pacon 2005 r - university of hawaiiblog.hawaii.edu/pacon/files/2009/11/p05abstractsbook.pdfpacon...

PACON 2005

Harmonization of Port and Industry

P R O G

Chienkuo Technology University International Conference Hall

Changhua, Taiwan November 6-9, 2005

www.hawaii.edu/pacon

R A M

&

A B S T R A C T S

PACON 2005 Harmonization of Port and Industry

ABSTRACTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Keynote Addresses Soft Civilization: An Era for the Pacific............................................................................... A1 Ocean Monitoring Systems - A Challenge for Global and Regional Observations - ........... A2 Climate Research Programs at the University of Hawaii ..................................................... A3

Technical Papers and Sessions

OCEAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (OST) Coordinators: Hsien-Hua Lee (Taiwan) and Norman Estabrook (USA)

OST-1

Ocean Mapping And Seafloor Characterization (GIS, Ocean Systems)

Chair: Yong-Qi Chen (China) Co-Chair: Chih-Chung Kao (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Shiahn-Wern Shyue (Taiwan)

Co-Chair: Chiang-Mei Chu (Taiwan) The German Hydrographic Consultancy Pool (GHYCOP): An Economic Association

and Public Private Partnership in Hydrography and Applied Oceanography........... A4 Seafloor Classification with the Approach of Ga-Based LVQ Neural Network .................. A4 Developing of a 2D and 3D Topographic Map Provision System using the Web ............... A5 The Application of the Multibeam Echo Sounder in the Different Fields............................ A5 GIS Application on the Engineering Basic Data at the Port of Kaohsiung .......................... A6 Segmentation Algorithm for Digital Seabed Terrain............................................................ A6

OST-2 Marine Biotechnology

(Natural Products, Manufactured Products) Chair: Yeong-Jen Chiu (Taiwan)

Co-Chair: Chuang-Yuan Li (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Jhy-Horng Sheu (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Mark Huntley (USA)

Marine Shrimp Genomics ..................................................................................................... A7 Aquaculture Cage Net Volume Deformation Rate Improvement ........................................ A7 Natural Marine Biotoxins: In Vitro Biosynthesis with Bacterial Cultures ........................... A8

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OST-6 Operational Experiences in Environmental Monitoring

(Techniques of Buoys & Ships of Opportunity, New Developments, Sensors for Long-Term Applications, Biofouling, Scientific & Monitoring Applications)

Chair: Friedhelm Schroeder (Germany) Co-Chair: Kuo-Tung Chang (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Chung-Ho Chien (Taiwan)

On the Application of Realtime Sea Water Quality Alert System

to the Environmental Management in Dapeng Lagoon ............................................ A8 Automated Observing Systems on Ferry Boats: Overview, Costs and Benefit .................. A9 Sensors for Automated Chemical/Biological Measurements in Marine Waters .................. A9 Wave Profile Measurement by the Overlooking Capture................................................... A10

OST-7A & B Climate Change

(Climate Prediction, Socio-economic Value of Climate Prediction, Adaptation to Climate Fluctuations (ENSO), Mitigation of Climate Change)

Chair: Lorenz Magaard (USA) Co-Chair: Kuang-Lung Fan (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Heh-Ling Maa (China)

New Developments at the International Center for Climate and Society (ICCS)

of the University of Hawaii..................................................................................... A10 SST Forecast using the APCN Multi-Model Ensemble Climate Prediction System.......... A11 On the Socio-Economic Usefulness of Climate Prediction ................................................ A11 Coasts and Hinterland: Risk and Innovative Industries...................................................... A12 Hurricane Katrina: A Case Study for the Socioeconomic Value of Climate Predictions... A12 Abrupt Changes of Taiwan Heavy Rainfall Frequency...................................................... A13 Tourism and Climate Change in Hawaii: An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis....... A13 Renewable Biofuels and CO2 Sequestration by Microalgae:

Engineering and Production Economics................................................................. A14 Methane Hydrate Good News/Bad News - A Public Policy Perspective........................... A14

COASTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (CST) Coordinators: Tai-Wen Hsu (Taiwan) and Young C. Kim (USA)

CST-1A & B

Hydrodynamics of Coastal Waters (Wave Characteristics, Wave Theories, Wave Transformation)

Chair: Nai-Kuang Liang (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Stephen R. Hsu (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Yan-Yin Chen (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Chung-Pan Lee (Taiwan)

Internal Wave Generation in Luzon Strait .......................................................................... A15 Spatial-Temporal Focusing of Nonsymmetrical Wave Form in Shallow Water................ A15 A Three-Dimensional Wave Field over a Bidirectionally Periodic Ripple Bottom ........... A16 A Numerical Study of Nonlinear Water Waves

over a Three-Dimensional Porous Bottom ............................................................. A16 Artificial Neural Network in Prediction of Ocean Current................................................. A17 Nonlinear Analysis of Directional Wave Generations........................................................ A17

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A Study of Typhoon Swell Accumulation Effect ............................................................... A18 A Study on the Breaking Wave Impulse............................................................................. A18 The Transformation of a Solitary Wave Propagating over a Shelf..................................... A19

CST-2

Coastal Water Level Fluctuations (Tides, Storm Surges, Tsunamis, Sea Level Rise)

Chair: (To be announced) Co-Chair: Ching-Piao Tsai (Taiwan) Co-Chair: John-Z. Yim (Taiwan)

Establishment of the Tsunami Monitoring and Historical Tsunamis Retrieval System..... A19 The Influence of Tidal Station Allocation on Harbor’s Tidal Data and Bathymetry Data. A20 Nonlinear Sea Level Changes Found in Coastal Zones...................................................... A20 The Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters of Wavewatch III Model ..................................... A21

CST-3

Harbor & Port: Design, Construction, and Maintenance (Planning, Design, Construction, Maintenance, Operations, Logistics)

Chair: Ho-Shong Hou (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Long-Wen Lee (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Ching-Her Hwang (Taiwan)

The Information of AIS Applied to the Operation of VTS................................................. A21 The Optimization Research for the Seaports Transport Network under the Globalization A22 Development of Logistics Hub in Taiwan .......................................................................... A22 Research of Redevelopment of Fugang Cruise Ship Port Planning, Taitung, Taiwan ....... A23

CST-4A, B & C Coastal Structures

(Wave Forces; Rubble-Mound Structures; Planning, Design, & Construction) Chair: Shi-Dun Guo (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Jea-Tzyy Juang (Taiwan)

Co-Chair: Sheng-Wen Twu (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Jian-Quan Shen (Taiwan)

Wave Drifting Force Free Model........................................................................................ A23 Overlaid Joint for Highway Bridges using Continuous Fiber Sheet................................... A24 Interaction between a Solitary Wave and a Submerged Vertical Plate .............................. A24 Second-Order Analysis of Waves Propagating over a Rectangular

Impermeable Submerged Structure......................................................................... A25 Large-Reynolds-Number Flow across a Translating Circular Cylinder

with High Oscillating Frequencies.......................................................................... A25 The Application of Series Submerged Breakwaters

on Kaohsung Chikan Coastal Protection ................................................................ A26 A Study on Wake Structures Downstream of an Impulsively

Started Circular Cylinder Using PIV ...................................................................... A26 Flow Characteristics around a Circular Cylinder near a Plane Boundary .......................... A27 Effect of Wave Reflection to Runup on Smooth Dike ....................................................... A27 Dynamic Analysis of Waves Acting on Single-Point Moorings ........................................ A28 Development of a Warning System for Coastal Disaster around Taiwan Island ............... A28 Analysis of High-Speed Projectile on Sea Wall ................................................................. A29

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CST-5 Ports, Harbors, and Development of the Waterfront

(Planning, Design, and Construction; Moorings) Chair: Chih-Min Lin (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Ming-Hui Shieh (Taiwan)

Co-Chair: Yao-Tang Tsai (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Chang Lin (Taiwan)

Afforestation and Shore Recreation Planning at An-Pin Port ............................................ A29 Basic Consideration Related Coastal Zone (Land / Ocean Space) in Regional Science ... A30 The Feasibility Study of Container Terminal No. 6 Construction Project

in the Port of Kaohsiung ......................................................................................... A30 The Structual Changes of the Metropolitan Shore Side Focuses on Fishery Areas ........... A31 Use of Impact-Echo Method for Evaluation Defects of RC Structure in the Harbor ......... A31 Integrate Development of Taichung Port............................................................................ A32

CST-6 Coastal Sediment Problems

Chair: Shan-Hwei Ou (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Tai-Wen Hsu (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Yung-Fang Chiu (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Chih-Chong Wen (Taiwan)

Morphology, Hydrodynamics and Sediment Characteristics

of the Changyun Sand Ridge Offshore Western Taiwan........................................ A32 Influence of Breaker Type to Wave Overtopping............................................................... A33 Wind Tunnel Simulation of using Incineration Bottom Ash Solidification

on Coastal Sand Fixation ........................................................................................ A33 Observation and Analysis of Current and Suspended Sediment in Tanshui River............. A34 A Preliminary Study on Shingle Beach Profile Change with the Small-Scale Model ....... A34 Countermeasures Against Beach Erosion around Taiwan Coast........................................ A35

CST-7A & B

Coastal Environmental Problems (Coastal Pollution, Environmental Impact)

Chair: Hwung-Hweng Hwung (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Bao-Shi Shiau (Taiwan) Co-Chair: You-yao Tang (China) Co-Chair: Juu-en Chang (Taiwan)

Development on Purification System of the Water Quality

by Using of Cohesion Powder ................................................................................ A35 An Estimate of the Eddy Viscosity and Eddy Diffusivity in a Stratified Estuary .............. A36 Effect of Electrochemical Chloride Removal Treatment on the Corrosion

of Steel in Concrete................................................................................................. A36 Direct Numerical Simulations in Confined Compressible Mixing Layer .......................... A37 The Primary Seawater Compositions Analysis of Five Major Ports in Taiwan ................. A37 The Evaluation of the Binding Coefficient Between PAHs

on Colloid Organic Matters in Estuary: In Field and in Laboratory....................... A38 Producing Geo-Referenced Aerial Video Mosaics for Coastal Environment Monitoring . A38 The Study on the Tide Evolution at the Yangtze Delta Region.......................................... A39 Assessment of a Tropical Estuary by Application of a Simple Process Model.................. A39

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CST-9 Coastal Earthquakes and Earthquake Hazards

Chair: Chi-Chang Lin (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Chien-Chih Chen (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Lun-Chang Chou (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Jiunn-Jye Zheng (China)

Taiwan Model for Evaluating Liquefaction Potential using SPT Data .............................. A40 The Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction Potential in She-Tou Area........................................ A40 A New Specimen Preparation Method on Calibration Chamber in Silty Sands................. A41 Building a Forecast System for Near-Shore Disaster Prevention and Rescue ................... A41 Tsunami Disaster Monitoring using Remote Sensing Satellite Data.................................. A42

MARINE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (MRMD)

Coordinators: Hwung-Hweng Hwung (Taiwan) and Kenji Hotta (Japan)

MRMD-3A & B Marine Fishery

(Science and Management) Chair: Dah-Wen Shieh (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Chen-Tsung Fan (Taiwan)

Co-Chair: Chung-Ti Chueh (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Yoshifusa Yamada (Japan)

The Status and Conservation of Coral Reefs in Taiwan ..................................................... A42 Catch Estimation using Acoustic Surveys in the Coastal Zone of Northern Taiwan ........ A43 A Study on the Coal Supply Plan to Changgong Thermal Power Plant............................. A43 Basic Study on Level of Ultraviolet Exposure during Fishing Operation .......................... A44 Surface Water TCO2 Variation Analysis using CO2 Feedback Model and Satellite Data . A44 Distribution of Coral Reefs off Kenting, South Coast of Taiwan....................................... A45 Experimental Study on Geometry and Loads of Aquaculture Cage in Uniform Flow....... A45 Spatiotemporal Variation of Species Composition of Larval Anchovy Fishery

in Taiwan ................................................................................................................ A46 Development of Fishing Port Facilities as Nursery for Fishery Resources ....................... A46 Population Dynamics and Stock Assessment of Swordfish (Xiphias gladius)

in the Waters around Taiwan .................................................................................. A47 Utilization, Management and Satellite Tracking on Whale Shark in Taiwan Area............ A47

MRMD-4 Marine Recreation and Tourism

(Socio-economic/Ecological Benefits, Impacts, Growth Potential) Chair: Chen-Tien Su (Taiwan)

Co-Chair: Chang-Hung Chou (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Tong-Liang Hwang (Taiwan)

Extensively Ecological Solution for Shore Protection Matter............................................ A48 Soft Solution for Shore Protection and Coastal Recreation on Shuang-Chun Coast.......... A48 An Observation on the People Supporting Cultural Exchanges Cities

and Fishing Communities ...................................................................................... A49 A Study on the Land Use Strategies of Taiwan’s Coastal Zone Tourism Facilities

in Landscape Type and Allocation Aspects............................................................ A49 Ecological and Conservation of the Horseshoe Crab in Kinmen ....................................... A50

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WORKSHOPS (WKSP) Coordinator. Chin-Yuan Hsieh (Taiwan)

WKSP-4

The Spratley Islands and International Marine Science Cooperation (Satellite Remote Sensing, Bathymetry Mapping, Environment Monitoring)

Chair: Antony Liu (Japan) Co-Chair: Chien-Kee Chang (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Ji-Ji Chen (Taiwan)

Co-Chair: Edmond C.I. Liu (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Chao-Shing Lee (Taiwan)

Acidification of Seawater in the South China and Sulu Seas ............................................. A50 Mapping from Formosat-2 Stereo Imagery: Dem Generation over Itu Aba Island............ A51 Observations of CHL-A and Physical Environments around Nansha Islands

using Satellite Data ................................................................................................. A51 Using SAR to Study the Environment of Spratly Islands .................................................. A52 Chlorophyll-A Pattern in Spratly Islands Sea Area ............................................................ A52 El Nino-Related Offshore Phytoplankton Bloom Events areound the Spratley Islands..... A53 Mapping the Atolls of the Spratlys using LANDSAT:

Its Significance in the Productivity of the South China Sea................................... A53

WKSP-5 Ocean Observing Systems

Chair: Adam Zielinski (Canada) Co-Chair: Chia-Chuen Kao (Taiwan) Co-Chair: Yueh-Jiuan Hsu (Taiwan)

On the Developement of the Automatic Shipboard Marine-Meteorological

Observation System ................................................................................................ A54 Precise Acoustic Navigation System for Bottom Based

Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) ...................................................................... A54

STUDENT POSTER SESSION Coordinators: Sherwood Maynard (USA) and Jea-Tzyy Juang (Taiwan)

Application of the Method of Fundamental Solutions

to Solve Advection-Diffusion Equations ................................................................ A55 Laboratory Measurement of Entrained Air Bubbles in the Nearshore Breakers ................ A55 Method of Fundamental Solutions for Water Wave Diffraction by Thin Porous Breakwater .................................................................................... A56 Nonlinear Random Waves and the Associated Spectra of Shear Stresses.......................... A56 Numerical Simulation of Water Waves using Level Set Method....................................... A57 Propagation of a Solitary Wave over a 3D Submerged Breakwater................................... A57 Index by Title...................................................................................................................... A58 Index by Author .................................................................................................................. A61 Schedule by Sessions .......................................................................................................... A64

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Keynote Address 1

SOFT CIVILIZATION: AN ERA FOR THE PACIFIC

Vice President Lu Hsiu-lien(Annette)

Welcome to Taiwan for PACON 2005’s “Harmonization of Port and Industry”. We are delighted to have with us here today elite leaders from the 14 Oceanic chapters of the Pacific Rim. We are confident that during the three-day exchange of views and ideas, we will help each other discover the sheer beauty and prosperity of the Pacific, and establish a cooperative mechanism for the sustainable development of the region and the happiness of our people.

THE SEAS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION Humankind’s concept of the sea has changed over time, from an initial reliance on the sea for food and coastal travel, to an emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural centers concentrated in coastal areas. Thus, maintaining security and stability of coastal regions has become an important issue for sea-faring countries engaged in maritime competition. All in all, maritime competition and conflict revolves around the competition for maritime interests, including oceans, seas, bays, and straits. Finer examination reveals three main targets of competition: 1. Competition for maritime resources 2. Competition for straits and islands 3. Competition for jurisdiction over maritime territory While there might be conflicts of interest, they have the potential to influence global security and stability. The escalation of competition and conflict over the oceans is attributable to three rnajor factors. First, as the world population continues to rise and land resources diminish, strategic value of marine resources increases. Consequently, countries around the world are pursuing long-term survival and sustainable development by vigorously formulating maritime strategies to compete for this new high ground. Second, the oceans and seas are a lifeline of international transportation. Globalization has increased interdependence among members of the international community. With most countries relying on trade to enhance national strength, ensuring the safety of sea transportation routes becomes equivalent to safeguarding national security. Third, the oceans serve as a protective barrier. Most countries and territories in the world have coastlines. Statistics show that over half of the world’s population lives within 200 nautical miles of the sea. National oceans, as important navigation routes, are recognized as vital to survival and development. Since the end of Would War II, the world has seen an uninterrupted series of conflicts over marine resources, territorial waters, and other interests. The oceans have become a time-bomb. There is no doubt that conflict over maritime interests has made the oceans the new high ground in international competition, and competition among nations over maritime interests is no less intense than on land. Conflict is especially common in the vast Pacific area, which holds rich deposits of natural resources.

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Keynote Address 2

OCEAN MONITORING SYSTEMS - A CHALLENGE FOR GLOBAL AND REGIONAL OBSERVATIONS -

F. Schroeder

Institute for Coastal Research

GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, GERMANY

The importance of the oceans within the global climate system and the pressure on the environment due to increasing pollution in coastal areas is growing. A better understanding of the important processes requires continuous and long-term observations as basis for global environmental management strategies. Effective management coastal resources will require physical/biological climatologies as well as the ability to nowcast and forecast events of interest. Climatologies derived from time series data are invaluable for determining relative trends as well as the magnitudes and duration of broad seasonal features. Therefore, observation techniques play an important role in many international programs, e.g., GMES, GOOS etc. In the last decade there has been an enormous technical progress in terms of realisation of new techniques. Many systems are on the threshold between experimental and operational application. An operational observing system requires that measurements be routine, long-term (sustained into the foreseeable future), and systematic (stable delivery of data and information with sufficient precision and accuracy on appropriate time and space scales) [cited from T. Malone]. This great demand requires the combined effort of observations (monitoring networks, communication & data management) with numerical models (models, data assimilation, synthesis & analysis). Observation techniques that will be in the focus of the lecture including remote sensing activities as well as in situ techniques. Remote sensing applications among which are passive and active optical methods from satellite and aircraft, microwave and radar applications and many acoustical methods will not be discussed here. The focus will be on examples of the following in situ monitoring techniques:

• Fixed stations (buoys, platforms, moorings etc.) • Profiler & tow-fishes • Drifter and glider • Automated systems on ferries and ships of opportunity

A prerequisite for many of these systems are precise, reliable sensors which can be applied for long-term measurements. In the last decade many new sensors and sensor systems have been developed which will be operational in the next years and some new biochemical methods are on the horizon. However, one basic problem that is not yet solved satisfactorily is the bio-fouling of sensors which often prevent reliable measurements during long-term deployments. In the last decade real time or quasi-real time systems have been improved due to readily available satellite communications techniques. Additional networking techniques using underwater cables and fibre optic connections facilitate whole coastal networks (Coastal Observatories) with so much detailed information in time and space which could not be envisaged 20 years ago. In the keynote lecture an overview and applications of different observing systems as well as their role in global and regional earth observations will be given.

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Keynote Address 3

CLIMATE RESEARCH PROGRAMS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII

Lorenz Magaard

School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology

University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

[email protected] Climate research has a long tradition at the University of Hawaii. Such research was done in the Departments of Meteorology, Geology and Geophysics, and Oceanography. After these departments, along with other units, were combined in the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) in 1988, climate research grew further. In 1997 a first SOEST unit was established that dealt with climate studies exclusively: The International Pacific Research Center (IPRC) was conceived under the “US-Japan Common Agenda for Cooperation in Global Perspective”. Its mission is “to provide an international, state-of-the-art-research environment to improve understanding of the nature and predictability of climate variability in the Asia-Pacific sector, including regional aspects of global environmental change.” In 2003 another climate study center was established within SOEST: The International Center for Climate and Society (ICCS). Whereas the IPRC focuses on basic climate research, the ICCS does policy-relevant integrated socio-economic climate research. Its mission is “to develop improved methods of utilizing socio-economic innovation to mitigate and adapt to climate fluctuations and change.” Recently, seasonal and inter-annual climate predictions have been added to the program.

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OST-1: Ocean Mapping and Seafloor Characterization

THE GERMAN HYDROGRAPHIC CONSULTANCY POOL (GHYCOP): AN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION AND PUBLIC PRIVATE

PARTNERSHIP IN HYDROGRAPHY AND APPLIED OCEANOGRAPHY

Klaus D. Pfeiffer1 and the GHyCoP Board 2

1HYDROMOD Scientific Consulting

Wedel, GERMANY [email protected]

2German Hydrographic Consultancy Pool

Kiel, GERMANY [email protected]

In 2004 the German Hydrographic Consultancy Pool (GHyCoP) was founded as an economic association and public private partnership and is backed by German governmental agencies concerned with hydrography and marine geosciences. GhyCoP’s main aims are networking and partnering to bundle and focus the wide and usually scattered experiences, know-how and products across the entire scope of supplies, services and activities which are relevant for the broad fields of hydrography and applied oceanography. The association targets larger-scale and international projects such as determination of EEZ boundaries, bigger hdrographic survey, larger operational and applied projects in oceanography and marine environmental issues, disaster mitigation and management as well as education and training across all covered sectors. By this partnering and associated structures enabling effective establishing of project related corporations, the German hydrographic and oceanographic industry achieves better access to the world market and is enabled to conduct large multi-disciplinary projects which generally is impossible to acquire by individual members on their own. The paper presents certain key expertise underpinned by examples as well as experiences from networking, partnering and cooperation between public-private / science-industry-administration entities.

SEAFLOOR CLASSIFICATION WITH THE APPROACH OF GA-BASED LVQ NEURAL NETWORK

Qiuhua Tang1,2,3, Yongqi Chen1, Xinghua Zhou3 , Baohua Liu3 and Jisheng Ding3

1Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, HONG KONG

[email protected]

2College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, CHINA 3First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, CHINA

Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) Neural Network approach has been widely used in acoustic seafloor classification. However, one of the major weak points of LVQ is its sensitivity to the initialization, affecting the seafloor classification accuracy. In this paper, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the initial values of LVQ. The GA-based LVQ can rapidly provide the most optimized initial reference vectors and accurately identify many types of seafloor, such as sand, gravel and rock in the surveyed areas. The proposed new approach has been applied to seafloor classification using multibeam backscatter data in Jiao Zhou Bay near Qingdao City of China. Comparing the evolving LVQ with the standard LVQ, the experiment results indicate that the approach of GA-Based LVQ has improved the seafloor classification speed and accuracy.

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OST-1: Ocean Mapping

DEVELOPING OF A 2D AND 3D TOPOGRAPHIC MAP PROVISION

SYSTEM USING THE WEB

Kana Nakamoto1, Masatoshi Akiyama2 and Tadashi Mashuyama2

1School of Marine Science and Technology Tokai University 2Tokai University School of Marine Science and Technology

Shizuoka, JAPAN [email protected]

Topographic mapping using a computer is not easy because it needs the knowledge of numerical data and a high speed computer. We developed a 2D and 3D topographic map provision system using the web, which applied the numeric data sets J-EGG500, GTOPO30, ETOPO2 and TerrainBase and use of three servers (Web Server and MATLAB Web Server, Application Server). As a result, we can make a topographic mapping website that can make 2D and 3D maps with a few parameters such as the latitude and longitude of the mapping area.

THE APPLICATION OF THE MULTIBEAM ECHO SOUNDER IN THE DIFFERENT FIELDS

Zhongchen Liu, Yongting Wu, Xinghua Zhou and Chen Yilan

The First Institute of Oceanography of State Oceanic Administration

Qingdao, CHINA [email protected]

Single-beam echo sounders are still in use at present, but showing a tendency to be replaced by the multibeam echo sounders with their evident advantages of full coverage, high resolution, high accuracy and high efficiency. During the last 10 years more than 15 sets of multibeam echo sounders for shallow depth to full ocean depth use have been imported by some institutes and companies of China from the different manufacturers in the world. These multibeam echo sounders have been widely used in China. Huge mounts of bathymetric data have been acquired and a lot of achievements have been made in the waters in and off China. The applications of the multibeam Echo Sounder Systems in the different fields are presented here, including the investigation of the continental shelves and Exclusive Economic Zone, offshore cable route survey, submarine pipe detection, seabed topographic monitoring, submarine objective detection and etc. with an example for each case.

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OST-1: Ocean Mapping and Seafloor Characterization

GIS APPLICATION ON THE ENGINEERING BASIC DATA AT THE PORT OF KAOHSIUNG

Ming-Jyh Hsieh, Chen-Chi Shan, Sheng-Yao Lai, Ching-Ho Su and Wern-Jier Tseng

Harbor and Marine Technology Center

Institute of Transportation Wuchi, Taichung County, TAIWAN.

[email protected]

Sufficient field data are needed in the beginning of a port’s planning and designing. It’s not easy to obtain those data because such work always consumes a large amount of time and money. After a long time, those data documents might be damaged or even disappeared. The Geographic Information System (GIS) is able not only to digitize the document data to become computer files for life long storage but also to set up the inquiry functions and edit the analytic models. This is a good tool to treat and store the in situ data and then display their results, too. This study adopts the MapInfo Geographic Information System and its user language MapBasic to design an inquiring system of the engineering basic data at the area of Kaohsiung Harbor. At present, the database includes 1.harbor planning, 2.geologic data, 3.wharf design, 4.breakwater section and 5.ocean data. We have not only established the database but also developed some models of log plotting and data analyses. Users can easily and quickly search for the database and obtain the analytic results through the friendly interface.

SEGMENTATION ALGORITHM FOR DIGITAL SEABED TERRAIN

Dewen Du1, Gang Yang1 and Yongqi Chen2

1First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration

Qingdao, CHINA [email protected]

2Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, HONG KONG

Based on the classification of seabed topography, the seabed image segmentation is an important technique for the study of digital seabed terrain. According to the different characters of seabed terrains, a three-state-value model algorithm is developed to segment the positive, negative and gentle terrains. The segmentation algorithm includes the following four steps. Firstly, the digital seabed terrain data must be filtered and gridded. Then the gradients at grid nodes can be calculated using the 3×3 differential operator. Furthermore, the demarcation line between positive, negative and gentle terrains is identified using the maximum gradient tracing method. Finally, the three-state-value algorithm is used to recognize positive, negative or gentle terrains. The algorithm was used to process the EM 3000 multibeam sonar data in Jiao Zhou Bay near Qingdao City of China. The results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of fast segmentation of the digital seabed terrain and it is practical and effective method in seabed terrain automatic segmentation.

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OST-2: Marine Biotechnology

MARINE SHRIMP GENOMICS

John Benzie

Moana Technologies LLC Kailua Kona, Hawaii, USA

[email protected]

Marine shrimp are the highest value aquaculture product and now account for some 50% of the total shrimp produced for human consumption. The majority of this production comes from P. monodon and P. vannamei, both in the early stages of domestication, although P. vannamei has been reared in captivity on a commercial scale for longer. One of the major impediments to shrimp farming has been viral diseases that have decimated farm populations. The ability of researchers to address this issue, and other issuess would be greatly advantaged by a strong genomics base. This would be greatly assisted by the availability of complete gene sequence for shrimp. In addition to the applied aspects, shrimp would provide unique information for fundamental evolutionary biology, being a crustacean close to the division with insects. An international consortium has been formed to develop the basis for sequencing one of the most important economic aquaculture species in Asia and tropical America. The current status of genomic work in shrimp is reviewed as is the strategy being developed to further work in this area.

AQUACULTURE CAGE NET VOLUME DEFORMATION RATE IMPROVEMENT

Chai-Cheng Huang and Hung-Jei Tang

Department of Marine Environment and Engineering

National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung, TAIWAN

[email protected] The mortality of fish caused by the shrinkage and deformation of cage net volume during typhoon attack is often concerned by the marine cage aquaculture industry. In order to improve this deformation problem, a special designated tube-sinker is developed to substitute commonly used weights at cage net bottom. The contents include describing the features of a cage net system, the types of external forces on a cage structure, the formation of motion equations and the physical model test in a hydrodynamic wave tank. The comparison of the results of the numerical model and the experimental data has shown a good agreement. This study indicates that the tube-sinker will improve the deformation rate by 10% at the design wave conditions. Therefore, it suggests that the tube-sinker should be used at the bottom of net cage in the open ocean site to improve the net volume deformation rate and thus increasing the fish survival rate during storm attack.

A-7

OST-2: Marine Biotechnology

NATURAL MARINE BIOTOXINS: IN VITRO BIOSYNTHESIS WITH BACTERIAL CULTURES

Chun-Fai Yu, Tomohiro Takatani and Osamu Arakawa

Department of Fisheries

Nagasaki University Nagasaki, JAPAN

[email protected]

An overview of various natural marine biotoxins of possible bacterial origin will be introduced and discussed. It will focus on the theories, interaction mechanisms, roles of bacteria in the production of biotoxins, difficulties in autonomous toxin synthesis in cultures and, eventually, potential mass production of those biotoxins with bacteria. The bacterial production of a highly lethal neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX) which is mainly being isolated from toxic marine puffer fishes, will be used as a case study to demonstrate the details of exploiting bacteria in the production of marine biotoxins. The optimization of culture conditions and the possibility of employing molecular technology to enhance toxin synthesis will be elucidated.

OST-6: Operational Experiences in Environmental Monitoring

ON THE APPLICATION OF REALTIME SEA WATER QUALITY ALERT SYSTEM TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

IN DAPENG LAGOON

Hwa Chien1, Shu-Ming Chung1, Chan-Hui Lin1, Jiun Hsieh2 and Chia Chuen Kao1

1Coastal Ocean Monitoring Center National Cheng Kung University

Tainan, TAIWAN [email protected]

2Dapeng Bay National Scenic Area Administration

Tourism Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and Communications Pingtung, TAIWAN

[email protected]

Dapeng Lagoon, on the southwest coast of Taiwan, is currently one of the largest remaining lagoons in Taiwan. Connected to the Taiwan Strait by a 30-m wide channel, the body of water which is 527 acres in area and 3.5-m of average water depth, could hardly be exchanged. In 2004, with plans of developing Dapeng Lagoon to an international recreation area for marine leisure activities, more than ten billion NT dollars were invested. To monitor the effects of human activities to the environment, a prototype realtime seawater quality alert system was developed and implemented to allow administrative agencies to have water quality data in real-time and provide early warning of pollution and other environmental hazards. The crux of the alert system lies on the robust long-term operational seawater quality monitoring. Instead of manual water sampling and laboratory analysis, an in-situ seawater monitoring system was developed by integrating the latest technologies of water quality probing, anti-marine-biofouling and wireless data communications. This system is capable of pollution detection, tracking, and reporting. A diagnostic subsystem was then designed and formed to assess the potential risks of pollution hazards and algae proliferation. This paper briefly describes the details of this system and other relevant issues.

A-8


AUTOMATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS ON FERRY BOATS: OVERVIEW, COSTS AND BENEFIT

K. Pfeiffer1, F. Schroeder2, H. Wehde2, W. Petersen2,

F. Colijn2 and the FerryBox-Team3

1HYDROMOD Scientific Consulting

Wedel, GERMANY [email protected]

2Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS-Research Centre

Geesthacht, GERMANY

3FerryBox-Team: http://www.ferrybox.org

Automated observing systems installed on ferries and other ships of opportunity are a new tool for assessment of oceans, regional seas and coastal waters. In the last years several systems have been developed for different applications, ranging from oceanographic topics such as movement/mixing of water masses over chemical topics like CO2 distribution to operational ones like water quality assessment, eutrophication monitoring or warning of hazard algae blooms. Another perspective topic comprises the combination of FerryBox data with remote sensing and numerical models in order to enhance the quantitative assessment of regional seas. Within the European project “FerryBox” a comparison of different installations across Europe has been carried out. The aims of the project are to estimate the benefit of such systems to water quality monitoring, to demonstrate their usefulness for monitoring and science and to provide recommendations to possible users on how to apply, operate and deal with such systems. In the presentation an overview of different systems with their advantages/disadvantages will be given together with typical applications. The status of the existing systems in terms of operability, reliability, costs and benefits will also be discussed.

SENSORS FOR AUTOMATED CHEMICAL/BIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS IN MARINE WATERS

F. Schroeder, W. Petersen, K. Kröger, H. Wehde and M. Petchatnikov

GKSS-Research Centre

Geesthacht, GERMANY [email protected]

Automated observations of marine waters are required as basis for global and regional environmental management strategies. Whereas nutrient concentration and algae concentration/–composition are critical parameters for an assessment of marine systems, there is a lack of sensors for automated observations. Many oceanographic parameters now can be measured reliably (even if the bio-fouling problem is not yet solved for long-term applications), there is a lack of instruments to assess chemical and biological processes. However, in the last decade there has been an improvement of such sensors and automated systems. For example, since some years reliable chemical nutrient analysers are available. Among the most promising techniques are new optical sensors which already cover the following applications: Spectrometric sensors for nitrate analysis, multi-spectral fluorescence sensors for the detection of different algae groups, sensors for the estimation of algal productivity and flow cytometers for the differentiation of different algal shapes and pigments. Some of these sensors can already be used operationally. In the contribution an overview of the different techniques will be given, some typical applications will be presented and the operational status of these new sensors will be critically evaluated.

A-9


WAVE PROFILE MEASUREMENT BY THE OVERLOOKING CAPTURE

Chin-An Kuo1, Ming-Ching Lee2 and Chung-Ho Chien1

1Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering

National Cheng Kung University Tainan, TAIWAN

2Department of Network Communication

Diwan University Tainan, TAIWAN

[email protected]

The study is to use CCD video camera capturing and recording the positions of wave surface from different angles(15°, 30°, 45°and 60°) of overlooking posture at the side of flume. The image data were adjusted through the processes of spatial transformation, gray-level interpolation, image enhancement, and edge detection, etc. The digital data of wave surface from different angles of overlooking posture were obtained. In additional, to investigate and compare the feasibility of wave profile measurement from different angles of overlooking posture at the side of flume, the wave profile within the captured area were recorded by the wave gauges at the same time, when the waves were begun to propagate in the flume. The results show that the data of image analysis from different angles of overlooking posture agree with the records by the wave gauges. Therefore, the method of the overlooking capture from arbitrary angles of overlooking posture can be applied to measure wave profile.

OST-7: Climate Change

NEW DEVELOPMENTS AT THE INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR CLIMATE AND SOCIETY (ICCS) OF THE UNIVERSITY

OF HAWAII

Lorenz Magaard

School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawaii

Honolulu, Hawaii, USA [email protected]

The International Center for Climate and Society (ICCS) was established at the University of Hawaii in 2003 with the mission “to develop improved methods of utilizing socio-economic innovation to mitigate and adapt to climate fluctuations and change”. Meanwhile the ICCS is interested in participating in a number of specific applications: (1) The socio-economic value of climate predictions as applied to seasonal to interannual climate prediction under the CliPAS (Climate Prediction and Its Application to Society) program. This program was developed under the Asia-Pacific Climate Network (APCN) to be renamed to APEC Climate Center (APCC). It will be presented in this session by June-Yi Lee. (2) The economics of tourism and climate change in Hawaii. This program was developed by Denise Konan and will be presented in this session by Makena Coffman. (3) biopetroleum and CO2 sequestration. This program was developed by Mark Huntley who will make a presentation about the economics of renewable oil in this session. (4) study of methane hydrates and (5) marine turtle populations of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. These programs will be presented by Jerome Comcowich.

A-10


SST FORECAST USING THE APCN MULTI-MODEL ENSEMBLE CLIMATE PREDICTION SYSTEM

June-Yi Lee1, Bin Wang1, In-Sik Kang2, Chung-Kyu Park3 and Lorenz Magaard1

1International Center for Climate and Society, University of Hawaii


2School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University

Seoul, KOREA

3Busan Regional Meteorological Office, Busan, KOREA

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Climate Network (APCN) is a regional climate program aimed at realizing the APEC vision of regional prosperity through the reduction of economic losses due to abnormal climate. APCN produces real-time operational climate prediction information based on a well-validated Multi-Model Ensemble System (MMES). Here we present an assessment of multi-model deterministic and probabilistic forecast skills of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) over the global oceans by using a suite of 24 year (1981-2004) hindcast predictions from six atmosphere-ocean coupled models participating in the APCN. The six models consist of the current operational seasonal prediction models from Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies (COLA), Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Lab (GFDL), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), Seoul National University (SNU), and University of Hawaii (UH). It is shown that considerably better forecast skill can be achieved by using the APCN MMES than using the persistence forecast as well as individual coupled models. Furthermore, the skill of MMES is comparable to the skill of the statistical model, even though the individual coupled models are not.

ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC USEFULNESS OF CLIMATE PREDICTION

Wolf D. Grossmann

International Center for Climate and Society


[email protected]

What is the socio-economic usefulness of climate predictions such as for the highly important phenomenon of El Nino? Estimates of the potential value have been done for mature economic sectors such as agriculture. Worldwide countries are moving into post-agricultural, post-industrial economies. The presentation outlines how strategic management – the management with the long, not the short, time horizon – could take advantage of such forecasts. Strategic management decides on investments, that is, on how companies will evolve, adapt, change and possibly relocate. This position of power is vastly different from that of operational management, the users of short-term weather forecasts. Timely relocation could be one answer to emerging risks. Taking into account possible interactions between long-term forecasters and strategic management, we will present strategies how to build bridges between meteorologists and climatologists on the one side and strategic decision-makers on the other side. Based on this, requirements and usefulness of such forecasts will be elaborated.

A-11


COASTS AND HINTERLAND: RISK AND INNOVATIVE INDUSTRIES

James Barney Marsh1,2 and Craig Coleman2

1College of Business Administration

2International Center for Climate and Society University of Hawaii


Pacific Rim economies, located in the world’s most dynamic region, are also threatened by geological instability and ENSO related climatic events. The economies consist of differing geographic regions, coastal and inland, some more attractive to investment, some with knowledge intensive growth, others with growth due to factor accumulation. Although hazards change, economic growth enables adaptation to or even mitigation of the damaging consequences. In this paper, I present a three equation sectoral model of such economies, in which improved prediction is an investment designed to reduce destruction of human and physical capital. Investments have already done very well in preserving human capital but not so well in preserving physical capital. The analysis combines Endogenous Growth and Information Society Integrated Systems models, differing approaches to the relationship between employment of knowledge and technology to produce improved GDP, and production of new knowledge and technology to help grow and improve GDP in the future. The paper concludes with discussion of such investments in Korea, Taiwan, Bangladesh and Vietnam.

HURRICANE KATRINA: A CASE STUDY FOR THE SOCIOECONOMIC VALUE

OF CLIMATE PREDICTIONS

Craig S. Coleman

University of Hawaii Department of Oceanography International Center for Climate and Society


Early estimates of damage caused by Hurricane Katrina are reaching $200 billion USD, not including the emotional damage to countless, displaced individuals. Katrina has influenced the price and production of oil and halted the largest volume shipping port in the country, which is responsible for 60% of raw grain exports from the Midwest. Indeed, the cost is not isolated to just the impact zone, but spread through the economy of the entire country. The event has sent shockwaves through the local, state and federal government concerning preparedness and response. How can this happen given the knowledge and resources that the United States possesses? The objective of this study seeks to understand the risk known prior to Katrina by the scientific community (climatologists, civil engineers, economists, etc) and characterize the communication of what was known to decision makers and their resulting decisions. The intended result of this study is to provide a framework to understand how predicted climate events influence socioeconomics and, when understood, can allow for mitigation and even profit.

A-12


ABRUPT CHANGES OF TAIWAN HEAVY RAINFALL FREQUENCY

Mong-Ming Lu and Chia-Jeng Chen

Meteorological Research and Development Center

Central Weather Bureau, TAIWAN [email protected]

The hourly rainfall data at five Taiwan stations during the period of 1951-2004 was analyzed for identifying the characteristics of long-term variability of heavy rainfall frequency. The results do not show any significant linear trends in the time series of the annual maximum rainfall. However, significant decadal-scale variations of heavy rainfall (>20mm/hour) frequency are identified, particularly in eastern Taiwan. The period of 1981-99 is an abnormally frequent period of the heavy rainfall events. Using Bayesian analysis, we found the highest posterior probability of change point occurs around 1996 in Taipei and 1988 in east Taiwan. Significant climate regime shift in statistical view is suggested. Our results show better inter-station consistency for the stations in east and north Taiwan, while less satisfactory for the stations in west and south Taiwan. The findings of this study can be used as a verification item for evaluating the regional models used for global change studies.

TOURISM AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN HAWAII: AN APPLIED GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS

Denise Eby Konan and Makena K. L. Coffman

University of Hawaii

Department of Economics Honolulu, Hawaii, USA [email protected]

As part of the University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization (UHERO), Dr. Konan, created a state-of-the-art computable General Equilibrium Model (GEM) of Hawaii’s economy. The model simulates realistic behavioral responses of firms and consumers to changes in economic conditions and can capture complex direct and indirect linkages across sectors in an economy. It also provides a framework to look at the long-run climatic and environmental impacts of societal decision-making in regards to tourism. And its analysis tracks the impacts of residents and tourists on the economy and environment, specifically considering water, solid waste, petroleum and carbon dioxide emissions. The GEM shows that visitor impacts are significantly different than resident impacts and these results are magnified under high tourist growth.

A-13


RENEWABLE BIOFUELS AND CO2 SEQUESTRATION BY MICROALGAE: ENGINEERING AND PRODUCTION

ECONOMICS

Mark E. Huntley1* and C. Barry Raleigh2**

1School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology

2Hawaii Natural Energy Institute University of Hawaii

Honolulu, Hawaii, USA *[email protected] **[email protected]

We have developed a cost-effective process for commercial-scale production of renewable biofuels from marine microalgae. The process utilizes concentrated industrial waste streams of CO2, and sequesters significant amounts of anthropogenic carbon. We describe the production process for a plant manufacturing 1,000 bbl/day renewable oil. We discuss principal elements of capital and operating costs, and key assumptions underlying the analysis. We conclude renewable oil can be produced at a cost of <$40 per bbl. We analyze factors that could lead to substantially lower production costs. Marine microalgae are far superior to terrestrial plants as a source of biofuels. First, growth rates are greater, by more than an order of magnitude, so they require less area for production. Second, they require seawater, which is abundant, instead of freshwater, which is not. Third, they use concentrated CO2, which terrestrial plants cannot tolerate, so can sequester concentrated CO2 before it enters the atmosphere. We quantify the impact of factors that affect production economics, including photosynthetic efficiency, oil content, the costs of nitrogen and electricity, and the value of carbon credits.

METHANE HYDRATE GOOD NEWS/BAD NEWS - A PUBLIC POLICY PERSPECTIVE

Jerome M. Comcowich

School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology


[email protected]

The anticipated long-term shortages of fuel supplies have prompted the United States and other countries throughout the world to explore and secure new energy sources. As a consequence, methane has become a leading energy carrier of interest. Environmental scientists and production engineers recently have begun to address whether the vast deposits of methane hydrate can be tapped safely to produce large quantities of a new, cost-effective, clean-burning fuel. While uncertainties exist concerning the nature of these deposits and how best to extract the fuel gas they contain, scientists agree on two key points: First, unburned methane released into the atmosphere has about 20 times the global warming potential as carbon dioxide, and second, the quantity of methane stored in hydrate beneath the seafloor and in permafrost is at least equal to all other worldwide fossil fuel reserves. Numerous economic, social and environmental issues must be addressed in conjunction with the technologies being developed to extract methane from these deposits. One of these issues is global warming, which may both affect and be impacted by the development of the global hydrate carbon reservoir.

A-14

CST-1: Hydrodynamics of Coastal Waters

INTERNAL WAVE GENERATION IN LUZON STRAIT

Guan-Yu Chen and Rei-Chon Wu

Institute of Physical Oceanography National Sun Yat-Sen University

Kaohsiung, TAIWAN [email protected]

The South China Sea (SCS) is famous for frequent observations of high-amplitude internal solitary waves. In fact, SCS is also known as the “boiling sea” because of the boiling feature of internal waves. These waves play an important role in the energy cascade of tidal energy dissipation. The maneuvering of underwater vehicles and the stability of underwater facilities are affected by giant internal solitary waves. The most important issue in studying internal solitons of the SCS is to understand the generating mechanism. Internal solitons cannot be accurately predicted and their negative effect cannot be mitigated if nobody knows how they are generated. Most previous studies in the SCS use inverse approaches by tracing the measured wave direction back, and several scholars concluded that the Batan islands of the Luzon Strait are responsible for generating westward high-amplitude internal solitons. However, this approach cannot precisely give the location of generation. For example, the Heng-Chun Ridge, also in the Luzon Strait, is on the west side and parallel to the Batan islands. We cannot tell which one is the exact source of the internal soliton.

SPATIAL-TEMPORAL FOCUSING OF NONSYMMETRICAL WAVE FORM IN SHALLOW WATER

Guan-Yu Chen

Institute of Physical Oceanography National Sun Yat-Sen University


Spatial-temporal focusing of the Korteweg de Vries (KdV) equation, also called coalescence, was first proposed to explain freak waves, and has been applied in studying the coastal freak waves of Taiwan. However, previous studies only treat the simplest case of symmetric freak waves. For nonsymmetric waveforms, the reverse of the desired wave will be obtained. In the present study, the theory is modified and extended so that nonsymmetric wave profiles over shallow water can be properly applied. A nonsymmetric waveform with a deep trough ahead of a high crest is then successfully reproduced. This new theory is important for the simulation of freak waves because the so-called “hole in the sea” frequently occurs before the large wave crest and hence a real freak wave is usually nonsymmetric.

A-15

mailto:[email protected]



A THREE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE FIELD OVER A BIDIRECTIONALLY PERIODIC RIPPLE BOTTOM

Yang-yih Chen1, Chia-yan Cheng1 and Guan-Yu Chen2

1Department of Marine Environment and Engineering

2Institute of Physical Oceanography National Sun Yat-sen University


For gravity wave trains propagating over an arbitrary wavy bottom, a perturbation expansion is developed to the second order so that the Bragg resonance effect of the ripple bottom on the free-surface wave can be analyzed. Both the resonant and non-resonant cases are treated and the singular behavior at resonance is avoided. This theory is successfully verified by reducing to simpler situations. Then, the analytical results for the special case of a unidirectional sinusoidal bottom are compared with experimental data for validation.

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF NONLINEAR WATER WAVES OVER A THREE-DIMENSIONAL POROUS BOTTOM

Kai-Cheng Hu1, Shih-Chun Hsiao2 and Hwung-Hweng Hwung1

1Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering


[email protected]

2Department of Marine Environmental Informatics National Taiwan Ocean University

Keelung, TAIWAN The principal objective of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of nonlinear waves over a three-dimensional submerged porous bottom using depth-integrated model developed by Hsiao et al. (2002). To account for the resistance forces including linear and nonlinear effects in porous medium, the formula proposed by Solitt and Cross’s (1972) is adopted. In addition, to verify the validity of current model, the nonlinear water waves propagation over a porous submerged trapezoidal mounds is investigated and the results are compared with the existing experimental data of Cruz et al. (1997). The overall comparisons are reasonably good, suggesting that the current model used in this study can describe diffraction, reflection and refraction effects well.

A-16


ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK IN PREDICTION OF OCEAN CURRENT

Ching-Piao Tsai1 and Geui-Lin Huang1,2

1Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University

Taichung, TAIWAN [email protected]

2Information Center Water Resource Agency

Ministry of Economic Affairs Taichung, TAIWAN

[email protected]

The current in the nearshore region is generally composed of the ocean current, tidal current and nearshore current, which plays an important role in human activities and the installation of maritime structures. Conventional analysis of the tidal current is based on the harmonic method. However, the estimation of the composite ocean current in the nearshore region is more complicated, due to it has strong localized characteristics influenced by the coastal topography. Conventional statistical methods or numerical models have been developed for the prediction of the ocean current. Alternatively, this paper reports an application of the artificial neural network (ANN) for the prediction of the ocean current using the field data of Taichung Harbor of Taiwan, the continuous hourly data of the current velocity is used for the training in the ANN model. The back-propagation scheme is adopted in the training process for the accuracy of the model. Based on the test results, the ANN model shows good performance in the prediction of the ocean current. In this paper, the prediction of the current using an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (ARIMA) is presented and compared with the ANN model.

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIONAL WAVE GENERATIONS

Jaw-Fang Lee and Chun-Wei Chen

Department of Hydraulics and Ocean Engineering


[email protected]

A nonlinear directional wave generation problem in the plane wave basin is studied, and an analytic solution up to the second-order is presented. The potential wave theory, and steady and periodic wave motion is adopted. The present analytic solution can be reduced into exactly the same expression for the two-dimensional wavemaker problem. The present theory indicates that with the increased directional angle the generated wave amplitudes can be increased, which means the wave generation can be more effective. The momentum transport in the direction perpendicular to the wavemaker is null, however, in the parallel direction there is a net mass transport moves away from the wave field, which can cause circulation problem in the wave basin. The present theory compared very well with the experimental results for cases of small wave angles and wavemaker amplitudes. On the other hand, for large wavemaker motions the discrete and finite paddle sizes of the wavemaker are not negligible, large discrepancies are observed between experiments and present analytic solution.

A-17


A STUDY OF TYPHOON SWELL ACCUMULATION EFFECT

Nai Kuang Liang

Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University

Taipei, TAIWAN [email protected]

The typhoon determines usually the designed wave for maritime structures. According to all wave hindcast techniques, the typhoon wave is mainly influenced by the central pressure and the radius of maximum wind speed, i.e. the strength of typhoon. There is only a minor effect due to the moving speed (Bretschneider and Tamaye, 1976; Young, 1987). However, a distant typhoon may generate very high swell. As the typhoon is approaching a station (Liang, 2003). This is explained through the wave energy flux increase, which is the same as the well-known Doppler effect. As a typhoon approaches quickly, the enhanced swell may destroy a maritime structure even as it is still far away. A medium scale typhoon may generate an extraordinary high wave.

A STUDY ON THE BREAKING WAVE IMPULSE

Wen-Jer Tseng1, Yang-Yih Chen1 and Guan-Yu Chen2

1Department of Marine Environment and Engineering 2Institute of Physical Oceanography

National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung, TAIWAN

[email protected]

In the process of a wave moving from deep to shallow water, wave deformation in shallow water appears when the depth is shorter than half the wave’s length. As a result, the wave celerity slows down, the wave length become shorter, and the wave height and its steepness increases. Then the wave breaks and releases enormous amounts of energy. Huge impulses along with the breaking wave causes much damage to coastal structures, like breakwaters. Sand drift, formed from longshore current and offshore current in a breaking zone, brings about deposition in the harbor and coastal corrosion. Therefore, it is necessary for coastal engineers to understand the characteristics and the impulse of breaking waves so they can reduce the damage from them. But it is not that easy to get a complete and definite conclusion about the characteristics and the impulse of breaking waves. Most investigators discuss the wave deformation phenomenon and deduct formulas by means of experiments. This paper presents the results of a new mathematical derivation for the evolution of a progressive wave propagation and the impulse of breaking waves on a gentle slope.

A-18

CST-1: Hydronamics of Coastal Waters

THE TRANSFORMATION OF A SOLITARY WAVE PROPAGATING OVER A SHELF

Chin-Hwa Kong and Chi-Min Liu

Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering National Taiwan University

Taipei, TAIWAN

General Education Center Chienkuo Technology University

Chunghua City, TAIWAN [email protected]

The transformation of single solitary wave passing over a semi-infinite step is investigated in the present work. Considering the energy loss near the corner of the step, we provide a semi-analytical solution to predict the transmission and reflection coefficients. Besides, since the solitary wave decomposes to several solitons in the far field, the amplitudes of separated solitons are well discussed. The results are very close to those of previous studies.

CST-2: Coastal Water Level Fluctuations

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TSUNAMI MONITORING AND HISTORICAL TSUNAMIS RETRIEVAL SYSTEM

Yueh-Jiuan G. Hsu, Jin-Yi Chen and Wan-Ting Chen

Central Weather Bureau

Marine Meteorology Center Taipei, TAIWAN

[email protected]

Although destructive tsunamis were rarely seen in Taiwan, small-scale tsunamis were recognized from tide gauge data in past years. After the attack of the huge Southern Asia tsunami, we realize the importance of preparedness to prevent tsunami disasters. We reprocess the sea level data and build up historical tsunamis databank in Taiwan. We also design and set up a tsunami monitoring and historical tsunami retrieval system with a user friendly interface to display tsunami information instantly. The tide gauge data was recorded in 6-minute intervals. We gradually upgrade tide stations to record sea level variations in 15 seconds to resolve tsunami waves. Many efforts have been made on data filtering to separate tsunami waves from astronomical tide. We will demonstrate two tsunami cases caused by a near shore earthquake in March 31, 2002 and a shoreline earthquake in December 10, 2003.

A-19


THE INFLUENCE OF TIDAL STATION ALLOCATION ON HARBOR’S TIDAL DATA AND BATHYMETRY DATA

Jaw-Guei Lin1, Yi-Pao Tai2 and Yung-Fang Chiu3

1Department of Harbor and River Engineering

National Taiwan Ocean University [email protected]

2Keelung Harbor, TAIWAN

3Harbor and Marine Technology Center, Taichung, TAIWAN

In this research, a series of field tidal observations inside the Keelung Harbor had been carried out to investigate the change of elevation induced by tidal waves, and also their influences to bathymetry surveying and to the calculation of the amount of dredging material had been discussed. Three tidal gauges were deployed along the main path of the harbor, and measured synchronously with the tidal station of Keelung Harbor. The results show that the changes of tidal elevation inside the harbor can be divided into two zones: the area adjacent to harbor entrance (outer harbor), and the area at inner harbor. The water elevation at outer harbor is affected by the propagation of tidal waves, and the change of water elevation at inner harbor is the results of water body balance. The tidal difference between outer harbor and inner harbor might have a large value with 16 cm, but varied with the tidal type outside the harbor. The mean water levels in these two areas are also different with around 8 cm difference. The influence of such variation of water elevation inside the harbor is dominant to the accuracy of bathymetry surveying, and should be studied in detail.

NONLINEAR SEA LEVEL CHANGES FOUND IN COASTAL ZONES

Shigehisa Nakamura

Kyoto University Kyoto, JAPAN

[email protected]

A notice is given about nonlinear sea level changes found in the coastal zone. Ithas been well studied on the nonlinear water waves in the shallow water, thoughwe have frequently have had an application of hydrodynamics for realizing whatprocess is be expected on the coast at hazardous natural event. For example, a case is tsunami bore front generated after the 2004 seismic shocks undersea off Sumatra in the Indian Ocean. Another case is a lateral oscillation induced after a protection work operated for a harbor. These processes could be raising some problems which could be understood in a scope of hydrodynamics.

A-20


THE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS OF WAVEWATCH III MODEL

Wen-Chin Lin1, Yang-Ming Fan2, Chia-Chuen Kao2* and Beng-Chun Lee3

1Department of Civil Engineering, Chienkuo Technology University, TAIWAN

[email protected]

2Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN

n8890112@ccmai;.ncku.edu.tw, *[email protected]

3Department of Environment Design, Huafan University, TAIWAN [email protected]

In the governing equation of WAVEWATCH III wave model, there are a lot of forefathers take advantage of the observation or experiment to receive the experience formula. In order to understand the influence of each parameter to the result of wave model simulation, this paper sums up forefathers' research and puts the amendable parameter in WAVEWATCH III wave model in order, and then using the susceptibility analysis of statistics. The results showed that there is more obvious response to the result of calculation of the model with co, Xp, C, Xs. According to the result of parameter analysis, this paper used ARS (Adaptive Random Search) method to seek the best value of four parameters under the monsoon and typhoon weather condition. In order to verify that the above-mentioned method of revising parameters is suitable or not, this paper compare the filed data with simulation data.

CST-3: Harbor & Port: Design, Construction, and Maintenance

THE INFORMATION OF AIS APPLIED TO THE OPERATION OF VTS

Hsi-Ching Chen1 and H.H. Lee2

1Department of Shipping Technology, National Kao-Hsiung Marine University

Kaohsiung, Taiwan

2Department of Marine Environment & Engineering National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

[email protected]

This paper presents the application of AIS (Automatic Identification System) to the VTS (Vessel Traffic Service) system. The improvement in the operational process and information control net system for the AIS can improve the safety and efficiency of the port service. The VTS includes the information services, navigation guidance assistance and traffic organization services. Through the radar and assistant measuring system the data can be collected, further analyzed and then reorganized into useful information that can be served for the traffic services and then improve the safety and efficiency of vessel traffic. According to IMO, all vessels engaged on international voyages must be equipped with the ship-borne AIS. The base-station AIS is also getting more and more popular in the ports all around the world. In Taiwan not only more and more vessels are equipped with the ship-borne AIS but also along-shoreline base-station for AIS around Taiwan island are also installed. It is the purpose of this study to further examine the efficiency for the AIS currently operated to improve VTS system in Taiwan.

A-21

CST-3: Harbor and Port: Design, Construction, and Maintenance

THE OPTIMIZATION RESEARCH FOR THE SEAPORTS TRANSPORT NETWORK UNDER THE GLOBALIZATION

Yi-Chun Chen1 and Ho-Shong Hou2

1Department of Civil Engineering

The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

2Office of The President National Sun Yat-Sen University

Recently, globalization has impelled quicker transference of people, material and information through production chains that many industries have dispersed to all parts of the world. However, transportation is the key point of globalization with the methods drawing much attention. In this study, the main points are to investigate communications and transportation of Ports Shanghai, Hong Kong and Kaohsiung as the Asian Gold Triangle, and plan how to network a comprehensive city connecting the globalization age of communications and transportation. Under the trend of globalization, competition of the circulating network for global products has become fiercer, as it becomes more crucial for a harbor city to find its direction and importance. The authors have attempted to investigate the levels of relations and places between Shanghai, Hong Kong and Kaohsiung using traditional the TEU method and two other viewpoints, i.e., flowing space and localized condition. Through practical study, it is possible to find out the direction, importance, and future development of Shanghai, Hong Kong and Kaohsiung, as the harbors play an important role on the network for global products, taking also the responsibility of the import, circulation and transportation with other important harbors.

DEVELOPMENT OF LOGISTICS HUB IN TAIWAN

Ho-Shong Hou1 and Peng-Hsi Hou2

1NSYSU and NKMU

Taipei, TAIWAN [email protected]

2Institute of Traffic and Transportation

National Chiao-Tung University Taipei, TAIWAN

[email protected]

The nation’s development policy is to develop Taiwan as an Asia-Pacific regional operation center and global logistics center. Being situated geographical location of center of the Pacific Rim, ports in Taiwan were successful to achieve transshipment activities on the past decades. Taiwan ports are facing to the challenge for the competition of global market and increasing of complication of industry supply chain. The nation’s plan to develop the distribution park in the ports is part of the development to Free Trade Zone that consisting five international seaports in Taiwan. A case study of the logistics industry in Taiwan will be introduced and discussed in this paper, that is Yang Ming Line’s logistics business, operated under its subsidiary Yes Logistics, which owns the first logistics center, is making progress with a second logistics center in Kaohsiung ports on wharf No. 70 to be completed in mid-2006. For the aim of a high-value-generating hub, the logistics’ functions and strategies for Taiwan’s supply system will provide a solution of leading logistics hub in Taiwan.

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CST-3: Harbor & Port: Design, Construction, and Maintenance

RESEARCH OF REDEVELOPMENT OF FUGANG CRUISE SHIP PORT PLANNING, TAITUNG, TAIWAN

S.M. Hou1,C.F. Shih1,C.F. Ma1, S.C. Lu1 and Ho-Shong Hou2

1Institute of Regional Development

National Taitung University Taitung, TAIWAN

2IRD

National Taitung University Taitung,TAIWAN

Main objectives of redevelopment of Fugang cruise ship port are as follows:

• Arrangement of amour units affects scenic view and coastal erosion phenomena. • Planning of required berths of cruise ships and the related traffic and transportation. • Leisure of port is plugged into Taitung district life circle development.

In an effort to better manage cruise port, planning factors with the design and construction of seaport for the cruise ships are drawn. Finally, an optimal master plan to best manage high volume cruise ship at congested ports is proposed.

CST-4: Coastal Structures

WAVE DRIFTING FORCE FREE MODEL

Yutaka Terao

Tokai University Shizuoka, JAPAN

[email protected]

The Wave Devouring Propulsion (WDP) is a wave energy conversion system directory to the thrust force. The hydrofoil located under the waves can generate the thrust as a Walles turbine. In 1982, Terao discovered the mechanism of the wave devouring propulsor and proposed a concept of the Wave Drifting Force Free Model (WDFFM). He tested in the wave tank and showed that it moves against waves without energy supply. In this paper, the author proposes a newly designed model to apply the WDP mechanism for the huge ocean structures such as the Mega-Float system. Mega-Float system is thought as an ocean space utilization system. All floating structures affected by the wind and waves, and also the wave drifting force. But with WDFFM concept reduces or overcomes the wave drifting force acting on the floating structures. WDFFM two-dimensional and three-dimensional model test in wave tank are shown.

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OVERLAID JOINT FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES USING CONTINUOUS FIBER SHEET

Keiichi Noto1, Shinkichi Murakami2, Yoshifusa Yamada3 and Tetsukazu Kida4

1Taiyo Doro Co., Ltd.

Tokyo, JAPAN [email protected]

2Nippon Steel Composite Co., Ltd., JAPAN

3College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, JAPAN 4College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, JAPAN

The coastal zones in Japan are close to the mountains, and it is very rare for cities in these areas to be formed in wide plain areas. Therefore, in the building of roads in these narrow coastal plains, highway bridges are often constructed to use the land effectively. Steel or rubber joints, are installed in such highway bridges as well as along coastal roads. Conventional joints are exposed to the roadway surface, however, and significantly deteriorate the comfort of vehicle passengers. Thus, a new joint system is anticipated with the aim of improving driver safety. Exposure of the joints does not only cause noise and vibration but also allows rainwater to leak into the interior structures, which may lead to the damage of the bridge bodies, piers, and bearings. After reflecting on such issues, we propose a system in which the roadway surfaces are paved continuously over the sections of highway bridges achieved by installation of an overlaid joint section beneath the paved layer.

INTERACTION BETWEEN A SOLITARY WAVE AND A SUBMERGED VERTICAL PLATE

Chang Lin1, Tsung-Chun Ho1, Sung-Chieh Chang1 and Kuang-An Chang2

1Department of Civil Engineering National Chung Hsing University

Taichung, TAIWAN

2Department of Civil Engineering Texas A&M University

College Station, Texas USA

The vortex shedding process induced by the interaction between a solitary wave and a submerged vertical plate was investigated conducted experimentally. Quantitative velocity measurement and qualitative flow visualization were conducted by particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracing technique, respectively. The total process can be divided into four phases: the formation of a separated shear layer, the generation and shedding of vortices, the formation of a vertical jet, and the impingement of the jet onto the free surface. All the process can be observed clearly from the velocity fields and pictures captured almost simultaneously. In the phase of formation of generation and shedding of vortices, the largest vortices at downstream side of the plate eventually grow to the size close to the water depth. This evolution was generated due to flow separation at the tip of the plate. The quantitative study focused on the formations of the separated shear layer and the vertical jet. The variations of relative parameters of velocity profiles were shown. We also found similarity velocity profiles using significant parameters both in these two formations.

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SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS OF WAVES PROPAGATING OVER A RECTANGULAR IMPERMEABLE SUBMERGED STRUCTURE

Lih-Fu Twu and Jaw-Fang Lee

Department of Hydraulics and Ocean Engineering


[email protected]

A second-order analytic solution to the problem of waves propagating over a rectangular impermeable submerged structure is presented in this paper. For the non-linear problem, the Taylor series expansion and perturbation method are used to express the boundary value problem into the first-order and the second-order ones, and then they are solved correspondingly. In solving the second-order problem, the problem is further divided into problems for Stokes wave and free wave due to non-homogeneous part produced by multiplications of the first-order solutions in the boundary conditions. The present analytic solutions are compared with previous solutions using different approach and experimental results. The comparisons are favorable in describing the phenomena and trend. Using the present theory, effects of height and width of the submerged structure and relative water depth on wave reflection, transmission and water level above the structure are investigated. The results show that smaller relative water depth and higher structure height could produce larger second-order wave heights and higher nonlinear effects. And for wider structures providing larger space for evolving second-order waves the nonlinear effects on wave heights are increased.

LARGE-REYNOLDS-NUMBER FLOW ACROSS A TRANSLATING CIRCULAR CYLINDER WITH HIGH OSCILLATING FREQUENCIES

Bang-Fuh Chen1, Yi-Hsiang Yu1 and Tin-Kan Hung2

1Department of Marine Environment and Engineering National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, TAIWAN

[email protected]

2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

[email protected]

Viscous flows across a cylinder have drawn significant attention during the last two decades. As early as the 15th century, pairs of vortices behind a circular cylinder were captured in the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). In marine engineering, the offshore structures often encounter waves, currents and earthquake excitations. The fluid-structure interaction is, therefore, a topic of primary interest in research and design. One of the basic studies is flow across a moving cylinder. During earthquake excitations, the relative velocity between cross flow (current) and moving cylinder (induced by ground motion) could be very large and the flow might be turbulent. In the present finite-difference flow computation, the flow region around the cylinder is seriously altered by the amplitude and frequency of the moving cylinder. The time-dependent flow region is mapped onto a fixed domain, and the boundary conditions are transformed, as the forcing functions, in the Navier-Stokes equations (Hung 1981). Also, refined meshes near the moving cylinder are required; they are stretched to regular meshes in the computational domain. This approach has been successfully employed in this study as was the case reported earlier for other internal and external flow computations (Hung and Wang 1987; Hung et al., 1989; Hung and Chen 1990; Hung and Tsai 1997; Chen 1997; Chen 1999; Chen and Chiang 1999).

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THE APPLICATION OF SERIES SUBMERGED BREAKWATERS ON KAOHSUNG CHIKAN COASTAL PROTECTION

Ching-Her Hwang1, Li-Hung Tsai2 and Chih-Chung Wen3

1Department of Civil Engineering Chienkuo Technology University

[email protected]

2Center of Harbor and Marine Technology Ministry of Transportation Communications, Institute of Transportation

[email protected]

3Department of Environment Engineering Hungkung University

[email protected]

Nowadays the coastline of Kaohsung Chikan beach has been gradually shrunken back from day to day, due to the erosion caused by the long-term attack of waves. This study was concentrated on the problems of its erosion due to typhoon waves by using the Bragg Reflection effect and to propose a layout of a series of submerged breakwaters to protect the beach. First of all, the observed data of water depth in the field were used to investigate the Bragg Reflection by a numerically simulated computation under considering the various water depth, numbers, intervals and heights etc. of a series submerged breakwater. Then an optimum layout of a series of submerged breakwaters was proposed to protect the Kaohsung Chika coast. Results indicate that a proper layout of a series of submerged breakwaters can achieve the object for protecting beach.

STUDY ON WAKE STRUCTURES DOWNSTREAM OF AN IMPULSIVELY STARTED CIRCULAR CYLINDER USING PIV

Chang Lin and Shih-Chun Hsieh

Department of Civil Engineering National Chung Hsing University

Taichung, TAIWAN The flow characteristics of wake structures downstream of an impulsively started circular cylinder were investigated experimentally by particle image velocimetry (PIV) and flow visualization technique. The Reynolds number (Re) based on the steady state velocity and the diameter of the circular cylinder vary from 500 to 2000. The PIV and flow visualization techniques were used to obtain the time histories of the instantaneous in-plane vorticity field from the moment of impulsively start, from which the development of the flow can be studied. Measurements of the formation length, the position and the circulation characteristics of symmetric developed vortices relative to the circular cylinder were obtained from the data. Moreover, the characteristics of the jet-like velocity flied behind circular cylinder also are described in this paper.

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FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AROUND A CIRCULAR CYLINDER NEAR A PLANE BOUNDARY

Chang Lin1, Wei-Jung Lin1, Sing-Shing Lin2

1Department of Civil Engineering National Chung Hsing University


2Gen-Yeh Engineering Consultants Inc., TAIWAN

The flow characteristics around a circular cylinder placed near a plane boundary was investigated experimentally at Re = 780. Flow visualization technique was used to reveal the flow patterns with and without the influence of plane boundary layer. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) and fiber laser Doppler velocimetry (FLDV) were used in the measurements with boundary layer effect for different gap ratios from 4.0 to 0. It is found that vortex shedding frequency is increased while G/D decreases from 3.0 to 0.6 and turns to be decreased as G/D is smaller than 0.6; where G is the gap distance between cylinder and plane boundary and D is the cylinder diameter. Detail results of time-averaged properties, such as the gap flow and the formation lengths behind the cylinder, illustrate the differences of the wake structure at different gap ratios.

EFFECT OF WAVE REFLECTION TO RUNUP ON SMOOTH DIKE

Jea-Tzyy Juang1, Chao-Fu Lin2 and Shi-Chong Chiang2


Changhua, TAIWAN [email protected]

2Department of Hydraulics Engineering

Feng Chia University Taichung, TAIWAN

[email protected]

Wave runup level and transmission due to wave overtopping are important parameters to design the crest height and width of coastal structures. When wave come to dike, some of the incident wave energy is reflected, some is dissipated and some is transmitted past the dike into the sheltered area. If the wave energy of the reflected wave is large enough then it can influence the height of wave runup on sloping dike surface. The reflection coefficient is function of dike permeability, water depth, dike slope angle and dike surface roughness etc. In this study, the wave reflection coefficient is calculated by use three of wave gage method in experiment. This method proposed by Issacson in 1991. Next, by advantage the theorem of linear addition of wave energy then the interacted wave height can be calculated. Thereafter, the correlation between the surf similarity parameter and the relative wave runup height can be obtained. After compare with the correlation curves which proposed by Ahrens et al (1993) and Titus et al (1985), we can see they are coincide each other very well. As to the predict of relative wave runup height, the wave momentum flux method which proposed by Hughes (2003; 2004) is used. Meanwhile, several modified equations are present.

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DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF WAVES ACTING ON SINGLE-POINT MOORINGS

Po-I Chen and Jaw-Fang Lee

National Cheng Kung University

Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering Tainan, TAIWAN

[email protected]

The problem of incident waves acting on a single-point mooring is studied using a single-point mooring system that consists of a floating buoy and a mooring line. With the mooring line floating in calm water, the weight of the mooring line is balanced by the buoy’s buoyancy and the mooring system oscillates in a wave field due to the drag action of incident waves. In the simulation, the problem of steady and periodic motion is considered. The mooring line is described by a finite element model and the floating buoy is attached to one end of the mooring line. The drag force on the mooring line is calculated by the Morison’s equation. To facilitate the numerical computation the initial equilibrium position of the mooring system used in dynamic analysis is calculated by the analysis using the catenary equation. The initial equilibrium position calculated in this study is verified by theoretical analysis and by a finite element model from existing literatures. Using the present model parametric effects of wave acting on a single-point mooring are studied. The results indicate that the present model is capable of describing dynamic responses of a single-point mooring upon the action of incident waves.

DEVELOPMENT OF A WARNING SYSTEM FOR COASTAL DISASTER AROUND TAIWAN ISLAND

Ho-Shong Hou1 and Tai-Wen Hsu2

1National policy Adviser, Office of the President

Taipei, TAIWAN

2Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering National Cheng Kung University

Tainan, TAIWAN

Taiwan, an island surrounded by the sea, tends to have most of its population concentrated along its coasts. Every year the coastal zone suffers, on average, from three to four typhoon events. Steep cliffs, undercut by waves, at times slide away and homes and sections of the highway fall into the surf. As the shorelines migrate inland seawalls built too close to the sea are destroyed. Coastal disasters with beach erosion, wave overtopping, coastal flooding and destruction of home and property have a visual and human impact, and made it necessary for a coastal hazard warning system to be developed. The coastal hazard warning system includes several components. Real time and high quality field data collection is the basic component and numerical models are used to provide a good estimate of the environmental conditions in some locations for given wind fields. The oceanographic monitoring network, numerical model forecasting, data simulation and integration are combined to establish the system with use of the results of two typhoons to compare with the data buoy system. The warning system is predicted by the numerical model, verified and simulated by the measured data, and is highly complementary to reduce coastal disaster of Taiwan.

A-28


ANALYSIS OF HIGH-SPEED PROJECTILE ON SEA WALL

Mou-Hsing Wang

Civil and Information Research Center, Sinotech Taipei, TAIWAN

[email protected]

This paper is to demonstrate the capability of MSC.Dytran and MSC.Patran software to analyze the impact of a high-speed solid projectile on concrete sea wall. The moving projectile is partially submerged in water with free surface. The MSC.Dytran uses the finite element method for the solid computation and the pseudo finite volume method for computation of water and air above the water surface. The Eularian and Lagrangian simulation analyses include three sets of solid-fluid interaction, and one set of solid-solid contact/impact process. Explicit method is used for numerical integration on time domain. Incorporated with the pre- and post-processing software, MSC.Patran, the simulation results can be stored in two kinds of files, i. g., ‘arc’ and ‘his’. The ‘arc files’ in conjunction with the ‘results’ and ‘insight’ function can be used to produce solid displacement/deformation, stress and strain including failure pattern at various element nodes as well as their two-dimensional animation. The ‘his files’ in conjunction with the ‘x-y plot’ function can be used to produce the time history curve of the specified variables at the specified element nodes.

CST-5: Ports, Harbors, and Development of the Waterfront

AFFORESTATION AND SHORE RECREATION PLANNING AT AN-PIN PORT

Ying-Feng Chung1 and Chu-Kuan Lin2

1Harbor Planning Section Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau [email protected]

2Harbor & Coastal Engineering Department

China Engineering Consultants, Inc. [email protected]

Generation of harbor plan idea by formerly only considering pattern of for transport, the contemporary concept in port planning has dual more attention to the environment, the ecology, and the landscape. Meanwhile, according to the regulation, which stipulate the greenbelt area in development zone must reach 15%, and demand of the populace recreation space the port area plan combined with green land and the water affinity space has become more important. Based on such requirement and couple with protection, environment, and port operation functions, the overall plan of An-Pin port created a 20~60 meter of vision and sight green belt between urban and port; a reservation for protecting and recovering the Mangrove; established a suitable wave buffer zone to dissipate wave energy; a re-nourishment beach, where contain two spur type of groins and an artificial ecologic tidal pool to tranquility the coastal ecological system. The An-Pin has reached a vitality and charm port by such fountains.

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BASIC CONSIDERATION RELATED COASTAL ZONE (LAND / OCEAN SPACE) IN REGIONAL SCIENCE

Masaaki Sakuta1, Yukiyoshi Hoshigami2,Yasutsugu Kanda3 and Kazuya Sakai3

1Nihon University and Tsuruga College

Department of Engineering Tokyo JAPAN

[email protected]

2Coastal Engineering, Kokusai Kogyo Co. Ltd., Tokyo JAPAN 3Aquatic Zone Network Co. Ltd., Tokyo JAPAN

The use of the coastal zone has been discussed quantitatively conventionally based on the characteristic of a coastal land space. On the other hand, the use of the coastal ocean space does qualitative argument in the characteristic even in their confused definitions. For rainwater behavior in coastal land space, the seawater behavior in coastal ocean space is discussed qualitative in total comprehensively, though there are quantitative analysis of high and low tide / the shore current / the surge of the tide in shallow sea area, too. The definition of coastal ocean space has to be presented here for quantitative argument of coastal ocean space use. The sea bed surface area in the coastal ocean space are to be the quantitative analysis factors in seawater, as in the inland water on earth surface equally. With general behavior about fresh water in river mouth area (estuary) in particular and mixture of seawater, as some examples, there are two sites presented here, one of Japan Sea coast (Wakasa-wan Bay ocean space) and Pacific coast (Kuju-kuri ocean spaces) quantitatively.

THE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF CONTAINER TERMINAL NO. 6 CONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN THE PORT OF KAOHSIUNG

Shih-Duenn Kuo1 and Ping-tang Chen2

Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau

Kaohsiung, TAIWAN [email protected] [email protected]

The Port of Kaohsiung, an important center in the shipping route of the Asia-Pacific Region, has excellent harbor conditions, with a large surrounding commercial area, developed industries, and fast transport networks. It is extremely suitable for partnership as an Asia-Pacific Marine Transshipment Center to serve the global shipping lines. Currently, the Port of Kaohsiung has 5 container terminals, with 24 container berths and 68 ship-to-shore gantry cranes providing a capacity of about 10 million TEU to serve the container ships. Due to the fast growth of container ship size in the last two decades, even very large container ships (VLCS) will come soon to serve in the near future. The Port of Kaohsiung is urgent to construct a new terminal to meet the requirement of shipping circles, and by doing so, can keep its status as: the largest international sea port in Taiwan, one of the largest container ports in the world, a major trans-shipment hub in the Asia–Pacific, and a global hub port to accommodate container ships up to 15,000TEU in the near future.

A-30


THE STRUCTUAL CHANGES OF THE METROPOLITAN SHORE SIDE FOCUSES ON FISHERY AREAS

Masayuki Suga1, Takamasa Miyazaki2, Musaku Oi1 and Kiminori Nakazawa2

1Nihon Bunri University

Oita, Oita, JAPAN [email protected]

2College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University

Narashino, Chiba, JAPAN [email protected]

This report investigates the areas with a certain historical background centered on ship-gathering spots that are outside the jurisdiction of the Fisheries Agency, the non-categorized near-port areas and the port areas that are officially designated for scenery improvements that are aimed to induce urban land use in the land-fill areas, and their vicinity, as well as the surrounding areas of “fishing ports” under the management of municipal bodies and the Fisheries Agency. This paper, through the investigation mentioned above, attempts to explicate the mechanism of structural changes of the land use in the Metropolitan shore side areas in a comprehensive point of view that concentrates on the changes that have promoted commercial and residential land use. The result shows that the fishery areas have been contributing to an important role in the urban development of the Metropolitan shore side. This study thus proposes a vision of environmental creation of the future shore side areas through their effective development and use.

USE OF IMPACT-ECHO METHOD FOR EVALUATION DEFECTS OF RC STRUCTURE IN THE HARBOR

Yu-Feng Lin

Department of Civil Engineering Chienkuo Technology University

TAIWAN [email protected]

This paper investigates the feasibility of using the impact-echo test for inspecting the defects of RC structures in the Harbor. Usually, it is difficult to evaluate the security of the constructions in the harbor, because most structures are under the water, and defects cannot be inspected in time. Therefore, the safety of constructions will be seriously considered. The study results show that the impact-echo test is a feasible inspecting method. It can detect the depth of surface-opening cracks of concrete and the locations of the concrete inter voids. Even the reinforcing bar-concrete interfaces have leaks because of the serious corrosion of the inter rebar. We can find it by this method.

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INTEGRATE DEVELOPMENT OF TAICHUNG PORT

Ho-Shong Hou1, Peng-His Hou2, Long-Wen Lee3

1National Policy Adviser, Office of President

2Institute of Traffic Transportation, National Chiao Tung University 3Taichung Harbor Bureau

This study focusses on a port development project to help the Taiwan area become a hub port by understanding Taichung port’s functions and special features. To improve the operation and administration efficiency and competition ability, it is suggested that the port authority solve the stevedores problem, carry out a policy of privatization, liberalization and computerization, set up a port operation and management center within the port area, and set up round-the-island shipping, integrated transportation and a telecommunication port into action. The Taichung port project consists of three ports: a commercial port, an industrial port, and a fishing port. It was opened to the public in 1976 after extensive construction. At present, there are 46 deep-water wharves in which cargos handled were over 81 million tons in 2002, with containers more than 1.2 million TEUs. For future development, the plan involves a commercial port expansion and an industrial port development which will be carried out according to the pace of international marine transportation development. The ultimate goal of the Taichung Port project is to build the area into a multi-purpose port with 88 deep-water wharves.

CST-6: Coastal Sediment Problems

MORPHOLOGY, HYDRODYNAMICS AND SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHANGYUN SAND RIDGE OFFSHORE

WESTERN TAIWAN

Horng-Ru Liao and Ho-Shing Yu


Taipei, TAIWAN [email protected] [email protected]

The Changyun Ridge, located off the western coast of Taiwan, is a tide-dominated sand ridge. It is defined by the 50-m isobath and consists of two smaller ridges. The eastern Changyun Ridge is about 65 km long and 15 km wide and approximately parallel to the western shoreline of Taiwan. The western Changyun Ridge has a length of 53 km and a maximum width of 26 km, trending normal to the Taiwan western coast. The eastern ridge has morphologic characteristics similar to typical linear sand ridges. Tidal currents show distinct bidirectional patterns with speeds exceeding 100 cm/sec and strong enough to move sandy sediments. Large to very large sand waves occur on the western ridge and sand waves seldom appear on the eastern one, implying that the former is presently active while the latter becomes inactive or moribund. The configuration and distribution of these two ridges further suggest that the ridges developed sequentially from near-shore to offshore, presumably in response to westward progressive decrease in velocity and change of flow direction of the north-flowing tidal currents.

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INFLUENCE OF BREAKER TYPE TO WAVE OVERTOPPING

Chao-Fu Lin1, Jea-Tzyy Juang2 and Wu-Huei Lee1

1Department of Hydraulic Engineering

Fengchia University Taichung City, TAIWAN

[email protected]


Changhua City, TAIWAN [email protected]

In the design of a coastal structure, a low crest structure is currently recognized to meet the needs of landscape and water harmonization, and the wave overtopping rate is one of the most important considerations in determining the crest height. However, low crest on a dike causes large amounts of wave overtopping which influences the safety of the structure. In such a case, a submerged breakwater located in front of the sea dike is usually required because the submerged breakwater can diminish wave energy by diffraction and wave breaking. Various breaking process and breaker type can result in different effects. WIND TUNNEL SIMULATION OF USING INCINERATION BOTTOM

ASH SOLIDIFICATION ON COASTAL SAND FIXATION

Wei-Hsi Chen and Chien-chih Chen

Chienkuo Technical University

Since incinerator bottom ash can be mixed with cement to reproduce aggregates with larger granular sizes, this study focuses on the effect of using aggregates as pavement on seashores or alluvion to prevent erosion caused by wind. Experiments in this study include determining the physical properties of incinerator bottom ash, various methods of incinerator bottom ash solidification and aggregate reproduction, curing and sieve analysis of the reproduced aggregates, and determining material properties of the aggregates. Results show sand blow will occur when the wind speed reaches 14 m/sec without pavement or vegetation. The sea sand in the wind tunnel will completely blow out when the wind speed reaches 18 m/sec. On the other hand, no sand blow will occur if the sea sand is covered by the reproduced aggregates under a wind speed of 18 m/sec. When wind speed reaches 20 m/sec or more, erosion will occur even if there are pavements. It is determined that the rate of erosion will decrease as granular size increases, however, when the wind speed reachs 24 m/s, erosion rate for the sea sand with 3/8” aggregate pavement has the trend to increase. It is, therefore, concluded that using ¼” or #4 reproduced aggregates as pavement for coastal sand fixation is a better choice.

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OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS OF CURRENT AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN TANSHUI RIVER

Po-Ching Lin1, Hsien-Ter Chou2, Jea-Tzyy Juang3 and Liang-Sheng Ho1*

1Center of Harbor & Marine Technology, Institute of Transportation

Ministry of Transportation and Communications,Wuchi, Taichung,TAIWAN [email protected], *[email protected]

2Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, Chung-Li, TAIWAN

[email protected]

3Department of Civil Engineering, Chienkuo Technology University Changhua City, TAIWAN

[email protected]

An observation station was set up at Kuan-Du Bridge to monitor the long-term changes of tidal current and sediment transport in Tanshui River and the vertical distribution of flow velocity, turbidity, water temperature and salinity in the river was collected and analyzed. The result of this analysis indicates a salt-water intrusion wedge in the estuary of this river. Meanwhile, a time lag between the time of biggest surface current and the highest water level occurred. The time changes of surface current profile in the river was significantly different during the flood and ebb tide. The maximum current velocity induced just beneath the water surface was found. Due to the shear stress of the wind and the stratification of the river a high concentration of suspend sediment was detected in the vicinity of the river bottom and has great influence to the sediment transport in the river. The secondary current occurred at the time of ebb tide. The bias degree of angle between the surface flow direction and the bottom flow direction can reach about 100° with a strong upward current coming with the secondary current that greatly affects the vertical distribution of suspended sediment. A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON SHINGLE BEACH PROFILE CHANGE

WITH THE SMALL-SCALE MODEL

JianWu Lai, ChingTong Kuo and ChungHo Chien

Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, TAIWAN

[email protected]

The study is to investigate the shingle beach profile change on several uniform initial slopes with small-scale physical model tests. In the experiments, six kinds of uniform bed materials (D50=4.84, 2.68, 1.39, 1.02, 0.54 and 0.15mm) and 17 kinds of irregular wave conditions are considered. It is found that several characteristics of the equilibrium profile, such as the height of berm crest, the slope of beach and the critical water depth for sediment movement, are relevant with the parameter in form of material size and wave condition. Also, the result shows that the profile change of coarser material is dominated by the onshore bed load and presents the accretion at the shore for a given wave condition. However, the sedimentation in the finer material bed generates both of bed load and suspended load and presents the erosion at the shore under the same given wave condition.

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COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST BEACH EROSION AROUND TAIWAN COAST

Ho-Shong Hou1 and Tai-Wen Hsu2

1National policy Adviser, Office of the President

Taipei, TAIWAN

2Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering National Cheng Kung University

Tainan, TAIWAN

Taiwan is an island country with growing developmental pressures in the coastal zone. Three-fifths of the population live within the narrow belt directly inland of the ocean’s edge, and the concentration of population has resulted in increasing demands for recreational use of beaches. On the other hand, beach erosion problems for homes, hotels, roads and parks often lie in the path of those living near the shoreline and the destructive impacts of storms. The object of this paper is to examine the countermeasures of eroding beaches, over the course of 30 years, around the Taiwan coast. The preventive work includes hard and soft solutions designed to protect the shore from wave attacks. These protective and related procedures designed to respond to seashore problems were discussed as to their effectiveness in halting coastal erosion. Some typical examples given explore the positive and negative response to the destruction of typhoon storm surges and waves.

CST-7: Coastal Environmental Problems

DEVELOPMENT ON PURIFICATION SYSTEM OF THE WATER QUALITY BY USING OF COHESION POWDER

Kyoichi Okamoto and Kenji Hotta

Department of Oceanic Architecture and Engineering

Nihon University Funabashi, Chiba, JAPAN

[email protected]

Recently, it becomes high density COD of the water pollution and then various equipments for purification are proposed. But it is difficult to process the activated sludge procedure using microorganism. Here, cohesion powder is paid to attention. Now, it is necessary to set up the processing facilities on land to process it with cohesion powder and it is very expensive. In this research, our object is to develop the water purification system of the water quality and examine the effect of the system in lakes or marches, in which eutrophic condition and “Aoco” had been growing up, by using cohesion powder and the equipment generating well-up and circulation flow, as first step to apply it to the ocean.For executing this experiment, we had developed mixing equipment for cohesion powder which is small and portable. As the results, it is obtained the effect of the water quality purification system is very good, since cohesion powder condensed the pollution material and it subsided.

A-35


AN ESTIMATE OF THE EDDY VISCOSITY AND EDDY DIFFUSIVITY IN A STRATIFIED ESTUARY

Jin Hee Yuk, Shin-ichi Aoki and Satoru Otani

Toyohashi University of Technology

Toyohashi, JAPAN [email protected]

The purpose of this study is to estimate the coefficients of eddy viscosity Nz and eddy diffusivity Kz in a vertically stratified estuary based on the field data. Detailed and continuous measurements of velocity and salinity were carried out in summer in Inohana Lake, Japan, an estuary subjected to the tide in the Pacific Ocean. Variations in the velocity and salinity caused by tidal current, freshwater discharge and wind stress were observed by an ADV (3-D Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter), an ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) and some salinity meters set up in the center of the estuary. The coefficients were theoretically defined as in ( ' ') /z− = , u w N u zρ ρ ∂ ∂ ( ' ') /w s K s zρ ρ− = ∂ ∂z . The vertical gradients of mean horizontal velocity ( /u z∂ ∂ ) and mean salinity ( /s z∂ ∂ ) and turbulent deviations, i.e., u’, w’ and s’ were obtained from the measurements. The estimated Kz and Nz were discussed and expressed in terms of intensities of stratification and external forces.

EFFECT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CHLORIDE REMOVAL TREATMENT ON THE CORROSION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE

K. C. Chen1, C. Lee2 and K. W. Chien2

1Center of Harbor & Marine Technology, Institute of Transportation

Wu-Chi, Taichung County, TAIWAN [email protected]

2Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University

Chung Li, Tau-Yuan County, TAIWAN

The primary objective of this research is to study the effect of chloride removal efficiency on the corrosion of reinforced concrete. By applying an electrochemical treatment with different current densities, the effects on concrete resistivity and electrical potential, as well as the changes in the corrosion rate of reinforcing steel were evaluated. Test results have demonstrated that an electrochemical treatment may reduce the chloride content of the concrete. It may also decrease the corrosion current in the reinforcing steel, increase the concrete resistivity, and shift the potential in a positive direction. By increasing the current density and the period of treatment, the efficiency of chloride removal may be increased. The tests showed that chloride content was reduced significantly between the cathode and anode. Outside of the electrode zone, chloride content almost remained unchanged. This further illustrates the effect of electrochemical chloride removal process in the corrosion treatment of reinforced concrete.

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DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS IN CONFINED COMPRESSIBLE MIXING LAYER

Ho-Shuenn Huang

Department of Mechanical Engineering Nan-Joen Institute of Technology


Numerical simulations in compressible mixing layers within confined walls were studied. Numerical algorithm utilizing spectral scheme was also constructed and achieved for medium resolutions run at local computers. A fast chemical reaction model with infinite rate chemistry was introduced in order to provide a better understanding of the mixing process. Excited by the random-broadband white noise in a sense of a “natural experiment”, the mixing layers behave, in the early transitional region, as predicted by the linear stability theory. The exponential growth of Kelvin-Helmholtz modes governs the major linear and weakly nonlinear development in the middle transitional region. However, there exist streamwise minus modes that grow algebraically in the very early stage, which are later strongly enhanced and then interact with Kelvin-Helmholtz modes or acoustic modes in the fully-developed transitional zone. Such a tangling mechanism may play an important role as the flow evolves into turbulence.

THE PRIMARY SEAWATER COMPOSITIONS ANALYSIS OF FIVE MAJOR PORTS IN TAIWAN

Chien-Ming Lo and Kuei-Ching Chen

There are many chemical compositions in sea water with components varied by estuarine outlet, industrial wastewater, life sewage and ships oil pollution. Sea water is a severely corrosive environment for most metals. Steel-made structures such as wharf steel-piles, pipe lines, and pull rods are immersed in seawater for many years. Since they are subject to corrosion attack, it is necessary to analyze seawater variations when surveying the wharf sheet-piles physical corrosion situations. In the study, seawater at five major ports (Kao-Shung, Keel-Lung, Tai-chung, Hwa-ling, Sue-Au) were analyzed in different seasonal periods. Results were shown, that characters of seawater are different at each other port in water temperatures of 17.5~31.0°C, dissolved oxygen 4.5~8.4 mg/l, Cl- concentrations within 14000~24300 ppm, pH values of 7.25~8.99, and conductivity of 38.0~52.5 mmho/cm.

A-37


THE EVALUATION OF THE BINDING COEFFICIENT BETWEEN PAHS ON COLLOID ORGANIC MATTERS IN ESTUARY: IN FIELD

AND IN LABORATORY

Ping-Chieh Hsieh, Jun-Hong Lin and Chon-Lin Lee*

Department of Marine Environment and Engineering National Sun Yat-sen University

Kaohsiung, TAIWAN *[email protected]

Estuary is a complicated region with the mixing of fresh and sea water as well as the mixing of two types of very different colloid organic matters (COMs), namely terrestrial and marine. As such, in this region the sorption behaviors of hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOPs) on COMs becomes more sophisticated to describe. To move one step closer toward the real world, the COMs mixing effect on Kcoc and the binding behaviors of COMs collected from fields were aimed in this study. From our preliminary results, the values of Kcoc in field are found highly dependent upon the molar absorptivity at 280nm of colloid organic matters. That means the characteristics of COMs, such as aromaticity, greatly influence the binding constant, Kcoc, in field. From the studies of mixing binary COMs in larborary, we found that the kinetics of mixing may affect the binding constant measurements. Moreover, sets of Kcoc measurements were carried out and conclude a conservative relationship between the Kcoc and COMs mixing ratios. These conclusions could provide valuable information for binding constants, parameters, and their mixing behavior in numerical simulation of the transport of HOPs in aquatic environment.

PRODUCING GEO-REFERENCED AERIAL VIDEO MOSAICS FOR COASTAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING

Victor J. D. Tsai and Jr-Shi Kao

Department of Civil Engineering National Chung-Hsing University

Taichung, Taiwan [email protected]

Aerial video is emerging as a low-cost imagery source with remarkable potential in resource investigation, mapping, and monitoring applications. Digital video cameras are increasingly deployed on aerial platforms to provide observers with on-the-fly views of terrain. However, such video imageries are usually distorted because of the rapid change of the video camera’s attitudes and lens distortions. This paper presents the key algorithm in accurate mapping from aerial video sequences for coastal environment monitoring applications. Two processes are involved in the proposed algorithm, including nonlinear projective transformation to produce sequences of geo-referenced video images and the geo-mosaicing process to construct seamless video mosaics. Experimental results of the construction of video mosaics will be shown for coastal mapping and change detection applications in Changhua County, Taiwan.

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THE STUDY ON THE TIDE EVOLUTION AT THE YANGTZE DELTA REGION

Yang Dayuan, Shu Xiaoming and Lin Yuzhuang

Department of Urban and Resources Sciences

Nanjing University Najing, CHINA

Taihu Tide, Guangling Tide and Qianjiang Tide have been appeared at the Yangtze delta since late MIS3. This article analyzes the reason and mechanism of the tides at the Yangtze delta. Taihu Tide was formed owing to the greatest transgression in this area since Pleistocene. At that time, the ancient sea level was -10m, and the high tide level reached -2.5m, that was because there were many rocky islands and reefs in the ancient Taihu Bay. Taihu Tide was disappeared due to the regression. The formation of Guangling Tide and Qianjiang Tide was related with the transgression since Holocene. At the beginning, Yangzhou Bay was formed between Zhenjiang and Yangzhou, and the high tide level of Guangling Tide in the bay figured like bugle was +6m around. In the last 2000 years, sediments and sands in the river were increased due to the influence of the embankment in the Yangtze drainage area. With the embankment along the river, the floodings of Yangtze were lessened, and the function of Yangtze was changed into water sending and sand sending. A large amount of sediments and sands deposited at the estuary. It resulted the delta transferred toward sea rather quickly. Finally, the Yangtze delta figured like bird mouth was formed. Then the Guangling Tide disappeared gradually. The north wing of Hangzhou Bay was gradually formed during the transfer of the Yangtze delta. It resulted the formation of Hangzhou Bay figured like bugle, and it led to the appearance of the Qianjiang Tide, its high tide level reached +9.59m at Yanguan in 1997. Keywords: Yangtze River, estuary, tide

ASSESSMENT OF A TROPICAL ESTUARY BY APPLICATION OF A SIMPLE PROCESS MODEL

F. Schroeder and H.-D. Knauth

GKSS-Research Centre

Geesthacht, GERMANY [email protected]

The Brantas River within East Java plays an important role as resource for drinking water irrigation. Due to the high population density in the Brantas basin many environmental problems arise, one of them high oxygen deficiencies during dry season. Automated measurements have been carried out in the lower parts of the river over a period of three years. The high time-resolved data show distinct differences in water quality between wet and dry season with very low oxygen concentrations during the night and high day-night fluctuations (dry season). This is accompanied by changes in nitrification and denitrification. Whereas the measured time series and the underlying processes can be explained qualitatively, a more quantitative approach is needed for planning of remediation measures (how much reduction of inputs is necessary?). Since there are only few data available on the topography, a simple process model has been applied to simulate time series and longitudinal profiles of water constituents. By using this model it could be estimated which processes have the highest influence on water quality and how much the inputs have to be reduced. It could be shown that such simple models are an excellent tool for managers and authorities for planning of remediation measures.

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CST-9: Coastal Earthquakes and Coastal Hazards

TAIWAN MODEL FOR EVALUATING LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL USING SPT DATA

Sheng-Yao Lai, Ming-Jyh Hsieh and Yung-Fang Chiu

Harbor and Marine Technology Center Institute of Transportation

Wuchi, Taichung County, TAIWAN [email protected]

Taiwan is located in a western branch of the Cum-Pacific Seismic Belt, therefore earthquakes frequently occur. Under strong earthquakes, the liquefaction of sandy soils of alluvium and reclaimed lands in western coastal area of Taiwan may occur, which may cause damage for coastal and harbor facilities at this area. A strong concern among most of the experts and scholars, is how to establish the local model through the feedback analyses of an earthquake disaster data. Discriminant models are being developed for evaluating soil liquefaction potential using SPT (Standard Penetration Test) data, which consists of 592 cases of both liquefaction and non-liquefaction occurrences, including 288 cases from the Chi-Chi Earthquake in Taiwan. The discriminant model uses a multivariate statistical method. The results are further simplified to establish correlation of cyclic resistance ratios with corrected SPT-N values and fine contents. Moreover, Bayesian mapping function is used to develop a relationship of factor of safety against liquefaction with probability of liquefaction. To verify the proposed model and demonstrate the differences, comparative studies between the developed model and the deterministic empirical methods are conducted.

THE EVALUATION OF SOIL LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL IN SHE-TOU AREA

Huai-Houh Hsu, Cheng Yin-Ho and Lu Chung-Cheng

Department of Civil Engineering Chienkuo Technology University

Chang-Hua, TAIWAN [email protected]

The Chi-Chi earthquake hit Taiwan on 21 September 1999. The magnitude of 7.3 caused great damage on the central west coast of Taiwan. Because of its geologic characteristics, much damage came from soil liquefaction. Four (4) test sites located in the major liquefaction area of She-Tou were selected to estimate the soil liquefaction potential. Soil samples were obtained from the test sites by the split-spoon sampler method. These samples were carefully taken back to laboratory and tested to get their physical properties using the Chi-Chi earthquake data to evaluate soil liquefaction potential in test sites and compare with the real evidences in situ. The Seed method and Tokimatsu and Yoshimi method (T&M method) are adopted in this study. This paper presents test data from the laboratory and discusses the analysis method results.

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CST 9: Coastal Earthquakes and Earthquake Hazards

A NEW SPECIMEN PREPARATION METHOD ON CALIBRATION CHAMBER IN SILTY SANDS

Huai-Houh Hsu1, An-Bin Huang2 and Yu-Jie Huang2


Chienkuo Technology University, Chang-Hua, TAIWAN [email protected]


National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, TAIWAN [email protected]

The sand on the West Coast of Taiwan contains significant amount of silt. Because of the lack of cohesion, it is very difficult to obtain undisturbed samples for sand. In situ tests are often used to determine the engineering properties of sand. The cone penetration test (CPT) is a widely used in situ test and the interpretation of CPT data are mostly empirical. These empirical interpretation rules are mostly developed, based on chamber calibration tests, in the laboratory, and limited theoretical considerations. Most of the available empirical rules came from Europe or Northern America based on tests in uniformly graded, clean sand. The difference between uniformly graded clean sands and silty sands can be significant. It is not desirable to directly adopt the empirical CPT interpretation rules developed in the West to the silty sand on Taiwan. The preparation of a uniform chamber specimen is important. When the sand contains fines, the particle segregation during deposition process should be minimized. A new deposition method has been developed to prepare a uniform chamber specimen of silty sands. This paper introduces this method and presents its results.

BUILDING A FORECAST SYSTEM FOR NEAR-SHORE DISASTER PREVENTION AND RESCUE

Yung-Fang Chiu1, Ho-Shong Hou2, Ching-Ho Su1,3 and Chung-Ching Chien1,4

1Center of Harbor and Marine Tech., IOT


2Ministry of Economic Affairs, TAIWAN

[email protected], [email protected]

While sea exploration activities and coastal development projects in Taiwan have become extensive, in order to protect human lives and property, coastal engineering measures have been taken towards preventing dangers from high waves, surges and coastal erosion. The possibility that coastal disasters of this scale and extent could happen to Taiwan cannot be excluded. Therefore, development of an integrated coastal ocean modeling system is urgently required. In order to achieve this goal, IHMT has provided Taiwan Coastal Operational Modeling System (TaiCOMS) a major goal to develop a system of marine forecast systems for Taiwan, particularly focussing on coastal waters. This research effort has focused on topics to plan and classify an island-wide observation network, and establish a local wind-wave, tide, current, and storm surge forecast model. The wind-wave model is established earlier than other models because we hope to provide necessary information for the so-called blue highway, viz. the near-shore island-wide navigation system.

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CST-9: Coastal Earthquakes and Earthquake Hazards

TSUNAMI DISASTER MONITORING USING REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE DATA

M. D. Yang, T. C. Su and S. C. Hsu

Department of Civil Engineering National ChungHsing University


Natural disasters, such as earthquakes and tsunamis, are often widespread and the devastated areas are sometimes out of reach so that an overall in situ investigation becomes difficult or impossible. An efficient action of disaster mitigation and rescue relies on timely and comprehensive information about hazard areas. As the rapid technology development of space platform and digital imagery, remote sensing data were broadly applied to earth surface monitoring in last decades. This research employed satellite images to monitor the damage caused by the tsunami after the Sumatra earthquake struck South Asia on 24 December 2004. The devastating earthquake and tsunami changed the landscape of costal areas in many countries around the whole Indian Ocean region. Impact assessment by the tsunami was analyzed through image processes and visual interpretation that provides real-time information for rescue and rehabilitation plans.

MRMD-3: Marine Fishery

THE STATUS AND CONSERVATION OF CORAL REEFS IN TAIWAN

Chang-Feng Dai

Institute of Oceanography

National Taiwan University Taipei, TAIWAN

[email protected]

Coral reefs are found in all the waters around Taiwan except the sandy area on the west coast and are the most important marine ecosystem since they support local fishery resources, tourism industry, and coastline protection. Thirty-two sites in eight major reef regions around Taiwan were monitored from 1997-2004 using the Reef Check protocol. Both increasing and decreasing trends in coral cover were observed during the survey years, resulting in no significant changes. However, increasing trends at reef slope and decreasing trends at reef flat were found, suggesting that the reef flat biota was more influenced by anthropogenic disturbances than that of the reef slope. The abundances of fish and invertebrate indicators at most sites were at low levels suggesting that most reefs were under heavy stress of overfishing. In general, only coral reefs at Lutao (Green Island) and the inner bay of Penghu Islands, both with high coral cover, were in favorable conditions. The enforcement of laws and pollution control, particularly sedimentation from terrestrial runoff, are the major needs for protection of coral reefs in Taiwan.

A-42


CATCH ESTIMATION USING ACOUSTIC SURVEYS IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF NORTHERN TAIWAN

Hsueh-Jung Lu and Shang-Hang Tsai

Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science

National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung, TAIWAN

[email protected]

Quantitative echo sounding is a rapid way for broad-sea fishery resources survey and has been successful used for pre-season survey in the waters or seasons with monotonous fish resources. However, using such method in Taiwan waters was not that successful due to the constraint of multi-species fishery environment. In this study we collected 37 surveys data from the routine cruises of governmental research vessel using Simrad EK500 scientific echo sounder during 1999~2003 aiming to monitor the variability of multi-species fish biomass in the coastal zone of northern Taiwan. Acoustic data acquisitioned during the surveys were aggregated into 2 by 2 nm grids and integrated by geographical information system so as to observe spatio-temporal distribution of the biomass. The average volume backscattering strengths calculated from the grids performed good correlation with the total catches of coastal fisheries during the same period, which suggested that it is possible to estimate fishery production using biomass index obtained by acoustic survey, even in multi-species environment.

A STUDY ON THE COAL SUPPLY PLAN TO CHANGGONG THERMAL POWER PLANT

Sheng-hsiung Yu

Director of Power Development Department

Taiwan Power Company Taipei, TAIWAN

[email protected] The Taiwan Power Company, in response to growing power needs, has plans to develop a power plant in the Ruenwei district within the Changbin Industrial Zone. The land was reclaimed from an extensive shallow beach. The Changgong Power Plant will implement a development scheme, in which the near-term plan calls for installing two 800MW coal-fired generation units which are expected to join the commercial run in 2011 and 3.4 million tons of coal is required annually, while the site can accommodate an ultimate development of four more units, with 800MW each, to be installed in the mid-term and the long-term plan, and more than 10 million tons of coal annually will be needed. The coal can be imported from the exclusive coal unloading wharf which is to be built adjacent to the plant or the from Taichung Harbor, approximately 20km north of the site. Four transfer methods from Taichung port to the power plant have been considered: barge, conveyor system, train, and truck.

A-43


BASIC STUDY ON LEVEL OF ULTRAVIOLET EXPOSURE DURING FISHING OPERATION

Shingo Ito

Kawasaki, Kanagawa, JAPAN [email protected]

Following the discovery of an ozone hole above Antarctica in 1984, the increased intensity of ultraviolet radiation has become a major concern, prompting the WHO and other institutions throughout the world to study the likely impacts of UV radiation on the human body through direct exposure. In Australia, which is an advanced country in terms of protecting people from UV radiation due to the serious problem it is experiencing to this type of radiation, the Victoria Anti-Cancer Association has already introduced various measures, including UV intensity forecasting, guidelines for protection from UV radiation (by age group) and improved clothing. The Japanese Ministry of Environment has suggested that there is a risk of exposure to UV radiation in the everyday environment and work situations. Although a number of measures have been introduced for welding work, where UV radiation is generated by an artificial light source, no concrete measures have been established for outdoor work. Commercial fishing involves many days where fishermen are exposed to high levels of UV radiation because of the clean air and reflection from the sea’s surface. Despite suggestion of a risk, there is no reliable data on the situation of UV radiation at sea. This study intends to analyze the situation.

SURFACE WATER TCO2 VARIATION ANALYSIS USING CO2 FEEDBACK MODEL AND SATELLITE DATA

Rieko Inoue, Masatoshi Akiyama and Yasuhiro Senga

School of Marine Science and Technology

Tokai University Shizuoka, JAPAN

[email protected] The ocean contains about 50 times as much carbon as the atmosphere, while the land contains about three times as much as the atmosphere. Especially, carbon dioxide(CO2) is the one of the most important green house gases, and it is associated with air-sea gas exchange and global carbon circulation and climate research. The CO2 taken in seawater dissociates, and becomes all carbonic acids (TCO2). In the surface ocean TCO2 is controlled by the complex interactions of biological activities, chemical process and flow. However, these exchange processes are still poorly known. To examine the influence that the biological activities contribute to TCO2, we constructed the ‘Global TCO2 variation analysis model’ using the Takahashi pCO2 data set, SST (sea surface temperature, NOAA/AVHRR), the wind speed (DMSP/SSMI), and the chlorophyll data (SeaWiFS). We examined the contribution to TCO2 by the change of the chlorophyll and the seawater change from 1997 to 2004. We found the peak point of chlorophyll corresponded to lowest point of seawater exchange of TCO2 in spring in the North Pacific and Atlantic Ocean.

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DISTRIBUTION OF CORAL REEFS OFF KENTING, SOUTH COAST OF TAIWAN

Wen-Miin Tian

National Sun Yat-sen University

Dept of Marine Environment and Engineering Kaohsiung City, TAIWAN [email protected]

This investigation was dedicated in the application of sidescan sonar technology in mapping of coral reefs distribution at two sites around Ken-Ting offshore area. Major steps involved in this investigation were were conducting high resolution sidescan sonar survey, classifying seafloor into rocky and sandy bottom, groundtruth of sonographs by optical images, disintegrating rocky bottom into high, middle and low density of reef organisms, and incorporating the results into a geographic information system (GIS). The results of this investigation included the site near the outfall of the Third Nuclear Power Plant, where the major seabed of this site was rocky and covered by reef organisms of middle density. It covered an area of about 228,617m2, with most of them located at depth shallower than 5m. The rocky seabed covered by reef organisms of high density was estimated to be 125,838m2, with most of them located near Houbihu (shallower than 10m) and off Leidashi area. In the site near Tiaoshi, the major seabed was rocky, covered by reef organisms of high density. The area was estimated to be 183,325m2. Most of this kind of seabed was located off Tiaoshi at depth shallower than 7m and also distributed between Tantzewan and Shiniuzai at depth shallower than 8m.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON GEOMETRY AND LOADS OF AQUACULTURE CAGE IN UNIFORM FLOW

Ray-Yeng Yang1, Shu-Jing Jan1, Li-An Kuo1,

H. Capart2 and Hwung-Hweng Hwung1

1Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory



National Taiwan University, TAIWAN [email protected]

As wild fish stocks decline, aquaculture is expected to play an increasing role to satisfy the domestic needs of fisheries in Taiwan. The expansion of fish farms is becoming more difficult due to land subsidence and other environmental concerns. Therefore, moving the aquaculture cage into the open ocean was an aggressive move in Taiwan. Taiwan’s energetic open ocean condition presents some challenges to overcome the development of marine aquaculture. In order to enable an optimized design and evaluate the fish cage versus mooring performance during the Taiwan’s energetic open ocean, a physical modeling method is currently being considered at the Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory (THL) of National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Taiwan.

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SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIATION OF SPECIES COMPOSITION OF LARVAL ANCHOVY FISHERY IN TAIWAN

Feng-Jen Hsieh1, Ming-Anne Lee1 and Yu-Tzu Wang2

1Dept. Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science

National Taiwan Ocean University, TAIWAN

2Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, TAIWAN

Larval anchovy fishery is one of the most important coastal fisheries in Taiwan. The target species are Engraulidae and Clupeidae larval fish. This study attempted to understand spatiotemporal variation of species composition of larval anchovy fishery in Taiwan during the period of 2002 to 2004 in the coastal water of northeast and southwest region. The result shows that the dominanted and by-catch species in different region has significant difference. In the southwest water, the dominant species is Encrasicholina heteroloba, while in the northeast water then is E. punctifer. The compositions of by-catch larval fish varied spatiotemporal. Dominant species group of by-catch were Leiognathidae, Sillaginidae, Synodontidae, Ophichthidae and Nemipteridae in the southwest water, Sillaginidae, Leiognathidae, Synodontidae, Gobiidae, Sparidae and Apogonidae in the northesast water. Otherwise, multivariate analyses method has been used to decompose the composition of by-catch species in study.

DEVELOPMENT OF FISHING PORT FACILITIES AS NURSERY FOR FISHERY RESOURCES

Miyuki Oshitani1, Yasushi Ito1, Shinichi Komura2,

Yasuhiro Obata3 and Masao Kishino1

1The Japanese Institute of Technology on Fishing Ports, Grounds and Communities


2Fisheries Experiment Station Okayama Prefecture, Okayama, JAPAN

3Tamano Station, National Center for Stock Enhancement

Fisheries Research Agency Okayama, JAPAN

This paper presents the study on the development of fishing port facilities as a nursery for fishery resources through enhancing the colonization of native fish and artificially cultured and released juvenile fish (Epinephelus akaara). This field survey and experimental study were conducted in the fishing port on the Shiraishi Island of Okayama prefecture. Through the field survey, we firstly clarified the functions of fishing port facilities to provide juvenile fish with food and shelter, which are relevant to hydraulic and physical conditions regarding to the port itself and port facilities. And then we observed both species and biomass of fish and food organism as well as the colonization of released fish after releasing cultured juvenile on the artificial reefs, which were installed on the rubble base mound of breakwater. The results suggest that the artificial reefs have functions equivalent to those of the prototype installed off the coast of the Shiraishi Island and enhance nursery functions of the port.

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POPULATION DYNAMICS AND STOCK ASSESSMENT OF SWORDFISH (XIPHIAS GLADIUS) IN THE WATERS AROUND

TAIWAN

Wang Sheng-Ping, Chi-Lu Sun and Su-zan Yeh


Lower jaw fork length (LJFL) and weight data, and biological samples of swordfish were collected at Tungkang, Nanfangao, and Shinkang fish markets. Age and growth was studied by counting growth bands on cross-sections of the second anal fin. Monthly marginal increment ratios indicated that growth bands form once a year. The generalized von Bertalanffy growth parameters by sex were estimated and the difference between sexes is significant. Most mature females were ripening and no hydrated oocytes were observed, indicating that swordfish do not spawn in the waters around Taiwan. Sex-specific YPR and SSBR were analyzed to evaluate the population status of swordfish. Total mortality rates, estimated from length composition data by catch-curve analysis, are on the order of 0.30 and 0.35 year−1 for females and males. Pauly’s empirical method indicates natural mortality rates of 0.25 and 0.27 for females and males, implying that the current fishing mortality rate on either sex is less than 0.1 year−1. This is well below the estimates for the target reference points F40% (0.12 year−1) and F0.1 (0.20 year−1), suggesting the swordfish in the waters around Taiwan are not overexploited.

UTILIZATION, MANAGEMENT AND SATELLITE TRACKING ON WHALE SHARK IN TAIWAN AREA

Shoou-Jeng Joung1, Hua-Hsun Hsu1 and Kwang-Ming Liu2

1Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science

National Taiwan Ocean University [email protected]

2Institute of Marine Resource Management

National Taiwan Ocean University

The whale shark, Rhincodon typus, has been monitored by a quota system at this moment. A total of 325 whale sharks were landed in Taiwan during Jan. 2001 and Nov. 2004. The majority of them were caught by set-net and spear. From analyzing body length of 391 individuals, it indicated that the range of body length of landed whale shark was between 1.0m and 12.5m with a highest peak at the 3.0 m – 6.5 m length interval (n=341; 87.2%). Four individuals of whale sharks have been attached the satellite tags between 2002 and 2004. Three of them have successfully transmitted its location and habitat temperature data back via Argos satellite. These three individuals migrated 3,265 miles in 208 days, 1,981 miles in 108 days, and 1,965 miles in 125 days, respectively. And they moved in the layer where the water temperature was between 26 and 30℃. These results provide important information for the conservation and management on the world’s largest fish. More such tagging researches and further stock assessment are required.

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MRMD-4: Marine Recreation and Tourism

EXTENSIVELY ECOLOGICAL SOLUTION FOR SHORE PROTECTION MATTER

Hsiang-Yu Huang, Ying-Chih Wu, Jiing-Yih Liou,

Ray-Yeng Yang and Hwung-Hweng Hwung

Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory Tainan, TAIWAN

[email protected]

In Taiwan, typhoons’ invasion influences the island severally each year. In order to evade the disaster such as subsidence of toe revetment or scattered armor unit caused by high wave energy performance, building tetrapods in decades to protect civilians and national territory are already been in consideration. Therefore, beholding the concrete to be the major concept of shore protection, the ecological balance became plunged by overgrown civilization. Consequently, reviving the ecosystem by constructing a biological coastal composition is in great demand. In order to extend more ecological solutions along the shore protection matter, a new method, which was established upon the cathodic protection principle, uses certain ranges of low safe voltage to provide seament that contains a certain ratio of limestone (CaCO3) with magnesium (Mg(OH)2) condensed at the cathode side which are named “Biorock”. Based on this experience, Biorock could provide vast advantages including revetment shelter, biological composition, self-repairable structure and enrichment ecosystem. This study evokes where Biorock could submit the coastal defense and how shall it be pervaded by blueprinting the combination issue.

SOFT SOLUTION FOR SHORE PROTECTION AND COASTAL RECREATION ON SHUANG-CHUN COAST

Ray-Yeng Yang, Ying-Chih Wu, Jiing-Yih Liou and Hwung-Hweng Hwung

Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory


Our study focuses on how to ameliorate recent shore protection to coastal recreation by using soft shore protection strategies in Taiwan. Results of some shore protection island-wide could be improved by beach nourishment combined with some hard structures; however, the specific characteristics at each local site should be taken into consideration. As we know, beach nourishment is a world-wide technique. This soft method can be applied in coastal areas dominant with low or moderate wave energies and with mild or moderate slopes. Moreover, in this study a shore protection countermeasure was to abate the erosion problem and build additional recreational areas for the Shung-Chun coast in Tainan County. The design criteria for the countermeasures was based on a headland control strategy combined with sand nourishment.

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AN OBSERVATION ON THE PEOPLE SUPPORTING CULTURAL EXCHANGES CITIES AND FISHING COMMUNITIES

Izumi Seki1, Hiroshi Tomita2, Masao Kishino1 and Yugo Imazu1

1The Japanese Institute of Technology on Fishing Ports, Grounds and Communities


2Fishery Communities Planning Corporation

Tokyo, JAPAN

Cultural exchange programs concentrated on fishing experiences between cities and fishing communities have been aggressively promoted in recent years, even as an aspect of national policy. In implementation of such programs, however, there are many problems in such areas as budgeting, human resources, planning, operations, etc. that make it hard to be continued. In particular, a shortage of leadership in fishing community is conspicuous along with depopulation and aging, and it has become one of the biggest factors that contribute to an obstacle against the sustainable activities. In this thesis, we have studied on effectiveness and subjects of regional supporters based on examples promoting exchange activities between cities and fishing communities by obtaining manpower from outside of the community. In order to effectively apply outside developments to a local situation, organization of local residents and establishment of a sound structure in the local community is essential. Having a variety of such supporting groups may be the determinant essential for development of a local community. A STUDY ON THE LAND USE STRATEGIES OF TAIWAN’S COASTAL

ZONE TOURISM FACILITIES IN LANDSCAPE TYPE AND ALLOCATION ASPECTS

Hwang-lin Hsu1,2 and Mei-ying Chang 2

1Chienkuo Technology University

2Feng Chia University

Based on the change of the domestic social type, to develop tourism resource and promote the activities of tourism recreation becomes the main goal of the public and the private sectors. Taiwan is an island country, it owns a variety of sea resources and seashore landscapes. Taiwan’s coastal zone is prone to open for the ordinary people gradually. To develop coastal zone tourism may become an important part of the whole island tourism industry. When the tourists come to coastal zone, they need many kinds of tourism facilities, such as suitable parking spaces, toilets and shower spaces, resting areas, living units, retail shops, walking paths, boardwalks, bicycle routes, pier and marinas, etc. These facilities support land dependent and water dependent tourism activities. The allocations of the tourism facilities influence the space attributes of the coastal recreational area, such as the distances between them, the space forms enclosed by them, the landscapes they finally create with topography. This study is to research the landscape type and allocation of Taiwan’s coastal zone tourism facilities within the land use strategy, and try to get some ideas from how ordinary people think, so as to get improvements for the planner of coastal recreational area in the future.

A-49


ECOLOGICAL AND CONSERVATION OF THE HORSESHOE CRAB IN KINMEN

Cheng-Kuo Yang

Kinmen Fisheries Research Institute

Kinmen is located at the mouth of the Fujian Province,s Kowloon River. It is an island composed of granite and nutrients abound at the site where the river meets the sea, making it an ideal place for marine life to thrive. The vast tides and wetlands make Kinmen’s shores a major attraction, breeding a tidal ecosystem and enabling one of the world’s most precious living fossils, the Tachypleus tridentatus, more commonly known as the horseshoe crab, to exist for 400 million years. At the Institute of Zoology, an effort was launched to revive this declining species through habitat protection, artificial breeding methods, mass cultivation, and involvement of the local population in release programs and education through active participation in conservation. In this study the ecology and conservation of the horseshoe crab in Kinmen will be presented, especially for its.habitat environment and life cycle. Moreover, the establishing and implementing management of the protected area in Kinmen will be also discussed.

WKSP-4: The Spratley Islands and International Marine Science Cooperation

ACIDIFICATION OF SEAWATER IN THE SOUTH CHINA AND SULU SEAS

Chen-Tung Arthur Chen

Institute of Marine Geology and Chemistry

National Sun Yat-Sen University Kaohsiung, TAIWAN

[email protected]

The oceans are absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and this is causing a decrease in pH of the seawater. Calculations based on measurements in the South China Sea indicate that the estimated reduction of pH amounts to 0.18 units in the surface with a doubling of pCO2, which is equivalent to a 34% increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions. As a result, many marine ecosystems such as coral reefs and calcareous organisms are likely to become less robust and these will be more vulnerable to other environmental impacts such as increasing seawater temperature, higher turbidity, rising sealevel and stronger UV.

A-50


MAPPING FROM FORMOSAT-2 STEREO IMAGERY: DEM GENERATION OVER ITU ABA ISLAND

T. T. Tsai1,2, C. C. Liu2,3, C. P. Ko2 and Y. W. Wang3

National Cheng Kung University

1Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering 2Disaster Prevention Research Center

3Department of Earth Science Tainan, TAIWAN

Georeferencing an isolated island in the open ocean, including its spatial location and elevation, is a challenging task that can be achieved by spaceborne remote sensing. The accuracy of georeferencing depends not only on the spatial resolution of images used, but also the capability of taking stereo pairs for generating the digital elevation models (DEM). The pointable capability of FORMOSAT-2 enables the stereo pairs over the same area to be taken both along- and cross-track with 2 meters resolution. To assess the accuracy of georeferencing by use of FORMOSAT-2 imagery, we generated the DEM from the stereo pairs of FORMOSAT-2 imagery taken in the watershed of Chen-Yu-Lan River, where the detailed ground control points are available. The results were then compared to the existing 5-m resolution of DEM and the standard product of ASTER DEM over the same area. The same approach was applied to georeference the Itu Aba Island in the South China Sea. Results from this research encourage the application of FORMOSAT-2 stereo imagery on georeferencing an isolated island in the open ocean.

OBSERVATIONS OF CHL-A AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS AROUND NANSHA ISLANDS USING SATELLITE DATA

DanLing Tang and GuangMing Zhang

LED, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology

Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, CHINA [email protected]

Nansha Island (Spratlys), located in the south part of the South China Sea, consists of hundreds of small islands and coral reefs. This area is one of the most dangerous for ship navigation and marine transportation due to limited scientific information from ship surveys. Taking the advantages of remote sensing technology, the present study investigates the distribution of coral reefs, Chlorophyll-a and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and their physical environments for Nansha Island region. Comparisons between in situ and satellite data have been analyzed using SeaWiFS, MODIS and NOAA data. Case studies on the Fierry Cross Reef and Daxian Jiao (Discovery Great Reef) show interesting features of temporal variation of Chl-a and SST distribution in this region, indicating a relatively high primary production related to these coral reefs. Research on the long-term changes of a biological situation in Nansha Island region is called for future study.

A-51


USING SAR TO STUDY THE ENVIRONMENT OF SPRATLY ISLANDS

Ming-Kuang Hsu1 and Antony K. Liu2

1Center for General Eduction

Northern Taiwan Institute of Science and Technology Taipei, TAIWAN

[email protected]

2NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Oceans and Ice Branch

Greenbelt, Maryland, USA and

U.S. Office of Naval Research Global - Asia [email protected]

Spratly Islands are located in the southern part of the South China Sea (SCS). It consist hundreds of small islands and coral reefs. Remote sensing is the only way to get a synoptic view of all islands. It had been demonstrated that satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is a very powerful tool to obtain meso-scale and small-scale ocean processes in a large area. In this study, SAR images are used to study ocean, atmosphere and bathymetry features, such as ship wake, surface waves, oil spill, rain cell, coral reefs, bottom topography and small islands in the Spratly Islands. The goal is to understand the capability of satellite remote sensing to monitor the ocean environment and to provide information for future field studies. First, the high resolution (25m) ERS-2 SAR image over the entire Spratly Islands area have been collected & processed from the Taiwan Ground Station. Then, the ocean features are identified/extracted from the SAR images to overlay with the bathymetry map for comparison. In this talk, some case studies will be discussed for demonstration.

CHLOROPHYLL-A PATTERN IN SPRATLY ISLANDS SEA AREA

Tran Van Dien

Institute of Marine Environment and Resources Haphong City, VIETNAM

[email protected]

The Spratly Islands consists of hundred of small islands located south of the South China Sea (SCS). These islands are occupied by five countries so is very difficult to carry out field survey in the sea area. Remote sensing is effective for monitoring the environment of the Spratly Islands area. Ocean color remote sensing data with the capability to recover large areas every day is effective for monitoring biological, physial process, and environment. This study uses SeaWiFS satellite data provided by NASA for monitoring Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) pattern in Spratly Islands area. SeaWiFS data in 2004 was processed using SeaDAS software using the OC4 algorithm to calculate Chl-a concentration at 1.1-km resolution. Monthly composites were created for monthly assessments and seasonal variations of Chl-a. Results of the Chl-a processed show that Chl-a concentration over and around coral reef is higher than other areas. In the summer Chl-a concentration was low in almost all areas. In winter, Chl-a concenration was relatively higher. From July to September, due to enlarged upwelling bloom in west coast SCS, Chl-a was high in the western part.

A-52


El NINO-RELATED OFFSHORE PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM EVENTS AROUND THE SPRATLEY ISLANDS

Osamu Isoguchi1, Hiroshi Kawamura1 and Ku-Yaacob Ku-Kassim2

1Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies Graduate School of Science

Tohoku University Sendai, Miyagi, JAPAN

[email protected]

2Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Department of Fisheries Malaysia Kuala Terengganu, MALAYSIA

Satellite chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) observations reveal anomalous offshore phytoplankton bloom events around the Spratley Islands in the South China Sea (SCS) during the spring of 1998. The bloom entails anomalous wind jet and sea surface temperature (SST) cooling, suggesting that the wind jet-induced mixing and/or offshore upwelling bring about the cooling and the bloom through the supply of nutrient-rich waters into the euphotic zone. The strong wind jet is orographically formed responding to shifts in wind direction over the eastern SCS. The wind shift is connected with the Philippine Sea anomalous anticyclone that is established during El Niño, indicating the El Niño-related offshore bloom. The long-term reanalysis winds over the eastern SCS demonstrates that wind jet formation and associated offshore cooling/bloom are expected to occur in most cases of the subsequent El Niño years.

MAPPING THE ATOLLS OF THE SPRATLYS USING LANDSAT:

ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

Cesar Villanoy, Erlinda Salamante, Imelda Velasquez and Gil Jacinto

Marine Science Institute

University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES

[email protected]

The Spratleys archipelago consists of a few hundred shoals and atolls in the southeastern part of the South China Sea. Some of these atolls are more than 60km in length while most are between 10-20km. It is well established that the Spratleys is a major fishing area but the productivity of the Spratleys is still not well understood. Since the area is dominated by large atoll systems, it is important to determine the significance of atoll systems in supporting biological productivity. This will be inferred from maps of coral reefs from classified LANDSAT images of selected atoll systems. Available historical data on reef fish biomass in selected shoals and atolls were then used to calculate for total reef fish biomass in the coral reefs of the Spratleys. In addition, the lagoons of the atolls are important entrainment regions. Data from a recent cruise to the North Danger Reef show increased nutrient and phytoplankton levels inside the lagoon compared to the outside. The level of increase of chlorophyll will be compared to dimensions of the lagoon based on the premise that if the lagoon is deep with shallow connections to the open ocean, the residence time is longer and hence, phytoplankton levels higher.

A-53

WKSP-5: Ocean Observing Systems

ON THE DEVELOPEMENT OF THE AUTOMATIC SHIPBOARD MARINE-METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATION SYSTEM

Pei-Hung Chen, Hwa Chien, Yen-Pin Lin and Chia Chuen Kao

Coastal Ocean Monitoring Center National Cheng Kung University


Ship marine-meteorological reports are essential for improving the accuracy of weather forecasting, especially for Taiwan, an island surrounded by ocean and seas. To promote the domestic voluntary observing fleet program in Taiwan, the development of an automatic shipboard marine meteorology observation system is carried out by the Coastal Ocean Monitoring Center, National Cheng Kung University under the support of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC) since 2003. The prototype is currently in commission and offers near-realtime field data to the Central Weather Bureau in Taipei. The system is designed to be installed or uninstalled on a merchant vessel liner within two hours to avoid the expense of overlong anchorage. Field data of average wind-speed, direction and wind friction velocity, air temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure are automatically transmitted hourly through iridium satellites. The data is offered as the initial condition of numerical models and the reference for model validation. Other items such as clouds and waves could also be merged, coded and integrated for transmission. This paper briefly describes the details of this system and other relevant issues including the setup of data quality control and logistic systems. PRECISE ACOUSTIC NAVIGATION SYSTEM FOR BOTTOM BASED

REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLES (ROV)

Adam Zielinski and Li Zhou

Department of Electrical Engineering University of Victoria

Victoria, B.C., CANADA [email protected] [email protected]

The ability to navigate a ROV to exact bottom locations or along a precise path is essential to many scientific and engineering tasks. Bottom and water column surveys along a precise and repeatable trajectory allow the monitoring of chemical and physical variables, and the study of sedimentation processes and biological phenomena. Precise navigation is also required for high-resolution synthetic sonar observations and for placement and retrieval of various devices on the bottom. In this paper, we address a scenario pertinent to ocean observing systems, in which a node placed on the ocean bottom is connected by an underwater cable to a shore control station. A ROV controlled from this shore station is tethered by a cable to the node and used to collect data in the vicinity of the node. We propose a novel, high precision navigation system applicable to this scenario that offers several advantages over presently used systems. The system operation is based on precise phase measurements of the acoustic signal transmitted from the ROV and received by the acoustic array mounted on the node. A scaled down, air-operated model for the system has been constructed and used to prove the concept. Results obtained are presented and discussed. Specifically, the effect of multi-path is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Work will progress on a working prototype suitable for ocean deployment.

A-54

Student Poster Session

APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTIONS TO SOLVE ADVECTION-DIFFUSION EQUATIONS

M.H. Gou and D.L. Young

Department of Civil Engineering & Hydrotech Research Institute


[email protected]

A numerical procedure based on the time-dependent diffusion fundamental solutions was applied for the transient advection-diffusion equation. In our study, we combined the method of characteristics and method of fundamental solutions for advection-diffusion problem. The method of characteristics is used to transform this problem from Euler coordinates into Lagrangian coordinates. Therefore the advection-diffusion equation was reduced to a linear diffusion equation. And the diffusion equation is easier to solve by the method of fundamental solutions in the time-space domain. By the backtracking for the massless particles along the characteristics path, the solution along the original coordinates can be obtained. Some examples for the one and two-dimensional advection-diffusion equations are solved. On the other hand, we also computed the rotating cone problem to simulate the wave equation. All test cases results are obtained and compared with the analytical solutions. And it is also proved that the method of fundamental solutions is a good numerical scheme with high accuracy.

LABORATORY MEASUREMENT OF ENTRAINED AIR BUBBLES IN THE NEARSHORE BREAKERS

Shih-Shen Hsu and Ching-Jer Huang*

Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering


*[email protected]

The main characteristics of the active bubbles entrained by breaking waves in the surf zone were investigated experimentally in this paper. Different types of breaking waves were generated in a wave flume with a piston-type wave maker at one end and an impermeable beach at the other end. Underwater noise generated by the entrained air bubbles was received with a hydrophone connected to a charge amplifier and a data acquisition system.. The size distribution of the bubbles was then determined inversely from the received sound frequencies. The Gabor transform was employed to transform the sound signal in the time domain into the time-frequency domain. Numbers of different-sized bubbles were counted from the signals presented in the time-frequency domain. The characteristics of the bubbles are expressed in terms of the bubble size spectra, which show the variation in bubble probability density with respect to the bubble radius )(rn r . Our experimental data showed that for all breakers is proportional to )(rn 2−r in the range of large bubble . However, in the range of smaller bubbles is proportional to

mmr 1>)(rn r following different power

law, with the values of power depending on the type of the breakers.

A-55


METHOD OF FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTIONS FOR WATER WAVE DIFFRACTION BY THIN POROUS BREAKWATER

C.H. Tsai, C.W. Chen, C.M. Fan, D.L. Young* and K. Murugesan

Department of Civil Engineering & Hydrotech Research Institute


*[email protected]

A numerical scheme based on the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) and the domain decomposition method (DDM) is discussed for the solution of diffraction of water waves by a thin porous breakwater. With the assumption of very small breakwater thickness compared to the wavelength, the problem is reduced to a boundary value problem with degenerate boundary. Using the domain decomposition technique, the computational domain is divided along the thin breakwater, thus reducing the degenerate boundary to almost a solid boundary. Now the solution for the velocity potential is obtained using the MFS by considering the field points on the boundary of the thin breakwater as well. The present scheme is easy to implement to solve boundary value problems with degenerate boundary, which otherwise poses singularity problem when solved by the mesh dependent numerical schemes. It is demonstrated that the present results obtained for the effect of porosity and wave incident angle for both permeable and impermeable boundary conditions, are in close agreement with the results obtained by other numerical schemes.

NONLINEAR RANDOM WAVES AND THE ASSOCIATED SPECTRA OF SHEAR STRESSES

Mao-Lin Shen and Ching-Jer Huang*

Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering National Cheng Kung University

*[email protected]

Nonlinear interactions of irregular waves have been widely studied by using both the spectral and the statistical analyses. In an irregular wave train, the nonlinearity of the free surface boundary conditions introduces higher-order subharmonic and superharmonic components. Both higher-order harmonic components are bound to the linear one. The higher-order subharmonic components affect the slow-drift motion of moored vessels, the generation and evolution of sand bars and the surf-beat mechanism, and also sharpen the wave crests and flatten the wave troughs, which affect the skewness of the waves. In this study a numerical scheme was developed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations and the exact boundary conditions for simulating nonlinear random waves. The deterministic spectral method performed by fast Fourier transform algorithm was modified and applied to generate the linear components of the linear random wave train (Shen and Huang, 2004).

A-56


NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WATER WAVES USING LEVEL SET METHOD

Chun-Yuan Lin and Ching-Jer Huang*

Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering


*[email protected]

This study developed a numerical scheme to solve the unsteady two-dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, the equations, and the exact free surface boundary conditions for simulating the waves and the associated turbulent flow fields. The finite-analytic method was applied to discretize the governing equations, and the Level Set Method (LS) is adopted for capturing the interface between the air and the water. A piston-type wavemaker was also set up in the computational domain to produce the desired incident waves. To verify the accuracy of the scheme, the numerical solutions of some moving wall problems were compared with the analytical solutions obtained from the characteristics method. The solved moving wall problems were: the plate moves at constant speeds forward into or away from the still fluid.

PROPAGATION OF A SOLITARY WAVE

OVER A 3D SUBMERGED BREAKWATER

Hau-Wei Wang and Ching-Jer Huang*

Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering National Cheng Kung University

Tainan, TAIWAN *[email protected]

The damage caused by tsunamis can be catastrophic, e.g. the one that occurred on December 26, 2004 off the coast of Northern Sumatra killed more than 24,000 people. In coastal engineering, the solitary wave is often used to represent certain characteristics of tsunamis, storm surges, and other long free-surface waves, and submerged breakwaters are widely used for coastal protection against wave attack. Interaction of water waves and two-dimensional submerged breakwaters have been thoroughly investigated using different approaches under the assumption that the length of the breakwater (parallel to the shoreline) is long compared with the wavelength. Theoretically, a solitary wave is a wave with an infinitely long wave length; hence the interaction of a solitary wave and a submerged breakwater should be treated as a three-dimensional problem. In this study a numerical scheme is developed to solve the unsteady 3-d Navier-Stokes equations and the exact boundary conditions for simulating the propagation of a solitary wave over a three-dimensional submerged breakwater.

A-57

INDEX BY TITLE

A New Specimen Preparation Method on Calibration Chamber in Silty Sands.............................. A41 A Numerical Study of Nonlinear Water Waves over a Three-Dimensional Porous Bottom........... A16 A Preliminary Study on Shingle Beach Profile Change with the Small-Scale Model..................... A34 A Study of Typhoon Swell Accumulation Effect ............................................................................ A18 A Study on the Breaking Wave Impulse.......................................................................................... A18 A Study on the Coal Supply Plan to Changgong Thermal Power Plant .......................................... A43 A Study on the Land Use Strategies of Taiwan’s Coastal Zone Tourism Facilities

in Landscape Type and Allocation Aspects ........................................................................ A49 A Three-Dimensional Wave Field over a Bidirectionally Periodic Ripple Bottom ........................ A16 Abrupt Changes of Taiwan Heavy Rainfall Frequency ................................................................... A13 Acidification of Seawater in the South China and Sulu Seas .......................................................... A50 Afforestation and Shore Recreation Planning at An-Pin Port.......................................................... A29 An Estimate of the Eddy Viscosity and Eddy Diffusivity in a Stratified Estuary ........................... A36 An Observation on the People Supporting Cultural Exchanges Cities and Fishing Communities.. A49 Analysis of High-Speed Projectile on Sea Wall .............................................................................. A29 Application of the Method of Fundamental Solutions to Solve Advection-Diffusion Equations.... A55 Aquaculture Cage Net Volume Deformation Rate Improvement...................................................... A7 Artificial Neural Network in Prediction of Ocean Current .............................................................. A17 Assessment of a Tropical Estuary by Application of a Simple Process Model ............................... A39 Automated Observing Systems on Ferry Boats: Overview, Costs and Benefit ................................. A9 Basic Consideration Related Coastal Zone (Land / Ocean Space) in Regional Science ................. A30 Basic Study on Level of Ultraviolet Exposure during Fishing Operation ....................................... A44 Building a Forecast System for Near-Shore Disaster Prevention and Rescue................................. A41 Catch Estimation using Acoustic Surveys in the Coastal Zone of Northern Taiwan ...................... A43 Chlorophyll-A Pattern in Spratly Islands Sea Area ......................................................................... A52 Climate Research Programs at the University of Hawaii................................................................... A3 Coasts and Hinterland: Risk and Innovative Industries ................................................................... A12 Countermeasures against Beach Erosion around Taiwan Coast ...................................................... A35 Developing of a 2D and 3D Topographic Map Provision System using the Web............................. A5 Development of a Warning System for Coastal Disaster around Taiwan Island............................. A28 Development of Fishing Port Facilities as Nursery for Fishery Resources ..................................... A46 Development of Logistics Hub in Taiwan ....................................................................................... A22 Development on Purification System of the Water Quality by Using of Cohesion Powder............ A35 Direct Numerical Simulations in Confined Compressible Mixing Layer........................................ A37 Distribution of Coral Reefs Off Kenting, South Coast of Taiwan................................................... A45 Dynamic Analysis of Waves acting on Single-Point Moorings....................................................... A28 Ecological and Conservation of the Horseshoe Crab in Kinmen..................................................... A50 Effect of Electrochemical Chloride Removal Treatment on the Corrosion of Steel in Concrete .... A36 Effect of Wave Reflection to Runup on Smooth Dike..................................................................... A27 El Nino-Related Offshore Phytoplankton Bloom Events around the Spratley Islands.................... A53 Establishment of the Tsunami Monitoring and Historical Tsunamis Retrieval System .................. A19 Experimental Study on Geometry and Loads of Aquaculture Cage in Uniform Flow .................... A45 Extensively Ecological Solution for Shore Protection Matter ........................................................ A-48 Flow Characteristics around a Circular Cylinder near a Plane Boundary........................................ A27 GIS Application on the Engineering Basic Data at the Port of Kaohsiung........................................ A6 Hurricane Katrina: A Case Study for the Socioeconomic Value of Climate Predictions ................ A12

A-58

INDEX BY TITLE

Influence of Breaker Type to Wave Overtopping............................................................................ A33 Integrate Development of Taichung Port......................................................................................... A32 Interaction between a Solitary Wave and a Submerged Vertical Plate............................................ A24 Internal Wave Generation in Luzon Strait ....................................................................................... A15 Laboratory Measurement of Entrained Air Bubbles in the Nearshore Breakers ............................. A56 Large-Reynolds-Number Flow Across a Translating Circular Cylinder

with High Oscillating Frequencies...................................................................................... A25 Mapping from FORMOSAT-2 Stereo Imagery: DEM Generation over Itu Aba Island ................. A51 Mapping the Atolls of the Spratlys Using Landsat: Its Significance in the Productivity

of the South China Sea........................................................................................................ A53 Marine Shrimp Genomics .................................................................................................................. A7 Methane Hydrate Good News/Bad News - A Public Policy Perspective ........................................ A14 Method of Fundamental Solutions for Water Wave Diffraction by Thin Porous Breakwater......... A55 Morphology, Hydrodynamics and Sediment Characteristics of the Changyun Sand Ridge

Offshore Western Taiwan ................................................................................................... A32 Natural Marine Biotoxins: In Vitro Biosynthesis with Bacterial Cultures ........................................ A8 New Developments at the International Center for Climate and Society (ICCS)

of the University of Hawaii................................................................................................. A10 Nonlinear Analysis of Directional Wave Generations..................................................................... A17 Nonlinear Random Waves and the Associated Spectra of Shear Stresses....................................... A56 Nonlinear Sea Level Changes found in Coastal Zones.................................................................... A20 Numerical Simulation of Water Waves Using Level Set Method ................................................... A57 Observation and Analysis of Current and Suspended Sediment in Tanshui River .......................... A34 Observations of CHL-A and Physical Environments around Nansha Islands

using Satellite Data ............................................................................................................. A51 Ocean Monitoring Systems – A Challenge for Global and Regional Observations .......................... A2 On the Application of Realtime Sea Water Quality Alert System to the Environmental

Management in Dapeng Lagoon........................................................................................... A8 On the Development of the Automatic Shipboard Marine-Meteorological Observation System ... A54 On the Socio-Economic Usefulness of Climate Prediction ............................................................. A11 Overlaid Joint for Highway Bridges using Continuous Fiber Sheet................................................ A24 Population Dynamics and Stock Assessment of Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the Waters

around Taiwan .................................................................................................................... A47 Precise Acoustic Navigation System for Bottom Based Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV)....... A54 Producing Geo-Referenced Aerial Video Mosaics for Coastal Environment Monitoring .............. A38 Propagation of a Solitary Wave over a 3D Submerged Breakwater ................................................ A57 Renewable Biofuels and CO2 Sequestration by Microalgae: Engineering

and Production Economics ................................................................................................. A14 Research of Redevelopment of Fugang Cruise Ship Port Planning, Taitung, Taiwan .................... A23 Seafloor Classification with the Approach of GA-Based LVQ Neural Network .............................. A4 Second-Order Analysis of Waves Propagating over a Rectangular Impermeable Submerged Structure.............................................................................................................................. A25 Segmentation Algorithm for Digital Seabed Terrain ......................................................................... A6 Sensors for Automated Chemical/Biological Measurements in Marine Waters................................ A9 Soft Solution for Shore Protection and Coastal Recreation on Shuang-Chun Coast ....................... A48 Soft Civilization: An Era for the Pacific ............................................................................................ A1 Spatial-Temporal Focusing of Nonsymmetrical Wave Form in Shallow Water ............................. A15 Spatiotemporal Variation of Species Composition of Larval Anchovy Fishery in Taiwan............. A46

A-59

INDEX BY TITLE

SST Forecast using the APCN Multi-Model Ensemble Climate Prediction System....................... A11 Study on Wake Structures Downstream of an Impulsively Started Circular Cylinder Using PIV .. A26 Surface Water TCO2 Variation Analysis using CO2 Feedback Model and Satellite Data............... A44 Taiwan Model for Evaluating Liquefaction Potential using SPT Data............................................ A40 The Application of the Multibeam Echo Sounder in the Different Fields ......................................... A5 The Application of Series Submerged Breakwaters on Kaohsung Chikan Coastal Protection ....... A26 The Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction Potential in She-Tou Area ..................................................... A40 The Evaluation of the Binding Coefficient between PAHs on Colloid Organic Matters in Estuary:

In Field and in Laboratory .................................................................................................. A38 The Feasibility Study of Container Terminal No. 6 Construction Project

in the Port of Kaohsiung ..................................................................................................... A30 The German Hydrographic Consultancy Pool (Ghycop): An Economic Association

and Public Private Partnership in Hydrography and Applied Oceanography....................... A4 The Influence of Tidal Station Allocation on Harbor’s Tidal Data and Bathymetry Data .............. A20 The Information of AIS Applied to the Operation of VTS.............................................................. A21 The Optimization Research for the Seaports Transport Network under the Globalization ............. A22 The Primary Seawater Compositions Analysis of Five Major Ports in Taiwan .............................. A37 The Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters of Wavewatch III Model................................................... A21 The Status and Conservation of Coral Reefs in Taiwan .................................................................. A42 The Structual Changes of the Metropolitan Shore Side Focuses on Fishery Areas......................... A31 The Study on the Tide Evolution at the Yangtze Delta Region....................................................... A39 The Transformation of a Solitary Wave Propagating over a Shelf .................................................. A19 Tourism and Climate Change in Hawaii: An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis .................... A13 Tsunami Disaster Monitoring using Remote Sensing Satellite Data ............................................... A42 Use of Impact-Echo Method for Evaluation Defects of RC Structure in the Harbor ...................... A31 Using SAR to Study the Environment of Spratly Islands ................................................................ A52 Utilization, Management and Satellite Tracking on Whale Shark in Taiwan Area ......................... A47 Wave Drifting Force Free Model..................................................................................................... A23 Wave Profile Measurement by the Overlooking Capture ................................................................ A10 Wind Tunnel Simulation of Using Incineration Bottom Ash Solidification

on Coastal Sand Fixation .................................................................................................... A33

A-60

INDEX BY AUTHOR

Akiyama, Masatoshi ................... A5, A44 Aoki, Shin-ichi................................... A36 Arakawa, Osamu.................................. A8 Benzie, John......................................... A7 Capart, H. ........................................... A45 Chang, Kuang-An .............................. A24 Chang, Mei-ying ................................ A49 Chang, Sung-Chieh ............................ A24 Chen, Bang-Fuh ................................. A25 Chen, C.W.......................................... A55 Chen, Chen-Tung Arthur ................... A50 Chen, Chia-Jeng................................. A13 Chen, Chien-chih ............................... A33 Chen, Chun-Wei ................................ A17 Chen, Guan-Yu .................A15, A16, A18 Chen, Hsi-Ching ................................ A21 Chen, Jin-Yi ....................................... A19 Chen, K.C........................................... A36 Chen, Kuei-Ching .............................. A37 Chen, Pei-Hung.................................. A54 Chen, Ping-tang.................................. A30 Chen, Po-I .......................................... A28 Chen, Wan-Ting................................. A19 Chen, Wei-Hsi.................................... A33 Chen, Yang-yih ......................... A16, A18 Chen, Yi-Chun ................................... A22 Chen, Yongqi ................................ A4, A6 Cheng, Chia-yan ................................ A16 Cheng, Yin-Ho................................... A40 Chiang, Shi-Chong............................. A27 Chien, Chung-Ching .......................... A41 Chien, Chung-Ho ............................... A10 Chien, ChungHo ................................ A34 Chien, Hwa ................................. A8, A54 Chien, K.W. ....................................... A36 Chiu, Yung-Fang...............A20, A40, A41 Chou, Hsien-Ter................................. A34 Chung, Shu-Ming................................. A8 Chung, Ying-Feng.............................. A29 Coffman, Makena K.L. ...................... A13 Colijn, F. ..............................................A9 Coleman, Craig .................................. A12 Comcowich, Jerome M. ..................... A14 Dai, Chang-Feng................................ A42 Dien, Tran Van................................... A52 Ding, Jisheng........................................ A4 Du, Dewen ........................................... A6

Fan, C.M. ........................................... A55 Fan, Yang-Ming................................. A21 FerryBox-Team.................................... A9 GHyCoP Board.................................... A4 Gou, M.H. .......................................... A55 Grossmann, Wolf D. .......................... A11 Ho, Liang-Sheng................................ A34 Ho, Tsung-Chun ................................ A24 Hoshigami, Yukiyoshi ....................... A30 Hotta, Kenji ....................................... A35 Hou, Ho-Shong................ A22, A23, A28, ..............................................A32, A35, A41 Hou, Peng-Hsi ...........................A22, A32 Hou, S.M............................................ A23 Hsiao, Shih-Chun............................... A16 Hsieh, Feng-Jen ................................. A46 Hsieh, Jiun ........................................... A8 Hsieh, Ming-Jyh ..........................A6, A40 Hsieh, Ping-Chieh.............................. A38 Hsieh, Shih-Chun............................... A26 Hsu, Hua-Hsun .................................. A47 Hsu, Huai-Houh.........................A40, A41 Hsu, Hwang-lin.................................. A49 Hsu, Ming-Kuang .............................. A52 Hsu, S.C. ............................................ A42 Hsu, Shih-Shen .................................. A56 Hsu, Tai-Wen.............................A28, A35 Hsu, Yueh-Jiuan G. ........................... A19 Hu, Kai-Cheng................................... A16 Huang, An-Bin................................... A41 Huang, Chai-Cheng ............................. A7 Huang, Ching-Jer.......................A56, A57 Huang, Geui-Lin ................................ A17 Huang, Ho-Shuenn ............................ A37 Huang, Hsiang-Yu ............................. A48 Huang, Yu-Jie .................................... A41 Hung, Tin-Kan................................... A25 Huntley, Mark E. ............................... A14 Hwang, Ching-Her............................. A26 Hwung, Hwung-Hweng.... A16, A45, A48 Imazu, Yugo ...................................... A49 Inoue, Rieko....................................... A44 Isoguchi, Osamu ................................ A53 Ito, Shingo ......................................... A44 Ito, Yasushi ........................................ A46 Jacinto, Gil......................................... A53

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INDEX BY AUTHOR

Jan, Shu-Jing ...................................... A45 Joung, Shoou-Jeng ............................. A47 Juang, Jea-Tzyy.................A27, A33, A34 Kanda, Yasutsugu .............................. A30 Kang, In-Sik....................................... A11 Kao, Chia Chuen.................A8, A21, A54 Kao, Jr-Shi ......................................... A38 Kawamura, Hiroshi ............................ A53 Kida, Tetsukazu ................................. A24 Kishino, Masao ......................... A46, A49 Knauth, H.-D...................................... A39 Ko, C.P............................................... A51 Komura, Shinichi ............................... A46 Konan, Denise Eby ............................ A13 Kong, Chin-Hwa................................ A19 Kröger, K. ............................................ A9 Ku-Kassim, Ku-Yaacob..................... A53 Kuo, Chin-An..................................... A10 Kuo, ChingTong ................................ A34 Kuo, Li-An......................................... A45 Kuo, Shih-Duenn ............................... A30 Lai, JianWu........................................ A34 Lai, Sheng-Yao ........................... A6, A40 Lee, Beng-Chun ................................. A21 Lee, C................................................. A36 Lee, Chon-Lin .................................... A38 Lee, H.H............................................. A21 Lee, Jaw-Fang ...................A17, A25, A28 Lee, June-Yi....................................... A11 Lee, Long-Wen .................................. A32 Lee, Ming-Anne................................. A46 Lee, Ming-Ching................................ A10 Lee, Wu-Huei..................................... A33 Liang, Nai Kuang............................... A18 Liao, Horng-Ru.................................. A32 Lin, Chan-Hui ...................................... A8 Lin, Chang.........................A24, A26, A27 Lin, Chao-Fu............................. A27, A33 Lin, Chu-Kuan ................................... A29 Lin, Chun-Yuan ................................. A57 Lin, Jaw-Guei..................................... A20 Lin, Jun-Hong .................................... A38 Lin, Po-Ching..................................... A34 Lin, Sing-Shing .................................. A27 Lin, Wei-Jung .................................... A27 Lin, Wen-Chin ................................... A21 Lin, Yen-Pin....................................... A54 Lin, Yu-Feng...................................... A31

Lin, Yuzhuang ................................... A39 Liou, Jiing-Yih................................... A48 Liu, Antony K.................................... A52 Liu, Baohua ......................................... A4 Liu, C.C. ............................................ A51 Liu, Chi-Min...................................... A19 Liu, Kwang-Ming .............................. A47 Liu, Zhongchen.................................... A5 Lo, Chien-Ming ................................. A37 Lu, Chung-Cheng .............................. A40 Lu, Hsueh-Jung.................................. A43 Lu, Hsiu-lien ........................................ A1 Lu, Mong-Ming ................................. A13 Lu, S.C. .............................................. A23 Ma, C.F. ............................................. A23 Magaard, Lorenz................. A3, A10, A11 Marsh, James Barney......................... A12 Mashuyama, Tadashi ........................... A5 Miyazaki, Takamasa .......................... A31 Murakami, Shinkichi ......................... A24 Murugesan, K. ................................... A55 Nakamoto, Kana .................................. A5 Nakamura, Shigehisa ......................... A20 Nakazawa, Kiminori .......................... A31 Noto, Keiichi ..................................... A24 Obata, Yasuhiro ................................. A46 Oi, Musaku ........................................ A31 Okamoto, Kyoichi ............................. A35 Oshitani, Miyuki ................................ A46 Otani, Satoru ...................................... A36 Park, Chung-Kyu ............................... A11 Petchatnikov, M................................... A9 Petersen, W. ......................................... A9 Pfeiffer, Klaus D.................................. A4 Pfeiffer, K. ........................................... A9 Raleigh, C. Barry ............................... A14 Sakai, Kazuya .................................... A30 Sakuta, Masaaki................................. A30 Salamante, Erlinda............................. A53 Schroeder, F.......................... A2, A9, A39 Seki, Izumi......................................... A49 Senga, Yasuhiro................................. A44 Shan, Chen-Chi.................................... A6 Shen, Mao-Lin ................................... A56

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INDEX BY AUTHOR

Shih, C.F. ........................................... A23 Shu, Xiaoming ................................... A39 Su, Ching-Ho .............................. A6, A41 Su, T.C. .............................................. A42 Suga, Masayuki.................................. A31 Sun, Chi-Lu........................................ A47 Tai, Yi-Pao......................................... A20 Takatani, Tomohiro.............................. A8 Tang, DanLing ................................... A51 Tang, Hung-Jei..................................... A7 Tang, Qiuhua........................................ A4 Terao, Yutaka..................................... A23 Tian, Wen-Miin.................................. A45 Tomita, Hiroshi .................................. A49 Tsai, C.H. ........................................... A55 Tsai, Ching-Piao ................................ A17 Tsai, Li-Hung..................................... A26 Tsai, Shang-Hang............................... A43 Tsai, T.T............................................. A51 Tsai, Victor J. D. ................................ A38 Tseng, Wen-Jer .................................. A18 Tseng, Wern-Jier.................................. A6 Twu, Lih-Fu ....................................... A25 Velasquez, Imelda.............................. A53 Villanoy, Cesar .................................. A53 Wang, Bin .......................................... A11 Wang, Hau-Wei ................................. A57 Wang, Mou-Hsing.............................. A29 Wang, Sheng-Ping ............................. A47 Wang, Y.W. ....................................... A51 Wang, Yu-Tzu.................................... A46 Wehde, H. ............................................ A9 Wen, Chih-Chung .............................. A26 Wu, Rei-Chon .................................... A15 Wu, Ying-Chih................................... A48 Wu, Yongting....................................... A5 Yamada, Yoshifusa ............................ A24 Yang, Cheng-Kuo .............................. A50 Yang, Dayuan .................................... A39 Yang, Gang ..........................................A6 Yang, M.D. ........................................ A42 Yang, Ray-Yeng ....................... A45, A48 Yeh, Su-zan........................................ A47 Yilan, Chen .......................................... A5 Young, D.L. ....................................... A55 Yu, Chun-Fai........................................ A8

Yu, Ho-Shing..................................... A32 Yu, Sheng-hsiung .............................. A43 Yu, Yi-Hsiang.................................... A25 Yuk, Jin Hee ...................................... A36 Zhang, GuangMing............................ A51 Zhou, Li ............................................. A54 Zhou, Xinghua ...............................A4, A5 Zielinski, Adam ................................. A54

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