

� Reaching the ”non-nano” nanobusinesses will be a big challenge.

Beneq © 2009 30

Beneq’s Process Palette

AEROSOLCOATINGS

(CVD)

ATOMIC LAYERDEPOSITION

(ALD)

� atmospheric p� continuous

� vacuum batch� epitaxial growth

Beneq © 2009 31

nHALO®

nAERO™

� continuous� large-scale

� epitaxial growth� Å-accuracy

� particle synthesis� surface doping

� aerosol generation� thin film coating

Thank you!

Beneq, nHALO and nAERO are trademarks and registered trademarks of Beneq Oy.

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