ncpp 2 hekman

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12/10/2019 1 The Genomics of the American Mutt How genes affect appearance and behavior in mixedbreed dogs Jessica Hekman, DVM, PhD Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard How can we safely place shelter dogs with unknown history and unknown genetics? Sight Speed Retrieving Herding Herding Retrieving Guarding Guarding 0 50 100 150 1 2 3 4 5 Answer count retrieves objects (e.g., balls, toys, sticks): strongly agree - strongly disagree Labs and Retrieving Interest Retrievers like to retrieve …mostly 1 2 3 4

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Page 1: NCPP 2 Hekman

12/10/2019

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The Genomics of the American Mutt

How genes affect appearance

and behavior in mixed‐breed dogs

Jessica Hekman, DVM, PhD

Broad Institute

of MIT and Harvard

How can we safely place 

shelter dogs

with unknown history

and unknown genetics? 

SightSpeed

Retrieving

Herding

Herding

Retrieving

Guarding

Guarding0

50

100

150

1 2 3 4 5

Answer

coun

t

retrieves objects (e.g., balls, toys, sticks): strongly agree - strongly disagree

Labs and Retrieving Interest

Retrievers like to retrieve…mostly

1 2

3 4

Page 2: NCPP 2 Hekman

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Retrieving is heritable…mostly

MuttMix: A project to collect guesses about 

mixed‐breed ancestry

MuttMix

A project 

to…

• 31 mutts

• At least 3 breeds

• Guess top 3

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MuttMix.org: What we found

Some dogs had 19+ breeds!Number of breeds doesn’t correlate with correct answer

432,743 questions answered

25% accuracy overallProfessionals: 28% accuracy

Could we genetically test for behavior?

ATGCCGATCGTTDog #1ATGCCAATCGTT

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

Dog #2

one letter difference

Most SNPs don’t DO anythingUseful markers for tracing ancestry

correlated

“Is this SNP correlated with my trait?”

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Coat Color in Boxers

~2% deaf

Solid Flash White

S S swS sw sw

10 dogs9 dogs 1 dog

Find region with most correlated SNPs

position in dog genome

difference

over gene MITF

Karlsson et al, Nature 2008

makes protein needed for pigment cell migration

hypothesis: 

regulation of M 

is disrupted

Karlsson et al, Nature 2008

White coat & Deafnessboxers and bull terriers

Karlsson et al, Nat Genetics

Cone‐rod dystrophydachshunds

Wiik et al, Genome Research

Ridge & neural tube defectRhodesian ridgebacks

Salmon‐H. et al, Nat. Genetics

ALSfive breeds

Awano et al,  PNAS

Ectodermal dysplasiahairless breeds

Drögemüller et al, Science

Osteoimperfectadachshunds

Drögemüller et al, PLOS Genet

single gene “Mendelian” traits

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Page 5: NCPP 2 Hekman

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Compulsive disorder in dogs

Movies by Alice Moon‐Fanelli

normal behavior done too much

distressing, time‐consuming and impairing

onset in adolescence

poor response to treatment (including SSRIs)

highly heritablechromosome

1 gene: CDH2

Dodman et al, Molecular psychiatry 2010

Compare genomes of 92 affected and 67 healthy dobermans

Function of CDH2

• Neural cadherin

• Found in glutamatergic synapses

• Synaptic plasticity (learning and memory)

cadherin

noCCD

noCCD

CCD

Unaffected Unaffected Affected

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10% chancethey had CCD

25% chancethey had CCD

60% chancethey had CCD

Darwin’s Ark: the genetics of dog behavior

Example question Citizen science dog genetics = more DNA samples

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June 201819,044 dogs2,198,453 answers4000+ DNA samples

Darwin’s Dogs includes all dogs

Breeder

ShelterRescue

Other

Morphological traits Behavioral traits

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Does it work?

We can predict height – pretty well!

Does it work? Does it work?

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Thank you to the organizations, owners, and dogs!darwinsark.org

Acknowledgements

IAABC

Marjie Alonso

Adria Karlsson

Many, many others

@UMass

Kathryn Lord

Brittney Logan

Shirley Xue Li

Gaurav Chauhan

Kathleen Morrill

@BroadElinor KarlssonMichele KoltookianJeremy JohnsonRoss Swofford 

Diane Genereux

Jacob Alonso

Get in touch:[email protected]

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