objective 2.01: understand the history of global agriculture
TRANSCRIPT
INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE
Objective 2.01: Understand the history of global agriculture
AGRISCIENCE DEFINED
Agriscience is the application of scientific principles and new technologies to agriculture.
AGRISCIENCE DEFINED
Also considered an applied science because it applies knowledge of biology, chemistry and physics in practical ways. Agronomists use biology and chemistry to develop
new ways to control weeds. Entomologists use biology and chemistry to
develop new ways to control insects. Agricultural engineers use physics to develop new,
more efficient machinery. Agriscience employs the scientific method to
solve problems in agriculture.
AGRICULTURE DEFINED
Agriculture defined: Agriculture is concerned with the
production, processing, marketing and distribution of all agricultural products, related supplies and services.
AGRICULTURE EXAMPLES
Cattle – production- farmer, cow-calf, feeder steers, processing- slaughter facility, rendering, beef, leather, marketing- butcher, grocery, steaks, transportation – plane, rail, truck, related supplies and services- veterinarian, feed dealer,
AGRICULTURE EXAMPLES
Wheat – production -farmer, grain, processing- grain mills, flour, marketing - bakery, bread, transportation - grain trucks, rail, related supplies and services – fertilizer dealer, crop scouting, machinery dealer, GPS
AGRICULTURE EXAMPLES
Roses – production - flower grower, roses, processing/marketing – harvesters, wholesale and retail florist, transportation – plane, truck, floral delivery driver, related supplies and services – glass vase sales, greenhouse manufacturers, floral designers
AGRIBUSINESS DEFINED
Agribusiness refers to commercial firms (businesses) that have developed with or stemmed out of agriculture. Examples of Agribusiness:
Farm related: Chemical Company, Tractor Manufacturer, Pharmaceutical Company (veterinary medicines)
Horticulture related: Landscape or nursery business, Seed company, Mower Manufacturer
RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES DEFINED
Renewable natural resources defined: Resources provided by nature that can
replace or renew themselves. Examples of natural resources
Wildlife – deer, songbirds, birds of prey, fish, rabbits Forests – trees, grasses,
PROGRESS IN US AGRICULTURE
Mechanization helps 2% of America’s work force produce the food and fiber to meet the needs of our nation.
There has been a reduction from 90% of nations populace involved in farming 200 years ago to less than 2% in 2012.
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
Cotton gin (1793) - Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to transform cotton to a usable product by removing the cottonseed from the cotton fiber.
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
Soil improvement and crop rotation (late 1890’s) - George Washington Carver developed crop rotations and the use of legumes (plants that “make” their own nitrogen, ie. peanuts) to significantly improve soil fertility in the U.S. south.
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
Grain reaper (1834) Cyrus McCormick invented the reaper to save labor in cutting, wheat, oats, and similar crops.
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
Iron plow (early 1800’s) Thomas Jefferson inventor of first iron plow.
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
Seed planter (1834) and Cotton planter (1836) - Henry Blair
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
Steel moldboard plow (1837) – John Deere improved the iron plow by inventing the steel moldboard plow.
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
Corn picker (1850) Edmund Quincy –
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
Barbed wire (1874) Joseph Glidden – dramatically changed raising livestock. Barbed wire tattoos came much later.
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
Milking machine (1878) Anna Baldwin changed the dairy industry by inventing a machine to replace hand milking.
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
Perishable food preservation (1879) Thomas Elkins designed a device that helped with the task of preserving perishable foods by way of refrigeration.
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
Tractor (1904) Ben Holt invented the tractor which came to replace the mule as the sources of power (horse power).
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
Gene gun (1987) John Sanford developed a device for injecting cells with genetic information.
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
GPS technology (1993) – tractor based GPS systems together with sophisticated GIS (Geographic Information Systems) uses a wide variety of techniques to gather data such as soil condition, humidity, temperature and other variables , which the system then uses to control such things as intensity of planting, application of fertilizer and pesticides, watering schedules, etc.
PROGRESS AND HISTORY IN US AGRICULTURE
Robotic milking Machines (late 1990’s) – First used in Ontario, Canada. Many benefits one of which is reduction in labor. Initial cost is primary disadvantage especially to small producer.
LAND GRANT UNIVERSITIES AND INSTITUATIONS
An institution designated by its state legislature to receive funding (Morrill Acts of 1862 &1890) to teach
agriculture, military tactics and the mechanical arts.
A key component is the agricultural experiment station (Hatch Act 1887).
LAND GRANT UNIVERSITIES AND INSTITUTIONS
North Carolina A&T (1890) Greensboro, NC North Carolina State University (1887)
Raleigh, NC Clemson University (1889) Clemson, SC University of Georgia (1785) Athens, GA University of Tennessee (1794) Knoxville,
TN Virginia Tech. University (1872)
Blacksburg, VA
AGRICULTURAL RELATED GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
Established to assist farmers, ranchers and the general public with information, professional assistance and, in some cases, funding.
AGRICULTURAL RELATED GOVERNMENT AGENCIES EXAMPLES
USDA (1862) – United States Department of Agriculture provides leadership on food, agriculture, natural resources, rural development, nutrition, and related issues based on sound public policy, the best available science, and efficient management. Examples of branches/agencies of USDA:
AGRICULTURAL RELATED GOVERNMENT AGENCIES EXAMPLES
Branches of the USDA: NRCS (1935) - Natural Resource Conservation
Service APHIS (1972) – Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service NASS (1863) – National Agricultural Statistics
Service USFS (1905) –United States Forest Service mission
is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.
AGRICULTURAL RELATED GOVERNMENT AGENCIES EXAMPLES
NCCES (1914) North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service -to help, individuals, families, and communities put research –based knowledge to work for economic prosperity, environmental stewardship and an improved quality of life.
North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCDA&CS) – To provide services that promote and improve agriculture…..
AGRICULTURAL RELATED GOVERNMENT AGENCIES EXAMPLES
NCCES (1914) North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service -to help, individuals, families, and communities put research –based knowledge to work for economic prosperity, environmental stewardship and an improved quality of life.
North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCDA&CS) – To provide services that promote and improve agriculture…..
ORIGINS OF MAJOR FOOD CROPS
1. Fruits and Vegetables Peaches - China Tomato – South America Peanut – Peru, South America Sweet potato – Central America
2. Grain, Oil and Fiber Crops Corn – Cuba, Mexico Soybeans – Southeast Asia Cotton – Mexico, Africa, Pakistan Wheat – Southwest Asia (Syria, Jordan, Turkey, India)
Note: Sources vary on actual country of origin but generally agree on region of the world.
MAJOR US AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION REGIONS FOR SELECTED CROPS AND LIVESTOCK
Regions develop based on a variety of factors including soils, weather, market development, feed availability, etc.
MAJOR US AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION REGIONS
Citrus fruit – Florida, Texas and California
Corn belt – Includes all or parts of these Midwestern states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska,
MAJOR US AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION REGIONS
Wheat – Hard Red Spring Wheat – (highest protein
content, excellent bread wheat, superior milling and baking characteristics) Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, (also Oregon, Washington, California)
Soft Red Winter Wheat – (high yielding, low protein, used for cakes, biscuits, pastries) Several southeastern states including North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and others, as well as Midwestern states including Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri and others.
MAJOR US AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION REGIONS
Spearmint – Washington, Oregon, Idaho
Floriculture crops- California, Florida, Michigan, Texas, North Carolina
MAJOR US AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION REGIONS
Beef cattle – Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Colorado, Oklahoma, Missouri, South Dakota (corn belt area)
Dairy – Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, (California, Idaho and Texas are leading producers but are not located in this region).
MAJOR US AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION REGIONS
Hogs – North Carolina and Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota (Corn belt area)
Poultry (broilers) – Several southern and southeastern states including North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURE
NC is divided into three basic geographic and agricultural regions: mountains, piedmont and coastal plains.
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURE – THE MOUNTAINS
Mountain counties Christmas trees Apples Trout
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURE – THE PIEDMONT
Piedmont counties Greenhouse and Nursery crops Broilers Turkeys Dairy
NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURE – EASTERN/COASTAL PLAINS
Eastern counties Hogs Turkeys Broilers Tobacco- flue-cured Sweet potatoes Vegetables Peanuts Cotton Corn Soybeans (world’s most important source of
vegetable oil).
FARM CASH RECEIPTS AS OF NCDA 2011
Statewide exceeds $10,000,000,000 ($10B) annually Livestock, Dairy and Poultry generate approximately
2/3 of all farm cash receipts. Broilers and hogs account for nearly half of this amount.
Crops generate approximately 1/3 of all farm cash receipts with greenhouse, nursery, floriculture and Christmas trees currently being the leaders in this category.
Note: Rankings, dollars and percentages will continue to change, however these are the current numbers and they do represent current trends in North Carolina agriculture.
INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE
Objective 2.02: Compare the current and future trends in global agriculture
THE GLOBAL OUTLOOK OF AGRICULTURE
The world population will continue to grow with expectations of 9 billion humans on the planet by 2050. More children survive to adulthood
worldwide. More adults are living longer worldwide.
THE GLOBAL OUTLOOK OF AGRICULTURE
Population growth will: Add stress to environmental systems of
air, water, soil and natural resources. Create challenges to meet demands for
food and fiber.
THE GLOBAL OUTLOOK OF AGRICULTURE
Examples of agriscience research to meet these demands. Genetically engineered crops – ie. a bio-
engineered tomato that resists rotting. New fuel sources – ie. biodiesel from animal
fat Human nutrition – ie. decreasing the amount
of animal fat in the diet and raising the proportion of fat from vegetable sources.
Satellite technology (gps) – ie. to determine various nutrient levels/deficiencies in plants.
TRENDS AND ISSUES OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture will always be an essential industry. Food is essential to life (an iPad is not). Clothing and shelter are basic needs of
humans; (smartphones are not).
TRENDS AND ISSUES OF AGRICULTURE
Food insecurity – An issue of global importance. Defined as not knowing where a human will find their next meal. Or, the situation where people need to live with hunger and fear starvation. Food insecurity results from several factors including climate issues, urban development, corrupt governments, population growth and oil price shifts.
TRENDS AND ISSUES OF AGRICULTURE
Sustainability – Rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
TRENDS AND ISSUES OF AGRICULTURE
Organic Food Production – Organic crops are raised without using most conventional pesticides, petroleum-based fertilizers, or sewage sludge-based fertilizers. Organically raised animals must be fed organic feed and be given access to the outdoors. Antibiotics and growth hormones may not be used in organic production. Organic sales account for more than 3% of all U.S. food sales.
TRENDS AND ISSUES OF AGRICULTURE
GMO’s (genetically modified organisms) – Combing genes from different organisms results in an organism being called genetically modified or transgenic. Controversies surrounding this practice include safety, ethics, labeling and others. European countries will not purchase GMO foods from the US resulting in fewer exports to these countries.
TRENDS AND ISSUES OF AGRICULTURE
Local Food Movement – No universally accepted definition but can be defined in terms of geographic proximity of producer to consumer. Is a very popular concept in the U.S. in regards to food safety, food freshness, and reduction of environmental impact due to shorter shipping distances.
TRENDS AND ISSUES OF AGRICULTURE
CSA’s (Community Supported Agriculture) – are direct-to-consumer programs in which consumers buy shares of a local farms projected harvest. Consumers often pay for their share of the harvest up front which distributes risk between the farmer and the consumers. Participants often pick up their share regularly in a communal local or the shares are delivered directly to the consumer. USDA estimates as many as 2500 CSA’s are operating nationally.
TRENDS AND ISSUES OF AGRICULTURE
Water (quantity and quality) – in the US water shortages are a major issue in the western portion of the nation where expanding cities needs such as Denver, are competing with farmers needs for the same diminishing water resources. In New York the aquifer that underlies Long Island represents the only drinking water for the 3 million plus residents that use it. In the Southeastern US, including North Carolina, Water Wars have become common place. In Third World countries a safe water supply is a luxury. In most areas of the world, supplies of safe water have become generally insufficient because of misuse, poor management, waste, pollution and climate change.
AREAS TO STUDY FOR A FUTURE IN AGRICULTURE
There are multiple 2 year (associates degree) and 4 year (bachelor’s degree programs) at various colleges and Universities in NC The Agriculture Institute (2) Johnston Community (2) Wake Technical (2) Wayne Community College (2) North Carolina State University (4) Mount Olive College (4) North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State
University (4)
AREAS TO STUDY FOR A FUTURE IN AGRICULTURE
Plant Science• Landscape Gardening• Viticulutre• Greenhouse
Management• Turfgrass
Management• Field Crop Studies• Agronomy• Horticultural Science• Biotechnology• Golf Course
Management• Landscape Design• Plant Pathology • Botany• Genetics• Soil Science
Animal Science • Poultry Science• Equine Science• Swine Management• Ranch Management• Biotechnology • Livestock and Poultry
Production • Fish and Wildlife
Management Technology
• Equine Business Training
• Veterinary Medicine• Zoology• Anatomy and
Physiology• Genetics• Food Science
Agricultural Mechanics
• Welding• Diesel Mechanics• Electrical Engineering• Agricultural
Engineering• Mechanical
Engineering • Carpentry• Architecture• Civil Engineering• Construction
Management• Agricultural Business• Small Engine
Mechanic • HVAC Technology• Machining Technology• Agricultural
Economics
JUST TO NAME A FEW!!