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PROGRAM

&

ABSTRACTS

Traders Yango June

www.haw

PACON 2006

Marine Science and Technology in Asia

Hotel, Yangon n, Myanmar 11-15, 2006 aii.edu/pacon

PACON 2006 Marine Science and Technology in Asia

ABSTRACTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Keynote Addresses

Tsunamis and Storm Surges in the Indian Ocean ................................................................................K1 Storms - Analysis, Statistics and Changes ...........................................................................................K2 River-Sea Interaction and the North Jiangsu Plain Formation.............................................................K3

Technical Papers and Sessions

OCEAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (OST) Coordinators: Lorenz Magaard (USA) and Kenji Hotta (Japan)

OST-1

Ocean Mapping and Seafloor Characterization Integrated River Information Management System (IRIMS) ..............................................................................A1 Myanmar Experience with GIS and Remote Sensing Technologies for Marine Science....................................A1 Oceanographic Studies in the Coastal Zones of Myanmar (CANCELLED).......................................................A2 Tectonics: Reflecting the Bathymetry and Sedimentation of Myanmar Continental Shelves .............................A2

OST-4A & B Remote Sensing and Oceanographic Satellites

Upwelling along Primorye Coast, Japan Sea on Satellite and In Situ Data .........................................................A3 Responses of Phytoplankton to the 2004 Asian Tsunami in Different Locations of the Indian Ocean ...............A3 A Principal Analysis using the Ten Days Composite Satellite Sst Images taken off the Coast of Japan ............A4 Detection of Seagrass with TM in Coastal Water of Hainan, China ...................................................................A4 Retrieval of Optically Active Constituents in the Upper Gulf of Thailand .........................................................A5 Bio-Optical Properties and Ocean Color Algorithms for the North Region of the South China Sea ..................A5 Variations in Light Absorption Coefficients of Suspended Particles in South China Sea...................................A6

OST-5A & B Advanced Vehicles

Analysis of the Parametric Transformation Effect on Resistance of Displacement Monohull............................A6 Assessment of Watch Keeping Officer Performance using a Ship Simulator .....................................................A7 Investigation of the Form Factor and Evaluation of the Required Engine Power for a Fast Patrol Boat ............A7 Marine Science, Technology and Seamanship ....................................................................................................A8 Parametric Investigation and Optimization of Diesel Engine Noise, Emissions and Fuel Economy .................A8 Yacht Construction in Myanmar .........................................................................................................................A9

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OST-6 Operational Experiences in Environmental Monitoring

Contemporary Concentration Levels of Heavy Metals Aerosols and Gaseous Mercury

over the Arctic Ocean Seas ...................................................................................................................A9 Flowcam® Technology – Continuous Imaging Fluid Particle Analyzer for Aquatic Research

and Monitoring....................................................................................................................................A10 Meridian: Russian Observational Project in the Atlantic Ocean .....................................................................A10 New Results from the German Ferrybox...........................................................................................................A11 Operational Monitoring of the Brantas River, Indonesia – Measurements and Modelling ...............................A11

OST-7A & B Climate Change

Climate Change in Myanmar During the Last Five Decades ............................................................................A12 Towards a Homogeneous 50 Year Climatology of Typhoons in SE Asia.........................................................A12 The Impacts of El-Nino and La-Nina Events on the Climate of Myanmar .......................................................A13 The Inter-Annual Variations in the Monsoon Climatology of Myanmar and Its Perspectives..........................A13 Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction Effect on Monsoon during 2002 ......................................................................A14 The Characteristic of Behavior Changes in the Climatology of the Bay Storms

during the Last Three Decades ............................................................................................................A14 The Substantial Increased Earthquake Activities in Myanmar during the Last Five Years

and Its Perspectives .............................................................................................................................A15 The Volcanic Ash Eruption in Barren Island─The Only Live Volcano in the Andaman Sea

between Sumatra and Myanmar ..........................................................................................................A15 The Economic Impact of Alternative Energy in Hawaii: A General Equilibrium Analysis ..............................A16 Methane Hydrates, What do They Mean for Climate and Society? ..................................................................A16 Climate Prediction, Economic Value and Radical Innovation...........................................................................A17

OST-8A, B & C Aquaculture and Mariculture Technology

Co-Culture of Shrimp and Algae: Improvement of Water Quality....................................................................A17 Effect of “Ocean Fertilizer” on the Growth of Seaweeds in the Philippines .....................................................A18 Effectiveness of Hemispherical Steel Net Covering Artificial Reef on Fish Aggregation ................................A18 Evaluation Studies for Site Selection of Edible Oyster Growing

in Ma-Gyi Tidal Creek Estuarine Region............................................................................................A19 Improvement of Scallop Sea Ranching by Recycling Shells.............................................................................A19 Marine Fishery Resources Potential and Exploitation of Myanmar ..................................................................A20 Myanmar Pearling Industry ...............................................................................................................................A20 Numerical Experiment of the Relationship between Discoloration of Nori (Porphyra yezoensis)

and Seasonal Wind ..............................................................................................................................A21 Opportunities and Challenges in Myanmar Aquaculture...................................................................................A21 Potential of Marine Fishery in Myanmar...........................................................................................................A22 Research on the Structure Improving Sediment Quality by Current Control ....................................................A22 Study on the Porous Material for Improvement of Marine Biological Environment ........................................A23 Technology of Seaweed, Kappaphycus /Eucheuma Cultivation in the Tropical Waters...................................A23

OST-9A & B Natural Energy

Introduction of Tidal Power for Rural Remote Villages Electrification in Myanmar .......................................A24 Power Generation by Tidal Current...................................................................................................................A24 Experimental Study on Power Generation System from Tidal Currents for Navigation Buoy .........................A25 Design and Fabrication of a Vertical Axis Small Scale Water Turbine ............................................................A25 Crossflow Turbine for Micro Hydro Power Plant .............................................................................................A26 Characteristics of VAWT using ARC Camber Blades for Wind Generation System .......................................A26

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In-Situ Observation on the Wind in the Northeastern Coast of Taiwan ............................................................A27 Research on Collective Housing Areas and Characteristics of Residents in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia................A27 Research on Establishment of Resource Recycling Society in Cobb Hill Co-housing......................................A28 Fundamental Operational Characteristics of Grid-Connected Clustered PV System ........................................A28 From "Point" to "Field" on Renewable Energy .................................................................................................A29

COASTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (CST) Coordinators: Young C. Kim (USA) and Yoshifusa Yamada (Japan)

CST-1

Hydrodynamics of Coastal Waters Bragg Scattering of Water Waves in Real Fluids ..............................................................................................A29 Buoy Measurements of Wind-Wave Interaction during Tropical Cyclones......................................................A30 Flow Visualization of Vortex Shedding behind the Circular and Elliptical Cylinders ......................................A30 Reduction of the Wave Drifting Forces using Aircushion Supported System...................................................A31 Velocity Change in Nearshore Zone due to Coastal Drain System by VOF Method ........................................A31

CST-2 Coastal Water Level Fluctuations

Design of Storm Surge – Experiments for Understanding Storm Surge Phenomena and Model Testing .........A32 Numerical Calculation of the High Water Level Fluctuations during the Typhoon Period...............................A32 Rapid Estimation of Storm Surge due to Tropical Cyclones using Satellite Meteorology................................A33 Seismicity of the Andaman Sea.........................................................................................................................A33 Storm Surge Prediction in Myanmar: Operational and Post Storm Field Survey Perspectives.........................A34 Three Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Storm Surge in the Southeastern Sea of Korea..........................A34

CST-3A & B Coastal Structures

A Solitary Wave Propagating over a Submerged Breakwater ...........................................................................A35 A Study on Making Sea Hazard Map Considers Tsunami Damages of Ships...................................................A35 Artificial Headland using Spar Buoy Sea Forest ...............................................................................................A36 Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Steels for Marine Structures ......................................................................A36 Influence of Wave Reflection to Runup on Step Dike.......................................................................................A37 Numerical Simulation on Behavior of Floating Structures in Tsunami by MPS Method..................................A37 The Design of Anchorage for Waters Outside Kaohsiung Harbor ....................................................................A38 Visible Space by Landscape Recognition of Local Inhabitans and Its Composition.........................................A38

CST-4A & B Ports and Harbors

A Single Mooring Net-Cage Subjected to Wave Force.....................................................................................A39 Extension Planning of the Da-Wu Fishing Harbor for Improving Sea Transportation on East Taiwan............A39 Integrated Development Project of Keelung Port .............................................................................................A40 Myanmar Port and Harbor Development and Coastal Zone Management ........................................................A40 The New Generation Container Terminal Facility and Equipment ...................................................................A41 Yangon Sea Access Channel Associated Port Improvement Study...................................................................A41

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CST-5A & B Coastal Sediment Processes

Sediment Movement and its Impact on the Distribution of Benthic Macrofauna

in the North Andaman Sea ..................................................................................................................A42 In the Western Myanmar, Where the Bengal Fan Sedimentation Was?............................................................A42 Morphology and Sediment Transport of Sand Bodies in Eastern Taiwan Strait Shelf ......................................A43 Physiography and Sediment Dispersal on the Ayeyarwady Continental Shelf, North Andaman Sea ...............A43 Wind Blowout Hollow Generated in Fukiage Dune Field, Kagoshima Prefecture Japan .................................A44 Study on the River Works due to Sediment Transport ......................................................................................A44 Improvement of River Channel by using Impermeable Sand Bag Groyne in Ayeyarwaddy River ..................A45 Sustainable Development of Ayeyarwady Delta ...............................................................................................A45

CST-6A & B Coastal Environment

The Environmental Restoration of Ago Bay, Japan based on a New Concept of "Sato Umi" ..........................A46 Relationship between Shape of Coastal Gravel and Life Time of Stranded Oil................................................A46 Oil Spill Prevention and Combating..................................................................................................................A47 Development of Statistic Model for Estimating Life Time of Beached Oil ......................................................A47 High Yield Production of Bio-Hydrogen from Organic Waste using Rhodobacter shpaeroides ......................A48 Daily Accumulation Rates of Marine Debris on Two Subantarctic Islands ......................................................A48 Porous Concrete Blocks as Natural Cleansing System in Coastal Environment ...............................................A49 Examination of Model Parameterization for Simulations of Oxygen-Deficient Water in Enclosed Bays ........A49 Transmittance of Light Pipe for Ecological Conservation of Large Floating Structure ....................................A50 Purification Experiment of Water Quality by using Cohesive Powder .............................................................A50

CST-7A, B & C

Sustainable Coastal Development Coastal Resource Management in Myanmar .....................................................................................................A51 Coastal Resource Management with Special Reference to Mangroves of Myanmar ........................................A51 Coastal Resources of Economic and Ecological Importance from Myeik Archipelago

and Status of their Exploitation ...........................................................................................................A52 Conserving a Unique Coral Island (Pulau Perak) in the Straits of Malacca, Malaysia......................................A52 The Environment Formation and the Characteristics of the Site for Fishing Ports ...........................................A53 Harnessing Information and Communication Technologies for International Waters Management

in Southeast Asia.................................................................................................................................A53 Marine Provincialism Analysis of Macroalgal Distribution in Malaysia ..........................................................A54 Rehabilitation of Abandoned Shrimp Ponds through Mangrove Planting

at Nakhonsi Thammarat, Thailand ......................................................................................................A54 Sampled Up-Welling Current Areas and the Site for Fishing Ports ..................................................................A55 Seaweed Bed Reclamation Experiment using Vertical Seawall at Inner Part of Osaka Bay.............................A55 The Designated Unused Land in the Land-Fill of the Metropolitan Seaside Area ............................................A56 Towards a Sustainable Management of Myeik (Mergui) Archipelago..............................................................A56 Water Purification Experiments by Micro Bubble ............................................................................................A57

CST-8 Coastal Hazards

Damage Due to Earthquake Tsunamis and Countermeasures Against Disasters in Fishery Areas ...................A57 Harmful Algal Blooms in the Coastal Waters of the South China Sea..............................................................A58 Potential Natural Hazards in the Myanmar Coastal Areas ................................................................................A58 The Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004 - Myanmar Experiences .....................................................A59 Tsunami Hazard Mapping of the Hawaiian EEZ...............................................................................................A59 Tsunami Heights and Damage along the Myanmar Coast from the December 2004

Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake............................................................................................................A60

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MARINE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (MRMD) Coordinator: Kenji Hotta (Japan)

MRMD-1

Marine Policy, Law, and Government Implementation of Maritime Laws in Myanmar................................................................................................A60 Perceptions of Coasts in Germany.....................................................................................................................A61 Recent Developments in Myanmar Offshore Petroleum Exploration ...............................................................A61 Relationship between Bluefin Tuna Fishing Grounds and Eddy Activity .........................................................A62 The Blue Evolution............................................................................................................................................A62

MRMD-4 Marine Recreation and Tourism

Myanmar Traditional Boats and the Source of Development of Inland Water Transport .................................A63 Sound Environmental Resource in Coastal Marine Tourism.............................................................................A63 Thalassa-Therapy: New Coastal Facility for Recreation and Health Care ........................................................A64 The Conservation Strategies of Dongsha (Pratas) National Marine Park, Taiwan............................................A64 The Inland Water Transport of Myanmar..........................................................................................................A65

WORKSHOPS (WKSP) Coordinator: Friedhelm Schroeder (Germany)

WKSP-1

Education in Marine Science and Technology Development and Application of an Integrated Engine Room Simulator .........................................................A65 Education on Marine Science & Technology in Myanmar................................................................................A66

WKSP-4 Ocean Observing Systems

Ocean Observing from Buoys and Fixed Stations.............................................................................................A66 Ocean Observing from Regular Ship Cruises....................................................................................................A67 Sensors for Operational Ocean Observing ........................................................................................................A67

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STUDENT POSTER SESSION-CECILIA HSI SAXENA AWARD A Study of Spatial Cognition in Children using Sketched Maps.......................................................................A68 Composition of Landscape Recognition that Uses Visualization Model by Local Inhabitants in Kamakura ...A68 Construction of the Visualization Model by Landscape Cognition using 3-Dimensional Shade Image ...........A69 Our Common Future..........................................................................................................................................A69 Research on the Current Control Function and Fish Aggregation of Artificial Reef.........................................A70 Structural Design of Superstructure on Floating Structure................................................................................A70 Study on Fractal Characteristics of District and Its Relationship to Environmental Cognition.........................A71 Study on Relations of Wharf Steel-Piles Corrosion and Environmental Factors...............................................A71 Sustainable Urbanism in Tokyo.........................................................................................................................A72 The Role of PACON in Marine Science and Technology .................................................................................A72 The Structure of Environmental Recognition of Super High-Rise Housing Residents .....................................A73 The Velocity Field in Surf Zone from Mosaic PIV Measurements ...................................................................A73 Title Index ........................................................................................................................................................A74 Author Index .....................................................................................................................................................A77

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Keynote Address 1

TSUNAMIS AND STORM SURGES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN

Tad Murty

Department of Civil Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa, CANADA

The two most severe natural hazards that periodically occur in the Indian Ocean are storm surges from mainly tropical cyclones and tsunamis from under-ocean earthquakes and volcanic explosions. There are some other natural hazards such as submarine landslides, which do not generally give rise to large tsunamis. While tsunamis are relatively rare events, storm surges occur much more frequently. In the recnt decades, the most disastrous storm surge event was the one in November 1970 in Bangladesh, which in terms of loss of life is comparable to the Indian Ocean tsunami of 26th December 2004. Tsunamis as well as storm surges belong to the class of long gravity waves, somewhat similar to tides. Tsunamis and storm surges also interact with tides, in the sense that either a tsunami or a storm surge occurring at the time of high tide will be much more devastating than those that occur at low tide. These nonlinear interactions need to be factored into the development of real time warning systems for tsunamis and storm surges. The three main sources of tsunami-genic earthquakes in the Indian Ocean are Indonesia, Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India and the Makran coast near the border between Pakistan and Iran in the Arabian Sea, with some secondary sources in Africa, and some islands. While tsunami generation and propagation in the Indian Ocean is reasonably well modelled numerically. detailed modelling of coastal inundation has not yet been done. Finite-difference methods with regular grids cannot resolve the coastal features adequately, hence one must use finite-element models with irregular triangular grids. In the Indian Ocean, storm surges occur in the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, Southwest Indian Ocean and on the west coast of Australia.

K-1

Keynote Address 2

STORMS - ANALYSIS, STATISTICS AND CHANGES

Hans von Storch

Institute for Coastal Research GKSS Research Center

Geesthacht, GERMANY [email protected]

Storms represent a major geo-risk in marine and coastal environments – almost everywhere. They may cause significant damage both by their own wind-force but also indirectly through storm surges and ocean waves. Thus, knowledge about the statistics of storms and their current and possible future changes are of utmost interest not only for coastal and marine stakeholders but also for the public at large. We consider three types of marine storms, tropical storms, extra-tropical baroclinic storms and polar lows. Because of changing observational capabilities, the observational record of the frequency of intensity of such storms is methodologically difficult; sometimes, conclusions about changing storminess are based on inhomogeneous data, due to changing local conditions, observation practices and instrumentation. Homogenous statistics of storminess for sufficiently long times can be derived by combining two sources of knowledge, namely the “reconstruction” with regional climate models for the last four decades (during which global re-analyses are available), and the assemblage of long series of suitable proxy data. The availability of suitable regional climate models allows also the construction of consistent scenarios of possible future storm statistics. Results for extra-tropical storms are given in some detail; first results for tropical storms in SE Asia and N Atlantic polar lows are given.

K-2

Keynote Address 3

RIVER-SEA INTERACTION AND THE NORTH JIANGSU PLAIN FORMATION

Ying Wang and Dukui Zhu

The Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development of Ministry of Education

Nanjing University CHINA

[email protected]

The plain is located on the northern side of the Changjiang River and the south of Lan-Shan-Tou cape in the area of 32º10’-35º05’N and 118º40’-120º30’E. The landform is mainly lowland declined from the Grand Canal in the west towards to the east along the Yellow Sea coast, but the lowest part is around Xinhua-Sheyang lake area in the middle part of the plain. Water network of rivers, canals and lakes is the major feature of plain as supported by abandoned Yellow River-Huai River system in the north, and the Changjiang River system and numerous lakes in the south. Previous studies have explained that the outer part of the plain was formed from the sea during Holocene high sea level period as defined by a series of shell beach ridges located in the Longgang, Dagang, Dongtai and Haian about 200km long from north to south, and is located 60km west of the present coastline. 14C dates indicated it was formed 5 kaB.P. and an artificial dike, named Fan-Gong dike, was built up on the top and connected the shell beach ridges as a whole one to define the sea waves during 960-1068 A.D. This study is to trace the genetic formation of the plain. Geomorphologic features seem to indicate the formation of the inner plain west to the Fan-Gong dike by following natures: (1) All of the North Jiangsu Plain are defined by a series of rocky hills surrounded as an arc-shaped “Bay”. (2) A series of lakes such as the Hongze Lake, the Gaoyou Lake and the Shaobo Lake, located on the west side of Grand Canal, are almost connected to each other either by lowland or by swamps between. There are several rivers entering the lakes with deltaic forms on the west land side of the lakes. Actually, the Grand Canal had been partially dug up using the water channels to connect the lowland swamps and the lakes; (3) A series of artificial islands based on the natural bars or barriers are pieces of land located in the lakes or water swamps. The locals named them Dun, Duo or Wei which means artificial bars or crossways in Chinese. All of the islands or barriers run in the North to South direction, i.e. parallel to the present coastline. Seashells and fragments have been found on these islands indicating the original formation was from the sea. Conclusion: Geomorphologic analyses with multidisciplinary analyses on sedimentary facies can trace and explain the plain evolutionary history, and the study can be used for better planning of the region’s development.

K-3

OST-1: Ocean Mapping and Seafloor Characterization

INTEGRATED RIVER INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (IRIMS)

Zaw Naing

Myanmar Credent Technology [email protected]

[email protected]

The purpose of this paper is to present the capabilities of today’s emerging technologies such as GIS, Remote Sensing, Aerial Photogrammetry, 3D GIS, GPS, Airborne Laser Scanners, Telemetry Technologies, and Application Software to form an Integrated River Information Management System (IRIMS) as an integrated application, designed to help people manage information about rivers. With IRIMS, you can easily store all of the environmental information available for a watershed, based on a geographic location, the river’s changes, historical records, satellite scenes, the amount of precipitation, water levels, the quantity of water in dams, and water quality, etc.,. This information can be in many formats including text, figures, tables, maps, photos/images, video and sound clips. You can then quickly access that information with a simple mouse click on your computer application. IRIMS will be useful for resource managers, planners, and stakeholders who need to make informed management decisions about riverine ecosystems, river management, and river maintenance. IRIMS can also be a useful tool for scientists, developers, and consultants conducting studies, modeling, or monitoring programs on river systems.

MYANMAR EXPERIENCE WITH GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR MARINE SCIENCE

Zaw Naing and Myo Zaw Oo

Myanmar Credent Technology, MYANMAR

[email protected] , [email protected]

The principal objective of this paper is to present the Myanmar experience of GIS and Remote Sensing Technologies for Marine Science. As of the acceptance of such technologies in Myanmar in various marine industries such as River Management, Water Resources Utilization, Irrigation, Hydrographic Areas, etc., the engineers, planners, developers, decision makers has increasingly used those technologies day after day. The GIS, Remote Sensing, GPS technologies are nowadays widely used in Myanmar Marine Science Industry. This paper will inform those status, experience, difficulties and achievement. Moreover, continuous advancement, development and the capabilities of today’s emerging technologies such as GIS, Remote Sensing, Aerial Photogrammetry, 3-D GIS, GPS, Airborne Laser Scanners, Telemetry Technologies, and Application Software are also to be updated.

A-1

OST-1: Ocean Mapping and Seafloor Characterization

OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDIES IN THE COASTAL ZONES OF MYANMAR

San Myint

Naval Hydrographic Office

Yangon, MYANMAR

The Coastal Zones of Myanmar have been briefly described subdividing into three main areas namely Rakhine Coast, Ayeyarwaddy Delta and Taninthayi Coast. Oceanographic Conditions at Rakhine Coast, as part of the northern Bay of Bengal are under the influence of periodic monsoon winds and high river discharge. The nearshore upwelling zone probably occurs near Mun Aung Island area during northeast winds. Ayeyarwaddy Delta is characterized by enormous sediment discharge and the data from recent hydrographic surveys show that there are four newly formed islands and about 7 km seaward advance of 10 m depth contour at eastern part of the Delta. The thermocline zone off the Taninthayi Coast was observed at 50 m depth to 230 m depth. It is suggested that further studies should be conducted particularly at the discharger areas. A brief account on Oceanographic activities in Myanmar is also discussed.

TECTONICS: REFLECTING THE BATHYMETRY AND SEDIMENTATION OF MYANMAR CONTINENTAL SHELVES

Thura Oo* and Win Swe

Department of Geology, University of Yangon

Yangon, MYANMAR [email protected], *[email protected]

Neogene tectonics creates the present-day physiography of Myanmar and her continental shelves; viz., Rakhine continental shelf, Ayeyarwady deltaic shelf and Tanintharyi continental shelf. Each shelf has its respective underlying geology and tectonics reflecting the bottom configuration. In addition, the deposition on these shelves is related to the tectonics of main-lands. The bathymetry of the Rakhine continental shelf is reflected by the oblique subduction of the India oceanic crust beneath the Burma (Myanmar) Plate and partly superimposed by the development of Bengal submarine fan. Apart from the Bengal fan, the sediments of the Rakhine shelf are derived from the accretionary prism, the Rakhine-Chin-Naga Ranges. The shallow marine bottom topography of the Ayeyarwady deltaic shelf is created by the oblique spreading in the Andaman Sea and related Sagaing fault system, and the sediments are provided by the rivers flowing across the Myanmar Central Cenozoic Belt and Shan-Thai Block. The bathymetry of Tanintharyi continental shelf is reflected by the Andaman spreading and related faults, and the sediments are derived from the Shan-Thai Block.

A-2

OST-4A: Remote Sensing and Oceanographic Satellites

UPWELLING ALONG PRIMORYE COAST, JAPAN SEA ON SATELLITE AND IN SITU DATA

Vyacheslav Lobanov, V. Zvalinsky, S. Ladychenko, A. Salyuk, P. Tishchenko,

S. Zakharkov and E. Shtraikhert

V.I.Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences

Vladivostok, RUSSIA [email protected]

Fast changes of physical, chemical and biological regime along Primorye coast in the northwestern Japan Sea occur in the transition period of monsoon winds (September-November) and are associated with intensification of coastal upwelling, changes in cricualtion and beginning of sea surface cooling and convection. Satellite data on SST and ocean color and in situ hydrographic, chemical and biological observations were analyzed to investigate this process. It was found however that increase in primary production was not observed in the cold upwelled water tongues, while it was found in the areas where subsurface horizontal advection induced by mesoscale eddies had happened. This could be explained by decreasing of stratification and deepening of upper mixed layer in the upwelling tongues that decreased primary production. In opposite, subsurface intrusion of cold, saline and nutrient rich deep-sea waters onto the shelf increased stratification and uplifted pycnocline that created favorable conditions for plankton. Thus horizontal advection associated with eddy dynamics is most effective mechanism of fall plankton bloom in the coastal area of Primorye. RESPONSES OF PHYTOPLANKTON TO THE 2004 ASIAN TSUNAMI

IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN

DanLing Tang*, GuangMing Zheng, JianHai LV and Zhongzheng Yan

Laboratory for Tropical Marine Environmental Dynamics South China Sea Institute of Oceanology

Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, CHINA *[email protected]

A huge tsunami shook the South Asian on 26 December 2004, causing massive coastal destructions throughout the Indian Ocean. In the present study, we examined satellite derived Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) anomaly time series for the period from 1997-2006, together with other oceanographic data, to observe responses of phytoplankton to this even in different locations (around the epicenter of the earthquake, mid-ocean zone, and near share water) in the Indian Ocean. Around the epicenter of the earthquake, Chl-a concentration increased prior to the disaster and dispersed during the incident, while amplified again in later 10 days. The responses of near share Chl-a to the tsunami seem to be dominated by the extent of disaster bare by the relevant coasts. Chl-a enhancement has extended to the mid oceans. This undergoing attempt allows us to get an overview upon the long term Chl-a variations at a large scale; the results will also aid in further attempts to the oceanic ecosystem studies in the Indian Ocean.

A-3

OST-4A: Remote Sensing and Oceanographic Satellites

A PRINCIPAL ANALYSIS USING THE TEN DAYS COMPOSITE SATELLITE SST IMAGES TAKEN OFF THE COAST OF JAPAN

Kazunori Hosotani1 and Ryuichiro Nishi2

Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University

Kagoshima, JAPAN [email protected]

[email protected]

This study carried out a principal component analysis on the satellite SST (Sea Surface Temperature) data near the coast of Japan. Various kinds of satellite data have been accumulated for the last several decades. Even though the compilation of the huge amount of satellite data, raw data processing is still time consuming and needs a powerful computer. Especially, relatively large amount of loads of computer time and labor work is necessary for quantitative analysis. Therefore, a principal component analysis was applied to a set of satellite SST (Sea Surface Temperature) data taken off the coast of Japan. This study analyzes the ten daily composite SST images compiled for 20 years by NOAA/AVHRR, for which IIS (University of Tokyo) has processed and archived as rainbow colored image source. Although the rainbow colored image is effective for visualization, some problems are arisen regarding to quantitative data analysis since it include various color images. Therefore, the natural color images are decomposed into three primary colors such as RGB.

DETECTION OF SEAGRASS WITH TM IN COASTAL WATER OF HAINAN, CHINA

Dingtian Yang, Wenxi Cao and Danling Tang

LED, South China Sea Institute of Oceanography

Chinese Academy of Sciences GuangZhou, CHINA

Seagrass, very important for coastal ecosystem, reduced rapidly in recent years. In order to manage and protect the seagrass ecosystem, real time and detailed information is needed. Traditional methods for observing seagrass was by sending a diver to photograph and record by eye, which was expensive and labor-intensive. Based on the high resolution remote sensing data, the distribution of seagrass in the east coastal water of Hainan Province, China, was found with Landsat TM data. Band ratio of channel 3 to channel 2 and a band synthesizer of blue, green and red were used to retrieve the distribution of seagrass. Results showed that seagrass is mainly distributed in the middle of the east coast of Hainan province, with the width of about 100 m. In the river mouth there seems to be no distribution of seagrass, perhaps because of the stress of fresh water. The resolution of the two methods was also compared. The results showed that the band synthesizer was better than the band ratio of channel 3 to channel 2.

A-4

OST-4B: Remote Sensing and Oceanographic Satellites

RETRIEVAL OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS IN THE UPPER GULF OF THAILAND

Tachanat Bhatrasataponkul1, Satsuki Matsumura2 and Patama Singhruck2

1Faculty of Marine Technology, Burapha University, Chanthaburi, THAILAND

[email protected]

2Department of Marine Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, THAILAND

A study was investigated in the Upper Gulf of Thailand with the aim of developing in-water algorithms for the retrievals of chlorophyll-a (CHLA), total suspended sediment (TSS), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance at 490nm (Kd490). Shipboard field observations were made at totally 83 stations during five cruises covering early and late southwest and northeast monsoons in the year 2003-2004. The optical data were recorded using the Profiling Reflectance Radiometer (PRR-600) in order to calculate the remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) at some reference wavelengths. Results showed that the improved algorithms based on the empirical approach enabled the estimations of the following parameters with acceptable precision. The patterns of remote sensing reflectance were described in relation to the distributions of three optically active constituents. Results showed that optical variability of the Upper Gulf of Thailand is mainly influenced by freshwater inflows and resuspension of bottom sediment as well as sediment composition and characteristics.

BIO-OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND OCEAN COLOR ALGORITHMS FOR THE NORTH REGION OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

Wenxi Cao, Guifen Wang, Dazhi Xu, Dingtian Yang, Yuezhong Yang and Cai Li

LED Laboratory

South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences

Guangzhou, CHINA [email protected]

Bio-optical data were collected in September-October of 2003, 2004 and 2005 during three cruises in the north region of the South China Sea. We found that the bio-optical properties such as particulate absorption and diffuse attenuation coefficient are highly variables, varying both spatially and temporally, and the fraction of the nonalgal absorption to the total particulate absorption exhibited a trend of decreasing with increasing of salinity. The diffuse attenuation coefficient and remote sensing reflectance were highly influenced by the combination of absorption by nonalgal particles, pigments and dissolved organic matter. The relationships between the reflectance ratios and bio-optical variables such as Chl a concentration, total particulate absorption, nonalgal particulate absorption and pigment absorption suggests the potential for development of local ocean color algorithms for the investigated waters. Our measurements also show that the NASA global algorithms (OC2 and OC4) generally overpredict Chl in the investigated waters.

A-5

OST-4B: Remote Sensing and Oceanographic Satellites

VARIATIONS IN LIGHT ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN SOUTH CHINA SEA

Guifen Wang and Wenxi Cao

South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chines Academy of Sciences Guangdong, Guangzhou, CHINA

[email protected]

We measured the absorption coefficient of suspended particles at about 90 stations in the Northern South China Sea (NSCS) during two cruises in the autumn of 2004 and 2005. The total particulate absorption coefficient ( ( )pa λ ) including absorption of phytoplankton ( ( )pha λ ) and non-algal particles ( ( )NAPa λ ) change a lot within the field chlorophyll a concentration (<chl>) ranging from 0.04 to 1.17 mg m-3, ( )pa λ and ( )pha λ increase nonlinearly with <chl>. The spectra of non-algal particles can be well described by an exponential function with the mean slope is 0.0091nm-1 and its contribution to the total particle absorption at 443nm is averaged about 26%. Due to the effect of package effect and pigment composition, the chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficients of phytoplankton ( ( )*

pha λ , the ratio of ( )pha λ and <chl>) changes both in magnitude and spectra shape. We also found that the accessory pigments contributed much to the variations of , especially in the green wavebands. The observed variability of the light absorption coefficient of suspended particles can be used in the interpretation of bio-optical properties in the NSCS.

*pha

OST-5A: Advanced Vehicles

ANALYSIS OF THE PARAMETRIC TRANSFORMATION EFFECT ON RESISTANCE OF DISPLACEMENT MONOHULL

Kyaw Naing Aye

Department of Naval Architecture

Defence Services Technological Academy Pyin Oo Lwin, MYANMAR

In this paper, the parameters of National Physical Laboratory (NPL) model 100A round bilge displacement monohull with transom stern is systemically changed. The work consists of linear and nonlinear transformation. The effect of transformation on total resistance is analyzed. Regression analysis of Holtrop method is adopted for prediction of resistance. The verification for accuracy of Holtrop method is presented. Speed range between volume Froude number 0.7 to 1.2 for resistance characteristics are discussed.

A-6

OST-5A: Advanced Vehicles

ASSESSMENT OF WATCH KEEPING OFFICER PERFORMANCE USING A SHIP SIMULATOR

Tin Hlaing

Myanmar Maritime University

Yangon, MYANMAR In this age of advancing technology, many simulators are used in various fields. They are increasingly useful in fields of research and development, testing and design of equipment, and training and assessment of performance of personnel. The last few decades has seen the introduction of simulators as training aids in maritime institutions to train maritime personnel serving on board ocean-going vessels. These range from small computer models with training softwares to large nocturnal and daylight ship simulators which are able to simulate different conditions of sea and environment, and behavior of ships of different types and size by employing mathematical models. This study reports the results of the investigation carried out by employing the ship simulator at the Institute of Science and Technology, University of Wales in Cardiff U.K., to evaluate the potential use of the simulator for assessment of the bridge watch-keeping officer performance on ocean-going vessels. The investigation includes: validation of the ship simulator as and aid to examination, reliability test for the design of test and test items, procedure of exercise, and assessment of candidate’s proficiency level.

INVESTIGATION OF THE FORM FACTOR AND EVALUATION OF THE REQUIRED ENGINE POWER FOR A FAST PATROL BOAT

Myat Lwin

Department of Marine Engineering


The main objective of this paper is to investigate the form factor (k) and evaluate the required engine power for a fast patrol boat. At first, a three feet long geometrically similar model was made and towed in the small test tank. Three experiments were made for this model with three hull conditions- clean hull, pin fitted hull and painted hull. The formulae of I.T.T.C and Prohaska method were employed to find the form factor. But the result obtained was not reasonable due to the small-scale effect, and therefore another model with four and a half feet in length was made and towed again. By using the form factor value, the required engine power was computed. In this paper, the values of thrust deduction factor, wake fraction and the rotative efficiency were assumed according to the National Physical Laboratory. Ship hull is not hydraulically smooth and therefore some allowances were made namely roughness allowance and still air resistance allowance. The calculated engine power was compared to that of prototype and reasonably good agreement was obtained from the analysis.

A-7

OST-5B: Advanced Vehicles

MARINE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SEAMANSHIP

U Aye Tut

Myanmar Maritime University Yangon, MYANMAR

[email protected] The principal objective of this paper is to demonstrate the capabilities in the present day ship construction science and technology against, seamanship. Commencing the paper with maritime information on Myanmar seafarers training, post WWII, up to this present age. Eminently suitable for maritime students yet, a first hand simple reminder to serving seafarers, all persons in shipping ,in developing nations of the Asia Pacific region., a source of information meant for all persons with interest in shipping, related fields, and will be a reference and convenient paper for knowledge and commentary regarding the contents in plain terms, which will greatly contribute to the readability of the work. One will no longer think of a ship as a dead object but consider it a completely self supporting entity, embodying all the modern science and techniques and correct seamanship. The ever-growing number of foreign crew on European vessels and in the offshore industry, this paper will prove to be an asset for nautical colleges and as a work reference for everyone employed afloat nowadays. PARAMETRIC INVESTIGATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF DIESEL

ENGINE NOISE, EMISSIONS AND FUEL ECONOMY

Zaw Win

Department of Marine Engineering Defence Services Technological Academy

Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar This paper focuses on the analysis to reduce noise, exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of a small diesel engine, which is a model for marine diesels. It includes (4×4×3) full factorial design of speed, load, and timing variation, and output parameters viz. engine noise, cylinder pressure, liner acceleration, fuel line pressure, brake specific fuel consumption, smoke and emissions of HC and NOx are measured. The effect of three controlled parameters on time histories and frequency spectra of cylinder pressure and engine sound pressure are analyzed. Ricardo's Method is applied to separate combustion noise and mechanical noise from radiated engine noise. The effect of controlled parameters on overall levels of engine noise and combustion noise are discussed. The impact of rate of pressure rise, acceleration of pressure, rate of heat release, ignition delay, mean rate of injection and combustion index, on engine noise and combustion noise were studied using regression analysis. Five principal output parameters were predicted in terms of three input parameters using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Parameter optimization was carried out for minimum responses using Goal Programming and Minimax Programming methods on Matlab platform.

A-8

OST-5B: Advanced Vehicles

YACHT CONSTRUCTION IN MYANMAR

Kay Thwe

Myanma Shipyards MYANMAR

This paper reviews the construction of the yacht Schooner Sunshine that influences the Myanma Shipyards. Historically, wooden yachts have been built in Myanmar since the 19th

century. Myanma Shipyards has been building and repairing various types of ships since 1970. Fortunately, the classic-yacht Moonbeam was repaired from1998 to 2002 and approved by the regional Lloyd’s surveyor. Interestingly, the owner of the yacht Sunshine was seduced by the place where Moonbeam was rebuilt. In 1999, the construction of the Sunshine was started. The design plans were supported by the owner and Myanma Shipyards had to build with this design, the steel frames and hull plates are cut with CNC machine and there was no human error. Everything on the yacht was made locally, nearly all the fittings came from local foundries and carpenters made all the wooden work. It was challenging and time-consuming for the construction of the latest design in Myanma Shipyards. For future development and commercialization of yacht constructions, this paper will describe the specifications and functionality enhancement of Myanma Shipyards.

OST-6: Operational Experiences in Environmental Monitoring

CONTEMPORARY CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF HEAVY METALS AEROSOLS AND GASEOUS MERCURY

OVER THE ARCTIC OCEAN SEAS

Natalia I. Golubeva1 and Gennady G. Matishov2

1Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the RAS, Murmansk, RUSSIA

[email protected]

2Southern Scientific Centre of the RAS, Rostov-on-Don, RUSSIA [email protected]

Instrumental investigations of atmospheric air over the Arctic Ocean seas water areas, carried out onboard the nuclear icebreakers and research vessels during the expeditions of Murmansk Marine Biological Institute RAS in the period of 1997–2002 in various seasons show that Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Co, Fe and gaseous mercury concentration levels were present. On the whole, the contamination of atmosphere with heavy metal aerosols over the Barents and White Seas is formed as a result of long-distance transfer with contribution of regional sources of discharges. But, despite the proximity of the world metallurgy giant producing copper, nickel and cobalt, heavy metals’ content in the lower layer of atmosphere in the Barents Sea region remains for the majority of elements to be within the typical of the Arctic latitudes limits. The content of Zn and Cu were higher. Gaseous mercury measures showed that concentration over the seas of the Russian Arctic in the layer of air bordering on the sea surface is lower than over land and decreases in the eastern direction.

A-9


FLOWCAM® TECHNOLOGY – CONTINUOUS IMAGING FLUID PARTICLE ANALYZER FOR AQUATIC RESEARCH

AND MONITORING

Kent Peterson1, Harry Nelson1, Chris K. Sieracki1 and Nicole Poulton2

1Fluid Imaging Technologies, Inc., Edgecomb, Maine, USA

2Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine, USA

Monitoring the ocean’s health requires a knowledge and understanding of the phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. Plankton monitoring and research has a requirement for continuous monitoring either at a stationary location (floating dock or laboratory) or aboard a ship. A major drawback of plankton monitoring using microscopy for identification and enumeration from samples is the amount of time required for preparation and analysis. Fluid Imaging Technologies Inc. has developed an automated instrument for phytoplankton and zooplankton detection called a FlowCAM®. The FlowCAM is a continuous imaging flow cytometer now being used for monitoring of microorganisms and particles in water bodies. A laser interacts with a high resolution digital camera to capture images and data of a passing particle or cell. It offers cell counts, size data, pattern recognition, organism classification and image management. FlowCAM applications include harbor monitoring, ocean and lake transects, HAB monitoring, and invasive species and ballast water monitoring. An overview of the technology will be presented along with various case studies.

MERIDIAN: RUSSIAN OBSERVATIONAL PROJECT IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN

Sergey M. Shapovalov and Alexey V. Sokov

P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology

Russian Academy of Sciences RUSSIA

Wide range of ocean observing is implementing in the frame of the Russian project “Meridian”. It is a multidisciplinary program of field ocean research on Russian research vessels in the yearly cruises from Europe to South America and counter. The main goals of the investigations are to receive a quantitative description of the climate variability of THC in the Atlantic Ocean with the emphasis on the inter hemispheric exchange and the interoceanic (Atlantic-Pacific and Atlantic-Indian) exchanges; to improve the estimates of air-sea fluxes and development of new parameterizations of air-sea energy and gas exchange; to validate the microwave and optical satellite observations from different space crafts; to carry out the geophysical (seismic and acoustic observations, gravitation and magnetic field study), biological and atmospheric aerosol researches. 11 scientific cruises were carried out during 2002-2005 in the North and South Atlantic. The potentialities of the MERIDIAN project may turn to account of such international ocean research programs in the Atlantic Ocean as CLIVAR, GOODHOPE, MORE and etc.

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NEW RESULTS FROM THE GERMAN FERRYBOX

Friedhelm Schroeder, Wilhelm Petersen, Henning Wehde and Franciscus Colijn

GKSS Research Centre, Institute for Coastal Research Geesthacht, GERMANY

[email protected]

Automated measuring systems on ships of opportunities or ferry boats for monitoring of coastal waters begin to play an important role in several regions of the world. The results of the European project “FerryBox” showed that such systems are a cost-effective and valuable tool not only for scientific research but as well for operational monitoring. The German “4H FerryBox”, was operated in the southern North Sea for more than three years. It consists of a fully automated flow-through system with sensors for temperature, salinity, turbidity, oxygen, pH, chlorophyll fluorescence, ammonium, nitrate/nitrite, phosphate, silicate and main algal classes different sensors and automatic analysers. Data are transferred to shore and bio-fouling is prevented by automated cleaning procedures. New results from measurements in the southern North Sea are presented. This includes the detection of algae blooms and the related changes in pH and oxygen. In order to obtain more spatial information satellite data (ENVISAT/MERIS) were applied and compared with the in situ measurements from the ferry. Tidal-corrected data (model) from the ferry were compared with those of an automated buoy that was several nautical miles away from the ferry route.

OPERATIONAL MONITORING OF THE BRANTAS RIVER, INDONESIA – MEASUREMENTS AND MODELLING

H.-D. Knauth and F. Schroeder

GKSS-Research Centre, Institute for Coastal Research

Geesthacht, Geesthacht, GERMANY [email protected]

Operational monitoring requires regular and frequent measurements of main water quality parameters. For fast processes – for example, in tropical regions - automated measurements are needed. In addition, numerical models have to be applied in order to assess the overall water quality situation. An integrated assessment of the Brantas River estuary in East Java - an important resource for drinking water and irrigation- was carried out, that included automated high-frequency measurements over a period of three years and model scenarios with a simple process model. The data show distinct differences in water quality between wet and dry season. During dry season the oxygen concentrations were near zero at night and recovered at daylight due to primary production. For management decisions, such as cleaning of domestic waste and critical industries, model calculations with a simple process model were carried out. Scenarios from this model identified the most important processes and indicated which inputs have to be reduced. It could be shown that such simple models are an excellent tool for managers and authorities for planning of remediation measures.

A-11

OST-7A Climate Change

CLIMATE CHANGE IN MYANMAR DURING THE LAST FIVE DECADES

Tun Lwin1 and Khin Cho Cho Shein2

1Myanmar Earthquake Committee

Department of Meteorology and Hydrology Yangon, MYANMAR

[email protected], [email protected]

2Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Yangon, MYANMAR

Myanmar has been witnessing the changing weather events in almost every year during the last two three decades. These include the onset, withdrawal, duration and intensity of monsoon, and the frequency of the monsoon depressions. The changing pattern of the monsoon climatology such as later than normal in onset, earlier than normal in withdrawal, shorter than normal in monsoon season duration during the last three decades are quite dramatic and unusual comparing to the previous years. Moreover, most of the dry and hotter than normal years are also observed in most years especially in 1980s and 1990s. The far less than normal in annual storm frequency, especially in monsoon depression frequencies, in the Bay of Bengal is also evident in 1980s and 1990s. By using the climatological records of Myanmar for the last five decades, the present study provides the changing weather events and the features of monsoon climatology that had occurred during the last three decades as Myanmar has been experienced in line with the Global Climate Change.

TOWARDS A HOMOGENEOUS 50 YEAR CLIMATOLOGY OF TYPHOONS IN SE ASIA

Hans von Storch and Frauke Feser

Institute for Coastal Research

GKSS Research Center GERMANY

[email protected]

In recent years, a dynamical downscaling strategy has been developed and applied to the problem of determining characteristics and trends of storminess in the NE Atlantic. The technique operates with a regional atmospheric model, which is exposed to global re-analyses not only along the lateral boundaries but also to the large-scale state in the interior of the considered domain above a certain height (“spectral nudging”). The performance of this technique in dealing with SE Asian typhoon is now examined. First case studies indicate that tropical storms are correctly identified and tracked; also considerably deeper core pressure and higher wind speeds are simulated compared to the driving NCEP re-analyses. When the regional atmospheric model is run without spectral nudging, significant intra-ensemble variability occurs; also additional, non-observed typhoons form.

A-12

OST-7A: Climate Change

THE IMPACTS OF EL-NINO AND LA-NINA EVENTS ON THE CLIMATE OF MYANMAR

Tun Lwin

Myanmar Earthquake Committee


[email protected], [email protected] Extensive studies have been carried out to investigate the impact of El-Nino events on the weather and climate since the 1982-1983 episode. During the 80s and 90s, more El-Nino and La-Nina events occurred than ever in the history of EL-Nino and La-Nina records since the middle 16th century. Negative anomalies in monsoon rainfalls and positive anomalies in maximum summer temperatures were observed in Myanmar during the entire period 1989-1998, with the exception of 1990 where a weak positive anomaly was identified in monsoon rainfall. The worst deficient rainfall and the highest maximum temperatures were recorded in 1998 which was a major El-Nino year of the century. The present study reveals that deficient rainfalls and hotter summers, less frequent Bay storms, and late onsets and early withdrawals of monsoon have a strong relationship with the El-Nino episodes.

THE INTER-ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN THE MONSOON CLIMATOLOGY OF MYANMAR AND ITS PERSPECTIVES

Tun Lwin1 and Kyaw Lwin Oo2





Medium and long-range weather forecasts have been a challenge for the National Meteorological Centers due mostly to its non-linear interactions between different time scales. Since Madden and Julian discovered the existence of the tropical atmospheric oscillation with a period of around 40 days, many investigators have done studies on the behavior of the atmospheric oscillations that exist in different time scales. By applying the harmonic and time filter analysis, the MONEX and FGGE data-set for the monsoon area of Bay of Bengal were used for time series of wind and pressure fields. The areal mean rainfall data over Myanmar coastal area shows the existence of low frequency oscillations and were found to be closely related to certain filtered atmospheric fields. Moreover, the monsoon onset and the withdrawal were found closely related to phase-locking between the low frequeny and transient oscillations. The present study investigated the relationship that exists in the characters of monsoon climatology and the behaviors of atmospheric oscillations in different time scales.

A-13

OST-7A: Climate Change

OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION EFFECT ON MONSOON DURING 2002

Chit Kyaw

Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Yangon, MYANMAR

[email protected]

During 2002 15 April-28 May, Myanmar-India Joint Oceanographic Research in the Bay of Bengal. The data of this observation show that the Ocean-Atmosphere interaction some effect on onset phase of South West Monsoon, activities of Cyclonic storms and rainy condition. SST (Sea Surface Temperature), Q (Heat Budget), (δ) Conductivity, S (Salinity) and Sea Water current of sub-surface layer (about 200 m depth) are mainly governed on monsoon criterion. This paper discusses the relation of these parameters and behavior of pre-monsoon weather conditions. THE CHARACTERISTIC OF BEHAVIOR CHANGES IN THE CLIMATOLOGY OF

THE BAY STORMS DURING THE LAST THREE DECADES

Tun Lwin1, Lei Lei Aung2 and Than Naing2





Bay depressions are one of the main rain producing system next to the monsoon in Myanmar. The changes in the characters such as annual frequency, timing, tracks and intensity could contribute to a substantial change in the rainfall distribution for some areas especially the rain shadow area of the central Myanmar. By using the historical records of storms for the period 1877 – 2005, the present investigation found that the annual storm frequency were reduced by more than 50% especially for the monsoon depressions. There were years during 1980s and 1990s where the whole monsoon peak seasons were totally lacked in monsoon depressions which were normally stormiest season in long-term average. The present study investigated the contributable causes in synoptic weather system changes in connection with changes in the characters of storms. It is also suggested in this study these all changes in both storms and weather systems could be due to the Global as well as regional climate change that had been witnessed in the region since 1977.

A-14

OST-7B: Comate Change

THE SUBSTANTIAL INCREASED EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITIES IN MYANMAR DURING THE LAST FIVE YEARS

AND ITS PERSPECTIVES

Tun Lwin1 and Aung Than2

`1Myanmar Earthquake Committee




The annual earthquake frequency with its epicenters within Myanmar recorded at Kaba-Aye Observatory was observed as a substantial increased from the long-term average of 22-256 in 2004 and to 370 in 2005. The striking thing about this dramatic change is coincided with the great Indian Ocean earthquake of 26 December 2004. Though the magnitude of the earthquakes are generally in slight to moderate intensity, the observed dramatic increase in earthquake frequency in 2004 and 2005 attains many attentions to the community in earthquake monitoring. It is attributable to some scientists that there is a possibility for a strong earthquake along the existing fault lines in Myanmar any time in the near future. However, there are also several scientists who takes the increased frequency of small earthquakes could be considered as a plausible cause for decreasing the large accumulation of stress along the fault line, which is a primary source for the generation of a strong earthquake. The present study discuss about the current measures for prevention and monitoring works on earthquakes in Myanmar.

THE VOLCANIC ASH ERUPTION IN BARREN ISLAND─ THE ONLY LIVE VOLCANO IN THE ANDAMAN SEA BETWEEN

SUMATRA AND MYANMAR

Tun Lwin1, Win Swe2 and San Hla Thaw1

1Myanmar Earthquake Committee, Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, MYANMAR


2Myanmar Geosciences Society, Myanmar Earthquake Committee, MYANMAR

Having laid dormant for nearly a decade, the Barren island volcano has spewed ash and larger sized fragments since 28 May 2005. Information was obtained by the Geological Survey of India, who was with the survey team accompanying the Indian Navy ship for an on-the-spot study of the recent eruption. Initially the eruption spewed grey smoke of ash, followed by a violent eruption. Subsequent forceful ejections of huge pyroclasts continued from the main crater. Fumerolic activity showed emission of water vapour and sulphur fumes with a temperature greater than 1000oC. Fragments of lava erupted from the main crater with loud explosions to a height of more than 100m and molten lava was pulsative at intervals of 15-30 seconds as a fire fountain. The eruption column formed a spectacular mushroom of smoke, blowing in the north and northeast directions and reached the vicinity of Myanmar waters. It is believed that recent developments in the activity of the Barren volcano could give insight of the deformation along the tectonic boundaries in the Andaman Sea, which could be helpful to analyze the potential of future large earthquakes in the Andaman Sea.

A-15

OST-7B: Climate Change

THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN HAWAII: A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS

Denise Konan and Makena Coffman

University of Hawaii

Department of Economics Honolulu, Hawaii, USA [email protected]

Nearly 90% of Hawaii’s energy needs are supported by oil, making Hawaii one of the most oil-dependent states in the nation. With rising oil prices and increasing evidence of global warming, it is apparent that Hawaii needs to adopt a new energy policy with larger emphasis on alternative and renewable energies. This study uses state-of-the-art computable General Equilibrium Models (GEM) of Hawaii’s State economy and the Big Island County’s economy to look at the long-run impact of societal decision-making in regards to energy policy. The dynamic models project forward to 2035 and track the impacts of construction costs and energy production related to a range of energy policies, such as a maximum renewable energy plan by 2020. It shows that varying plans do not have significant effect on gross state product and, thus, given the potential environmental benefits, should be seen as having an overall net benefit for the State. The economic impacts should be more evident in a smaller economy, like the Big Island, which has the highest potential for renewable energy in the island chain.

METHANE HYDRATES, WHAT DO THEY MEAN FOR CLIMATE AND SOCIETY?

Lorenz Magaard

School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology

University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

[email protected]

The vast quantities of methane hydrates at the ocean floor and in the arctic tundra constitute, at the same time, a major promise to supply energy to an energy-hungry world as well as a major threat to climate stability. The International Center for Climate and Society (ICCS) of the University of Hawaii has recently entered into a memorandum of understanding with the North Slope Borough (Barrow, Alaska) and four other partners to establish the Alaska-Hawaii Pacific Energy and Climate Change Program (PECCP). The role of the ICCS in this program is to develop a socio-economic model of the North Slope Borough, the world’s largest municipality, under consideration of climate change and possible methane recovery. The purpose of this model is (1) to position the people of the North Slope Borough for the transition from a postindustrial society through a service society to the information society; (2) to develop and clarify economic opportunities for people who are remote from existing centers of activity; (3) to expedite and enhance spread of cultural information from remote areas into the mean stream; and (4) to promote value creation on the background of a native culture.

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OST-7B: Climate Change

CLIMATE PREDICTION, ECONOMIC VALUE AND RADICAL INNOVATION

James Barney Marsh1 and Wolf-Dieter Grossmann2

1College of Business Administration, University of Hawaii at Manoa

Honolulu, Hawaii, USA [email protected]

2Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, GERMANY [email protected]

Natural hazard prediction, being nonrivalrous, is a public good. Costs are computable, but the benefits are problematic. The present paper makes an attempt at such an estimate, beginning in the United States but extending to Asia. Cost estimates cannot capture the beneficial magnitude of radical innovation. If 32% of the US economy produces 76% of its growth, and if 25% of its territory is vulnerable to environmental risks, radical innovation can promote greater productivity and output, and greater security from the risks. But innovation rarely becomes truly radical unless competitive pressures are at maximum intensity. Preliminary analysis places profits from radical innovation at 6.7 times those of normal innovation. Computations, using Bureau of Economic Analysis data, also indicate that the cost saving of improved dissemination of knowledge of impending climatic disturbances may be as high as $436 billion per year. Market pressures would allocate these savings in favor of the highly innovative industries. However asymmetrical the dissemination of knowledge or the allocation of benefits all residents stand eventually to gain.

OST-8A: Aquaculture and Mariculture Technology

CO-CULTURE OF SHRIMP AND ALGAE: IMPROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY

Isao Tsutsui1, Kaoru Hamano1 and Prapansak Srisapoome2

1Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science, Bangkok, THAILAND

[email protected]

2Dept. of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, THAILAND Nutrient uptake and growth rate of several seaweeds were investigated to select suitable species for developing co-culture system for tropical brackish water shrimp and seaweed. Four species of seaweed, Caulerpa lentillifera, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Cladophora sp. and Enteromorpha sp., all possibly useful in Thailand, were examined for nutrient uptake at low (15 ppt) and high (30 ppt) salinity in a laboratory. Ammonia-N concentrations clearly decreased, and the best combinations for maximum reduction were C. lentillifera at high salinity. Nitrate-N remained until ammonia-N had been nearly depleted for all species. Experiments with co-cultivation of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and C. lentillifera were conducted in 2t FRP water tanks at a salinity of 27 ppt. Ammonia-N concentrations in the C. lentillifera tanks were lower than in control tanks, and the daily growth rates of C. lentillifera were higher than that reported elsewhere. Our results indicate co-culture of Penaeus monodon and C. lentillifera is possible at high salinity water, and C. lentillifera has advantages in nutrient uptake, ease of cultivation and the possibility of widespread utilization.

A-17

OST-8A: Aquaculture and Mariculture Technology

EVALUATION STUDIES FOR SITE SELECTION OF EDIBLE OYSTER GROWING IN MA-GYI TIDAL CREEK ESTUARINE

REGION

Htay Aung

Marine Science Department University of Pathein

The experiment was carried out December 2003 to November 2004 for bringing out of the oyster growing ground in the Ma-Gyi tidal creek estuarine region. The experiment emphasized on the monitoring of the environmental factors that controlled the biological activity, the productivity of oyster, and the culture system. The observation pointed out that the edible oyster growing ground for all seasons were suitable up to 2 miles, from the mouth of the Ma-Gyi tidal creek.

OST-8B: Aquaculture and Mariculture Technology

IMPROVEMENT OF SCALLOP SEA RANCHING BY RECYCLING SHELLS

Yasushi Ito1, Masafumi Yoshino1, Masao Kishino1 and Akinori Sako2

1The Japanese Institute of Technology on Fishing Ports, Grounds and Communities

Tokyo, JAPAN [email protected]

2Alpha Hydraulic Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd

Sapporo, Hokkaido, JAPAN

Five thousand tons of shell are abandoned in Japan each year. While there are few uses for recycling shells, a field of abandoned shells causes environmental problems. The shell is composed principally of calcium carbonate and such biomass resources should be effectively recycled. The scallop fishery in the Okhotsk needed improving with the muddy seabed unfit for sea ranching. To experiment, we covered the muddy seabed with crushed shells as a soil conditioner and released juveniles into both the shells-covered area and the muddy area. The results, a year later, found that the scallops in the shells-covered area were 15% larger than the scallops in the muddy area. Crushed shell of 4 cm or less do not enter the scallop dredge during harvesting. We formulated that the shell is steady to the wave movement on the seabed after the laboratory experiment, and that covering the muddy seabed with crushed shells might prove an effective method to improve scallop sea ranching.

A-19


MARINE FISHERY RESOURCES POTENTIAL AND EXPLOITATION OF MYANMAR

Sann Aung

Department of Fishery, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries

Yangon, MYANMAR [email protected]

Marine fishery resources potential and status of fish production are presented. A total standing stock of marine off fish of Myanmar coast within 200 meters depth was estimated at 1,756,000 Mt. with an annual Maximum Sustainable Yield (M.S.Y) of 1.03 million MT. Production of a total marine fish in the past ten years was 603,000 MT, however, after ten years in 2004, it was 1.1 million Mt., increasing 88% of total catch. On the other hand in the last three years maximum sustainable yield has already reach and it seems at the stage of over fishing Export value of fisher product in 1995 was US$ 120 million, while in 2004; it was US$ 318 million increasing 61% of the value. Fishery resources management, stabilizing intensity of fishing pressure by reducing number of fishing vessels, fish net mesh size restruction, adequate protection for close fishing season and close area are recommended.

MYANMAR PEARLING INDUSTRY

Tun Hla

Myanmar Pearl Enterprise Ministry of Mines


Myanmar started to produce the South Sea Pearl from valuable resource silver-lipped and gold-lipped pearl oyster Pinctada, maxima in 1954. Since then, the pearling industry had solely relied on the wild oysters. After many years, the wild stock of oysters became depleted and sustainable development could not be achieved. Moreover in 1983, the oysters collected from the seabed were infected by Vibrio bacteria and due to high mortality of oysters, the production of pearl declined. To sustain valuable resource, advanced technical know-how for artificial breeding and pearl culturing was introduced in 2000. In stead of culturing on seabed, oysters are cultured on the surface long lines. Hatchery bred oysters are used for pearl culturing in stead of wild oysters. Homograft seeding technique is used instead of autograft seeding technique. Since then pearl production has been increasing. Myanmar pearling does not exploit entirely on the natural resource but by using technical know how and resource together, the pearling industry has become fully developed today.

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NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISCOLORATION OF NORI (Porphyra yezoensis)

AND SEASONAL WIND

Takashi Hoshino1, Yasuo Tsunezawa1, Yoshihiro Suenaga2, Satoru Matsuoka3, Sadaaki Yoshimatsu3, Kazuhiko Ichimi5,

Munehiro Fujiwara4, Kenichi Yamaga4, Kuninaro Tada5

1Graduate School of Engineering, Kagawa University

Takamatsu, Kagawa Pref., JAPAN [email protected]

2Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University

3Kagawa Red Tide Research Center 4Kagawa Fisheries Research Institute

5Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University

In and around the Seto Inland Sea Japan, there are many aquaculture facilities for Yellow tail (Seriola spp.), Red Porgy (Pagrus major), Nori (Porphyra yezoensis), Oyster (Ostreidae) and other valuable marine resources. Recently, the production of Nori severely decreased at Kagawa prefectural coast, eastern Bisan Seto. Especially, the sea area where the bad harvest and discoloration of Nori was observed was confined to a northern part and the southwestern part in Shodo Island. The annual Nori yield at these areas was about 30% of that of the common year. We have conducted the field research and calculated the trajectories of nutrient particles under the condition in which western wind velocity changes using the numerical model. From the results of field research and numerical simulation, we suggested that Nori bad harvest was caused due to a little rain in the autumn season. It was also suggested that at Nori bad harvest area, the nutrient supply by river discharge was so important for aquaculture of Nori.

OST-8C: Aquaculture and Mariculture Technology

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

IN MYANMAR AQUACULTURE

Hla Win and Khin Ko Lay

Department of Fisheries MYANMAR

Myanmar inland water bodies cover 8.2 million hectares as lakes, rives and reservoirs including 3,742 demarcated lease fisheries. The Department of Fisheries plays a vital role in national aquaculture development. Freshwater fish culture has been practiced since the early 1950s and currently 79,127 hectares of freshwater fishponds are in operation. Previously sea bass (Lates calcarifer) and groupers (Epinephelus spp.) were so abundant among marine fishes and easy to catch that local communities were not interested in farming. The most common species cultured are Epinephalus coioides and E. tauvina. The total area of aquaculture in 2005-2006 is over 164,058 hectares including over 84,430 hectares of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and marine shrimp (Penaeus monodon) ponds. Freshwater pond fish culture is the major source of aquaculture production with the dominant of Rohu (Labeo rohita). There are huge considerable potential and opportunities for further development in aquaculture, especially Mari culture that is not yet widespread in Myanmar.

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POTENTIAL OF MARINE FISHERY IN MYANMAR

Hla Win and Myint Pe

Department of Fisheries

Since Myanmar has nearly 3,000 km coastline and more than 800 islands in Myeik Archipelago, she is very rich in marine resources, pelagic fish, and demersal fish. According to a survey conducted by fishery experts under the FAO project “Marine Fishery Resources Survey and Exploratory Fishing Project”, it was estimated 1.0 million metric tons of pelagic fish and 0.85 million metric tons of demersal fish as biomass. Also estimated was 1.05 million metric tons as Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) from our waters. Trawl fishing in Myanmar waters was introducted in the early 1960s by Japanese experts. In the early 1970s, marine fisheries gained popularity among fishermen who started to use more advanced technology, such as bottom trawl net, purse seine net, etc. Landing data from marine fisheries showed exploitation rate of fish increased annually and has nearly reached the figure of MSY. At present, the fishing operation is only conducted in the territorial sea due to lack of advanced technology and capability of the fishing vessel.

RESEARCH ON THE STRUCTURE IMPROVING SEDIMENT QUALITY BY CURRENT CONTROL

Masashi Miyagawa1, Yoshihiro Suenaga2, Hee-Do Ahn3,

Kousaku Yamaoka4 and Kenji Hotta5

1Graduate School of Engineering, Kagawa University, Kagawa, JAPAN

2Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, Kagawa, JAPAN [email protected]

3Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Ansan, KOREA 4Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, Kochi, JAPAN

5College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiba, JAPAN

In regard to the environmental condition of the sea, we have regular red tide occurrence and the generation of the oxygen depleted water mass in some area of the Seto Inland Sea in summer. We concern about the impact of those phenomena against biological production process in the real sea area. We suggest on one method improving sediment environment by setting one unique structure, which has current control function at the bottom of the sea. We examined that the precise current situation around the structure which has a function generating complicated upwelling or downward current behind the structure by water flow, using both of numerical model and hydraulic experiment. This structure generates distinctive upwelling or downward current above the sediment, which accelerates vertical mixture of bottom layer water. We can expect improvement of sediment quality with this current control function. We also examined the effect of sediment quality improvement around the structure, which was settled at the real sea bottom by measuring the sulfide, COD and oxidation reduction potential.

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STUDY ON THE POROUS MATERIAL FOR IMPROVEMENT OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Kaori Yasuoka1

, Yoshihiro Suenaga2, Minoru Yamanaka2,

Hee-Do Ahn3, Takashi Hoshino1

and Hisao Kakegawa2

1Graduate School of Engineering, Kagawa University, Kagawa, JAPAN

2Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, Kagawa, JAPAN [email protected]

3Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Ansan, KOREA

The marine environment in the Seto-Inland Sea Japan has become a critical problem of red tide, low concentration of DO and decrease of fishery production. Therefore the development of technology for improving and maintaining the marine environment and creating new habitats for variable marine resources has become urgent. The purpose of this study as undertaken in order to develop a new porous material which is made by iron slag with high bio-affinity for use as a marine habitat for fishery resources. The carbonated porous material was made using special carbonation equipment and the degree of carbonation was observed by a scanning electron microscope. The degree of carbonation increased with the carbonation time. This research suggests a new technology to restore marine biological environment. The artificial reef using this porous material was installed in research field and the effect of fish aggregation, the exuberance of seaweeds and the density of prey abundance in and around the disposed artificial reef were verified by field observations.

TECHNOLOGY OF SEAWEED, Kappaphycus /Eucheuma CULTIVATION IN THE TROPICAL WATERS

Masao Ohno

Usa Marine Biological Institute

Kochi University Tosa, Kochi, JAPAN

[email protected]

The cultivation technology of the red seaweed Eucheuma started in the Philippines during the 1970s and had spread throughout Indonesia, Malaysia and some Pacific islands. The development of this Eucheuma cultivation and their establishment has started new seaweed industries with the commercial production of carrageenan in the tropical area of the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia. Cultivators presently use two main methods of farming on the Kappaphycus /Eucheuma cultivation: the fixed off-bottom mono-line method and the floating method by the different environmental condition of the sea, which may use also either the raft or the floating long lines. Many kinds of disease problems of the fronds occur in the cultivation site, recently; ice-ice and epiphyte appear on many cultivation fields, resulting to the decline in the production volume and quality.

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OST-9A: Natural Energy

INTRODUCTION OF TIDAL POWER FOR RURAL REMOTE VILLAGES ELECTRIFICATION IN MYANMAR

Soe Myint

Sugar Factory Projects Myanmar Myanmar Industry Association

General Service Engineering Group [email protected]

Out of the two technologies for generating electricity from tidal power, the barrage-style (old technology) rather than current or stream style (new technology) was chosen to suit local conditions and facilities available in Myanmar, one of the developing countries in ASEAN Region. The oldest technology to harness tidal power for the generation of electricity involves building a dam, known as a barrage, across a bay or estuary that large differences in elevation between high and low tides. Water retained behind a dam, at high tide generates a power head sufficient to generate electricity as the tide ebbs and water released from within the dam turns conventional turbines. As mentioned in the title, objective of this paper is only the application of appropriate technology for rural remote villages electrification which are far from national electricity grid and situated in the areas along 1700 miles coast of Myanmar. In this paper, measurement and data accuracy were deemed the best in accordance with locally available instruments. Similar tidal power generators are being considered forward electrification in those areas with tidal streams.

POWER GENERATION BY TIDAL CURRENT

Seiji Kiho, Kazuhisa Naoi, Mitsuhiko Siono and Katsuyuki Suzuki

College of Science & Technology Nihon University Tokyo, JAPAN

[email protected]

This paper reports the method of power generation from tidal currents and test results of the system in the real sea, which was specially designed for this purpose. Tidal currents alternate flow directions four times for every six hours in a day. It is convenient to use a vertical axis turbine for alternating tidal currents. We made the system which consists of a vertical axis turbine, an accelerator, an electric generator, and a control unit. The turbine is a vertical axis Darrieus type rotor and has three blades. The rated output of generator is 5 kW at the tidal current speed of 2.5 m/sec. The first experiment in real tidal current (August 1983) was conducted at the channel of Kurushima Straits in Japan with the system installed on the sea surface, second (July-August 1984) and third (August 1986-1988) installed at the sea bottom. Results from these experiments are described.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON POWER GENERATION SYSTEM FROM TIDAL CURRENTS FOR NAVIGATION BUOY

Seiji Kiho, Mitsuhiro Shiono , Kazuhisa Naoi and Katsuyuki Suzuki

Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University


The tidal current energy is advantageous that the prediction of the energy is more possible than other renewable energy without influencing in the weather. The direction of the tidal currents is inverted periodically in about every 6 hours. Its current velocity varies in the sinusoidal form in a period. Darrieus water turbine is suitable for the recovery of the energy from the tidal currents. Authors have made to be a purpose that power generation from tidal currents is used for power supply of a navigation buoy. We have examined the specification for Darrieus water turbine by the water channel. The navigation buoy was equipped with power generation system from tidal currents using Darrieus water turbine, and it was installed in Akashi Strait in Japan as the demonstrational experiment in real sea, and the data of the output power was collected. As the result, the power generation with the change of current velocity was confirmed. Therefore, the conclusive evidence that the navigation buoy sufficiently operates by power generation system was obtained.

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A VERTICAL AXIS SMALL SCALE WATER TURBINE

Tun Than

Department of Mechanical Engineering


This paper describes the design and fabrication of vertical axis water turbine used for academic and research purposes. The device is designed to operate at low tip speed. Blades are symmetric about the mid-chord plane and they are actively pitched by means of a mechanical system so that the chord of each blade rotates by 90º relative to rotor arm for every revolution of the main rotor. Salient features of the device are self-starting, capable of producing relatively high torque, and it can be used in any flow current which has sufficient amount of volume flow rate and required no head. A Commissioning and field tests of a prototype are described and some preliminary performance results are presented and discussed.

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CROSSFLOW TURBINE FOR MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANT

Myint Win

Department of Mechanical Engineering Defence Services Technological Academy

Pyin Oo Lwin, MYANMAR

Hydro power is probably the least common of the three readily used renewable energy sources, but it has the potential to produce the most power, and more reliable than solar or wind power if there has the right site. This means having asses to a river or creeks that has a high enough flow to produce useable power for a good part of the year. Nowadays compact metal water turbines tend to be used instead of traditional water wheels. In this paper, the blade design of crossflow turbine is made to fulfill the increasing need of power supplies for rural areas and partly to support industries in Myanmar. Crossflow turbine is suitable for wide range head from two to over 100 meters. There are many creeks suitable to build hydro power in Myanmar. As crossflow turbine can be made at low cost and easily installed, evaluation of blade inlet and outlet angles is made for different combinations of flow rates and heads. Finally the program produces the most suitable blade design to agree with the requirements.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VAWT USING ARC CAMBER BLADES FOR WIND GENERATION SYSTEM

Kazuhisa Naoi, Mitsuhiro Shiono and Katsuyuki Suzuki

Department of Electrical Engineering

College of Science and Technology, Nihon University Tokyo, JAPAN

[email protected] The authors have been studying about darrieus type water turbine for tidal current generation. The turbine blades called arc chamber blade are straight along shaft and centerline of blade are agree with rotating locus. It is high efficiency and good starting performances in the water. Therefore the turbine was introduced tidal current generation system for beacon sign. Then, we pay attention to the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) generation system using arc camber blades. This paper discuss about a characteristics of the turbine by wind tunnel experimental test. The tested turbine is 1.6 meter in width and 1.6 meter in height. We executed starting torque test and rotating load test to confirm influence of a number of blade and blade setting angle. Generally, darrieus type wind turbine is difficult to start, so we study about measurement system to measure rotating torque when tip speed ratio is lower than 1.0. The wind generation system for field experimental test was fabricated based on wind tunnel test, have a good operation result in the test.

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OST-9B: Natural Energy

IN-SITU OBSERVATION ON THE WIND IN THE NORTHEASTERN COAST OF TAIWAN

Bao-Shi Shiau1, and Yuan-Bin Chen2

1Department of Harbor and River Engineering

National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung, TAIWAN

[email protected]

2Department of Civil Engineering VanNung University Chungli, TAIWAN

In this paper, we report the wind characteristics from analyzing in-situ observational data measured by using the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer in the northeastern coastal region of Taiwan. The observation station was located in the coastal rural terrain with grass and occasional large obstacles (like low-rise buildings). The roughness length, z0 is estimated as approximate 0.10 m in accordance with the roughness classification of terrain types proposed by Davenport (1960). Wind observation was conducted during the period from July 1, 1998, to December 31, 2001. The wind characteristics include mean wind speed, turbulence intensity, wind gust factor, probability density function of turbulent wind, and wind spectrum. Results of the in-situ observational data reveal that wind turbulence intensity and wind gust factor of annual and four seasons are shown to approach to constant values as the mean wind speed increases. Probability density functions of turbulent wind for four seasons present a little bias from the Gaussian distributions. The observed longitudinal turbulent wind spectra for four seasons are found in a good fit of the Von Karman spectrum equation form.

RESEARCH ON COLLECTIVE HOUSING AREAS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESIDENTS

IN ULAANBAATAR, MONGOLIA

Umekazu Kawagishi1, Susumu Ishii2, Noboru Yuasa1, Koki Kitano1 and Hirofumi Sugimoto3

1Dept of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, CIT, Nihon University, JAPAN

[email protected]

2Dept of Mechanical Engineering, CIT, Nihon University, JAPAN 3Dept of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, GSIT, Nihon University, JAPAN

Our research focuses on the living and residential environment of collective housing areas in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. We studied the current condition of living spaces of collective housing areas in the urban area, and based on characteristics of consciousness of apartment dwellers and the status of their activity and opinions of those dwellers, compared and analyzed specific activities and evaluations to clarify status and characteristics of living in collective housing. The systematic methodology regarding the creation of a sustainable living and residential environment and coexistence is based on the local characteristics of a resource recycling society, particularly on how it is possible to maintain and develop a resource recycling environment based on an indigenous local environment and resources amid the changing of living space and residential environment, in the process of shifting from a nomadic to urban and settled lifestyle.

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RESEARCH ON ESTABLISHMENT OF RESOURCE RECYCLING SOCIETY IN COBB HILL COHOUSING

Umekazu Kawagishi1, Susumu Ishii2, Naoyuki Hirota1 and Koki Kitano1

1Dept of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, CIT, Nihon University, JAPAN

[email protected]

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, CIT, Nihon University, JAPAN This research studies the Cobb Hill Cohousing community, an eco-village cohousing complex constructed in Vermont, USA, in 2002, as part of the activities of the Sustainability Institute, founded in 1996 by Dr. Donella H. Meadows, the American sustainability movement leader. Our paper aims to clarify the role of how cohousing dwellers and the environment play in community formation, to study what should be the ideal living and residential environment capable of adapting to various conditions changing over time, and to review varying systems and methodologies for coexistence with the environment that recognize establishment of a sustainable society. Our study compares and analyzes varying modes created from various activities and conducts of people living together in the community and the relationship between these and the space in which they are carried out, with discussion on recycling of resources that utilize local characteristics, techniques, and systems for coexistence with the environment.

FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GRID-CONNECTED CLUSTERED PV SYSTEM

Kazuhisa Naoi and Shogo Nishikawa

College of Science and Technology

Nihon University Tokyo, JAPAN

[email protected]

Since huge clustered PV systems produce a lot of inverse electrical power flow and can affect utility grid very much, it is very important to develop technologies for keeping qualities of electric power system. Increasing rate of self-consumption of PV output and load factor with energy storage device in a residential house can be one of promising methods. However, if the capacity and operation methods of energy storage device are not proper, system cost can be very high compared with effect of energy storage device. The purpose of this work is to clear the optimum capacity and operational method of energy storage device. As the first step of study, the rate of this self-consumption of PV output and the load factor of a residential house without energy storage device were investigated with a huge demonstrative test.

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FROM "POINT" TO "FIELD" ON RENEWABLE ENERGY

Isamu Izawa

Department of Electrical Engineering College of Science and Technology

Nihon University Tokyo, JAPAN

[email protected]

This is to introduce mainly the Hybrid Power Generation System utilizing biomass resources of animal waste methane fermentation with photovoltaic power in Cambodia constructed when I was employed in Meidensha Corporation, Japan and Rice Husk Power Generation System in Thailand, which my junior fellows are executed. I sincerely feel it is necessary to utilize biomass resources as "field" by combination with other renewable energy, which may be difficult to use as "point by point". From this point of view, I wish to promote for utilization of full-fledged use of environmentally friendly energy to prevent from global warming and Meidensha is currently challenging and providing products and systems such as wind turbine, photovoltaic, fuel cell, electric double layer capacitor and micro-grid system.

CST-1: Hydrodynamics of Coastal Waters

BRAGG SCATTERING OF WATER WAVES IN REAL FLUIDS

Ho-Shong Hou1, Tai-Wen Hsu2 and Chin-Yen Tsai2

1Ministry of Economic Affairs Taipei, TAIWAN

2Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering

National Cheng Kung Uviversity Tainan, TAIWAN

The vortex generation and dissipation in Bragg scattering of water waves by a series of artificial bars is investigated both numerically and experimentally. A Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model is applied to simulate the vortex evolution process as water waves pass over a series of artificial bars. Meanwhile, the flow visualization technique of particle tracing is used to experimentally observe the flow field. The numerical model is therefore validated through the comparisons of water elevations and velocity field with the measurements. A good agreement between the calculated results and the measured data is found. Based on the present results, the mechanism of vortex generation and dissipation due to flow separation is analyzed.

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BUOY MEASUREMENTS OF WIND-WAVE INTERACTION DURING TROPICAL CYCLONES

S. A. Hsu

Coastal Studies Institute

Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

[email protected]

Simultaneous measurements of wind speed and gust at 10 meters, significant wave height and dominant wave period recorded during 14 hurricanes over the deep Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea by the United States National Data Buoy Center have been analyzed. It is found that the power law between nondimensional significant wave height and significant wave period performs well. Our results further verify the formulation of Kalma when the power law is normalized by the wind speed and of Toba when normalized by the friction velocity. It is also found that when the wind speed exceeds 20 meters per second both the gust factor and the drag coefficient are nearly constant. These results are consistent with most recent findings via theoretical, numerical experiments, and aircraft measurements.

FLOW VISUALIZATION OF VORTEX SHEDDING BEHIND THE CIRCULAR AND ELLIPTICAL CYLINDERS

Tin Min Latt1 and O. N. Ramesh2

1Department of Aerospace Propulsion and Flight Vehicles

Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University, Meikthila, MYANMAR [email protected]

2Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Science

Bangalore, INDIA

Vortex shedding behind circular and elliptical cylinders is investigated at various oncoming velocities. Flow visualization is done using a water table, which is a suitable device to study shape and size of wake and pattern of vortices behind the circular and elliptical cylinders (ellipticities 1 to 2.5) at low velocities. The flow visualization is done by means of introducing a fluorescent dye upstream of the models through a needle. Proper lighting arrangement is done to illuminate the dye pattern and pictures are taken using digital camera. In the case of circular cylinder, the Strouhal number increases as the Reynolds number increases. In the case of elliptical cylinders, the Strouhal number increases as the Reynolds number increases at a given velocity. Also, at a given velocity the Strouhal number decreases as the ellipticity increases. After appropriate scaling is applied to the pictures taken for various cylinders, the vortex shedding patterns appear similar. This suggests presence of a possible scaling for these shapes.

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REDUCTION OF THE WAVE DRIFTING FORCES USING AIRCUSHION SUPPORTED SYSTEM

Masato Kobayashi1，Tomoki Ikoma1，Koichi Masuda1，

Chang-Kyu Rheem2 and Hisaaki Maeda1

1Department of Oceanic Architecture and Engineering CST, Nihon University, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, JAPAN

[email protected]

2Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN

This paper shows from the result of experiments that aircushion support floating body is effective for the steady wave drift force reduction. An experiment model is length of 3.0m, width of 0.75m, and depth of 0.2m. The model is made of VCM. The aircushion is compartmentalized to three aircushions with subdivisions. One aircushion is 1.0m.The measurement range is L/λ=1.0～6.0 of wavelength and wave heights are two cases of 4cm and 5cm.The same experiment using the general pontoon is carried out and results of the pontoon are compared with the experimental result of the aircushion. The steady wave drifting force of the aircushion type is reduced from that of the pontoon in measured wavelength range. In practically, motion responses of the aircushion decrease at L/λ=1.5 and 4.5.From results aircushions are effective to reduction of the wave drifting forces.

VELOCITY CHANGE IN NEARSHORE ZONE DUE TO COASTAL DRAIN SYSTEM BY VOF METHOD

Nan Myat Soe and Michio Sato

Ocean Civil Engineering Department

Graduate School of Science and Engineering Kagoshima University Kagoshima, JAPAN

[email protected]

The coastal drain has been considered to be an effective soft approach to coastal erosion control and beach erosion. The major objective of this paper is to understand the phenomena of mean flow field over a uniform slope beach in the wave channel with and without coastal drain system by using Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. The mean velocity is important near the seashore where it influences to move sediment. A numerical method is developed based on the SOLA-VOF code (Hirt and Nichols, 1981), which includes the solver for the Navier-Stokes equations and the VOF method as the free surface tracking technique. In the program, the active wave generating/absorbing boundary is used as a special boundary condition. The average velocity field induced by the drain system in nearshore zone without being wave condition is also examined according to Schwart-Christfell‘s Theory. The idea that offshore flow caused by wave action is weakened by water absorption due to drainpipe system installed under the beach bottom in the nearshore zone is one of the functions of Coastal Drain System.

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CST-2: Coastal Water Level Fluctuations

DESIGN OF STORM SURGE – EXPERIMENTS FOR UNDERSTANDING STORM SURGE PHENOMENA

AND MODEL TESTING

May Khin Chaw and Khin Win Maw

Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Yangon, MYANMAR [email protected]

A numerical model has been derived for storm surge prediction in Myanmar, developed by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, INDIA, a leading regional center for storm surge modeling and forecasting for Bay of Bengal region. Case studies with synthetic data and real track of 1994 Maungdaw (Myanmar) cyclone were carried out using the model. Comparison with the observed peak surge shows satisfactory. Moreover, an investigation on how the model predicts the storm surge heights by using the different values of storm parameters such as maximum sustained wind speed of storm (Vmax), radius of maximum wind (Rmax), speed of propagation of storm (c), angle the track make with the coastline, the pressure drop, etc. The main objective of the present study is to present the numerical model developed for the improved prediction of storm surges and coastal inundation along Myanmar coasts, which may help in effective evacuation measures and thus minimize the damage caused by the severe cyclonic storm.

NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF THE HIGH WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS DURING THE TYPHOON PERIOD

Yoshihiro Suenaga1, Takuya Hashimoto2, Minoru Yamanaka1,

Shuichi Hasegawa1, Wataru Shiraki1 and Koichi Masuda3

1Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa Pref., JAPAN

[email protected]

2Graduate School of Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University Fukuoka, JAPAN

3College of Science and Technology Nihon University, Funabashi, Chiba, JAPAN

There were serious damages by typhoon during August to September 2004 in Japan. The high water and inundation by the typhoon damaged many homes and coastal facilities in Takamatsu city, Kagawa Pref., Japan. It is necessary to verify the mechanism of tide level fluctuations during the typhoon period. The authors conducted an investigation of bottom topography in the coastal area of Kagawa Prefecture and calculated of the high water level using a 3-D numerical simulation model. That numerical simulation model took into consideration wind drift, air pressure and gradient of bottom topography. We compared the results of observed high water fluctuations, current velocity and current direction and calculated the results. The results indicated that the high water fluctuation was based on when the wind direction collided with the predominant direction of tidal flow in that typhoon period. This proposed calculation method is effective for disaster prevention countermeasures against future natural disasters (typhoon, earthquake and tsunami etc.).

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RAPID ESTIMATION OF STORM SURGE DUE TO TROPICAL CYCLONES USING SATELLITE METEOROLOGY

S. A. Hsu

Coastal Studies Institute

Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

[email protected]

The analytical formula for peak storm surge originally developed by Jelesnianski and currently in operational use by the United States National Weather Service has been further substantiated physically by recent advances in wind-wave-surge interaction studies and has been simplified to a direct relationship amongst the storm's minimum sea-level pressure, shoaling factor, and the storm motion correction. Verification of this rapid method during several hurricanes (including Katrina 2005) were successful. Similar formulas (based on pressure difference) have been derived for estimating the maximum sustained wind speed at 10 meters above the water surface, the maximum significant wave height, and the shoaling depth during a tropical cyclone. Furthermore, the radius of maximum wind for a tropical cyclone can be determined from satellite imagery as the distance between the coldest cloud-top temperature and the center of the eye of the tropical cyclone. Using this method via satellite, the minimal sea-level pressure and thus the storm surge can be determined rapidly for coastal hazard mitigation and public safety during tropical cyclones.

SEISMICITY OF THE ANDAMAN SEA

Maung Thein

Myanmar Geosciences Society Yangon, MYANMAR

The Andaman Sea, in the southeastern part of the Alpide Earthquake Belt, is a seismically active region. In fact, its northern part is one of the five earthquake source zones (seismogenic zones) for the Myanmar region. There are three underlying causes of earthquake generation in the Andaman Sea region: subduction-related (dominant), spreading-related (major), and volcanism-related (minor). The eastward subduction of the Indian Plate underneath the Sunda Plate along the Sunda (Java) Trench is the primary cause of generation of many moderate and some large earthquakes with intermediate focal depths along the western part of the Andaman Sea, especially along the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Earthquake hazards may be severe to destructive (MMIX) for the Andaman and Nicobar islands because of their proximity to the occasional subduction-related large earthquakes. Seismic records show that at least two such earthquakes caused moderate tsunamis in this region in the past 125 years. This paper studies the development condition of Yangon Port, constraint in which effect capacity of the port based on throughout, and try the present findings.

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STORM SURGE PREDICTION IN MYANMAR: OPERATIONAL AND POST STORM FIELD SURVEY PERSPECTIVES

Tun Lwin1 and Nyein Nyein Moe2

1Myanmar Earthquake Committee, Department of Meteorology and Hydrology

Yangon, MYANMAR [email protected], [email protected]


Following the First WMO Workshop on storm surge prediction held in Myanmar in 1981, the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology formulated its own operational storm surge prediction statistical method for the first time. Coupling with the Fletcher’s wind-pressure relationship in a storm, the model was further simplified into a single independent variable model – the wind field. Due to inavailability of storm parameters in advance to operate a Numerical Model, the formulated model was found very operational with available sources of data and gave satisfactory results. It was first tested for the prediction of storm surge during a cyclonic storm on May 1982 in the Bay of Bengal. By performing post storm field survey trips to areas affected by storm surge, the verified results were quite satisfactory. During the 26 December 2004 tsunami event in the Indian Ocean, the forecast model estimated the approaching tsunami wave speed to the coastline of Myanmar as low as 60-65 km/hr., which explained why Myanmar was less damaged compared to its neighboring countries.

THREE DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF STORM SURGE IN THE SOUTHEASTERN SEA OF KOREA

Cha-kyum Kim1 and Jong Tae Lee2

1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Namhae College Namhae-up, Namhae-gun, Kyungnam, KOREA

[email protected]

2Department of Civil Engineering, Kyonggi University, Seodaemoon-ku, Seoul, KOREA

A three dimensional numerical model was established to calculate the storm surge observed in the southeastern sea of Korea during Typhoon Maemi. Maemi landed on the southern coast of Korean Peninsula at 21 hr, 12 September 2003 with a central pressure and a progression speed of approximately 950 hPa and 45 km/h respectively, and caused a tremendous severe storm surge disaster. The tide gauge in Masan Harbor located in the southern sea of Korea recorded the storm surge of a maximum of approximately 2.4m. While Maemi was passing Masan Bay, the astronomical tide level reached near the high water of a spring tide. Residential and commercial areas facing Masan Bay were heavily flooded and almost all underground facilities suffered from the inundation by the storm surge. The storm surge including tide was hindcasted by 3-D and 2-D numerical models using an ADI (Alternating Direction Implicit) finite difference scheme. The simulated surge for the typhoon using 3-D model shows good agreement with the recorded one at the southern coast. The surge height predicted by 2-D model was lower than that observed.

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CST-3A: Coastal Structures

A SOLITARY WAVE PROPAGATING OVER A SUBMERGED BREAKWATER

Ho-Shong Hou1, Tai-Wen Hsu2 and Chin-Yen Tsai2

1Ministry of Economic Affairs

Taipei, TAIWAN

2Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering National Cheng Kung University

Tainan, TAIWAN

The velocity field and vortices, induced by a solitary wave propagating over a submerged breakwater, are investigated using Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model coupled with the k ε− model. Flows of low to high modified Reynolds numbers up to

are considered where the characteristic fluid velocity is represented by the maximum horizontal velocity above the submerged breakwater. To verify the accuracy of the present numerical model, the incident waves and the velocity field in the near filed of the breakwater are compared with the experimental data. The characteristics of vortex generation and dissipation are studied in detail by a series of numerical experiments. It is noted that the vortex shedding and their growth owing to flow separation both on the weatherside and the leeside are strongly dependent on the Reynolds number. Moreover, a greater number of vortices are found to form for an increasing Reynolds number.

*Re 1.40 10= × 5

A STUDY ON MAKING SEA HAZARD MAP CONSIDERS TSUNAMI DAMAGES OF SHIPS

Shinji Nagasawa, Koichi Masuda and Ikoma Tomoki

Department of Oceanic Architecture and Engineering

Ccllege of Science and Technology Nihon University

Funabashi, Chiba, JAPAN [email protected]

Japan is a frequent occurrence of the earthquake country all over the world, and many researches are done to the damage of tsunami generated along with a large-scale seaquake. This paper describes the numerical simulation done to analyze the behavior of tsunami in harbors. The tsunami computation is done by calculating two stages are off-shore area and inside of targeted port for the improvement of the calculation accuracy. In the tsunami computation, the tsunami initial wave at the earthquake fault position is introduced into the calculation to reproduce tsunami that generated by the seaquake accurately as much as possible. In addition, we defined the safety sea area and the dangerous sea area for the small ships based on distribution of wave height and flow velocity of tsunami calculated by the computation. And we made the sea hazard map that introduced information on defined sea area and tsunami arrival time, and examined the sea hazard map about tsunami damages of ships.

A-35

CST-3A: Coastal Structures

ARTIFICIAL HEADLAND USING SPAR BUOY SEA FOREST

Nai Kuang Liang

Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University

[email protected]

A pipe made of PVC is closed at one end and holes drilled for anchoring at the other end. The semi-closed pipe is aerated from the open end. This pipe becomes a tautly moored spar buoy if the water depth is deep enough. Two rods are used to pierce the lower end of the pipe with used tires piled on it to enlarge the cross section and protect the pipe. To suppress spar buoy motion, two adjacent spar buoys are connected at the top of the buoy by a chain. Sand bags are used as anchorage that the demand of the heavy crane is quite limited. A group of such spar buoys forming an artificial sea forest will be utilized as an artificial headland. It is expected that a tombolo will be formed behind the headland. If another headland is installed some distance from the former one at a similar depth, a concave shoreline will be formed. The original straight shoreline is extended into a longer concave line. The wave height will be smaller due to refraction, then more sand will be accumulated on the beach and the beach is protected. This is the principle of the artificial headland method (Silvester and Hsu,1993).

FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF STEELS FOR MARINE STRUCTURES

Yoshiharu Mutoh

Department of System Safety

Nagaoka University of Technology Nagaoka, JAPAN

[email protected]

Marine structures should have high reliability to variable loads caused by waves and winds. In the present study, to ensure the structural reliability, fatigue crack growth behavior of new steels developed for marine structures has been investigated. The steels showed high crack growth resistance due to stress shielding phenomena as well as crack closure phenomena, while the stress shielding phenomena was not observed in conventional steels. The detailed in situ observations during the fatigue crack growth tests revealed that interlocking of crack surfaces and crack branching contributed to the stress shielding depending on microstructures.

A-36

CST-3B: Coastal Structures

INFLUENCE OF WAVE REFLECTION TO RUNUP ON STEP DIKE

Jea-Tzyy Juang1, Chao-Fu Lin2 and Shi-Chong Chiang2

1Department of Civil Engineering Chienkuo Technology University

Changhua, TAIWAN [email protected]

2Department of Hydraulic Engineering

Feng Chia University Taichung, TAIWAN

[email protected]

In this study, the reflected rate of waves is calculated first by using the equation proposed by Issacson (1991). Then, the correlation analysis between the surf similarity parameter and the reflect rate of waves is complete. After that, by taking advantage of the theory of linear addition of wave energy, then the height of an interacted wave induced in front of the step dike can be calculated too. Meanwhile, comparison of the correlation between the relative height of runup waves and the surf similarity parameter in different incident wave conditions can be obtained also. For the prediction of runup wave height on a stepped dike, the calculate equations, derived from the wave momentum flux parameter calculating method proposed by Hughes (2003), is used. However, the values of several relational parameters in his equations must be modified when used for the prediction of the height of wave runup on stepped sloping dike. The result is also verified by the experimental data.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON BEHAVIOR OF FLOATING STRUCTURES IN TSUNAMI BY MPS METHOD

Mitsuhiro Masuda, Koichi Masuda, Tomoki Ikoma and Hisaaki Maeda

Department of Oceanic Architecture and Engineering CST Nihon University, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, JAPAN

[email protected]

When tsunami attacked on floating structures in ports, it is very important to predict the kind of damages on floating structures from a viewpoint of disaster prevention and mitigation of damages. The objectives of present research are to develop the computational program code of the two-dimensional MPS method and simulate the behavior of floating structures at vicinity of wharfs in tsunami. The accuracy of present computational method has been discussed by comparison with experimental results, so that the numerical and the experimental results on the behavior of floating structures at vicinity of wharfs are good agreement. However, the both results of flow velocity on wharfs are slightly different. The practical usefulness of present numerical method has been confirmed.

A-37

CST-3B: Coastal Structures

THE DESIGN OF ANCHORAGE FOR WATERS OUTSIDE KAOHSIUNG HARBOR

Hsi-Ching Chen1 and H.H. Lee2

1Department of Shipping Technology

National Kao-Hsiung Marine University

2Department of Marine environment & Engineering National Sun Yat-Sen University

Kaohsiung Port is the most important harbor in the Taiwan area. During 2005, the number of arriving and departing cargo and trailer ships were 19,120 and 19,103, respectively. However, due to scheduled docking timing and limitations of available harbor berthing wharves, some ships waiting for loading and unloading must be anchored in the open sea outside the Kaohsiung Port. Through radar observation, most ships are anchored near two entrances of the harbor. Ships entering and exiting, plus anchored ships around two entrances of the Kaohsiung Port make ship traffic complicated and risks of bumping into each other are sometimes unavoidable. The purpose of this study is to improve the safety of ship navigation around the entrance of the harbor and also to protect the marine environment in the converging area. It is also encouraged that the authority of Kaohsiung Port decides to establish a routing system for the ships and to design a zone of ship anchorage that will be much safer for both the ships anchored at waters outside the port and traveling around at the neighboring waters.

VISIBLE SPACE BY LANDSCAPE RECOGNITION OF LOCAL INHABITANS AND ITS COMPOSITION

Hirotomo Ohuchi and Satoshi Yamada*

Graduate School of Industrial Technology

Nihon University, JAPAN *[email protected]

This study discusses relationship between the extent of the sphere of cognition by local inhabitants in coastal fishing area and the physical environment, as ascertained from a questionnaire survey of local inhabitants. Object is 59 coastal fishing villages (Izu and Bousou peninsula in Japan) in which the sea, a town, and a mountain are realized in one, and has complicated geographical feature. We have been researched the complexity and metamorphosis patterns of common areas in coastal fishing regions using sphere graphic method. Based on research, this study analysis Explicate Order and Implicate Order formed from the mutual relationship of the cognitive region and visibility and determine relationship between cognitive attribution and visibility. We analysis visibility with visible region image using the 3-D shade picture which applied the inverse-square damping which is approximation to man's visual recognition and which is obtained from a spread of light. From above analysis, correlativity of cognitive attribution and visibility by landscape recognition of local inhabitants was shown and its Composition was determined.

A-38

CST-4A: Ports and Harbors

A SINGLE MOORING NET-CAGE SUBJECTED TO WAVE FORCES

H.H. Lee1, J.-Y. Lee1 and H.-C. Chen2

1Department of Marine Environment

National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung, TAIWAN

2Department of Shipping Technology

National Kao-Hsiung Marine University Kaohsiung, TAIWAN

Study on the fish-farming net-cage system to rear fishes in the open sea has been well developed. However, depending on open sea conditions, developments in some areas are processed quite well while other areas are facing many difficulties. Challenges may include management, marketing, fish disease and most of all, safety of net-cage system, particularly during storms and monsoon season. Two kinds of wave force are recognized as most damaging to the open sea net-cages, namely, long waves induced from large storms and regular short waves induced from monsoon winds. For the long waves the best way to avoid damage to the net-cages is to put cages away from the action of the most damaging waves, which is on the free surface and then restore them in place after the storm. But for the regular short waves, although the force induced from waves is smaller they last much longer and the resultant fatigue damage on the net-cages is more difficult to be noticed. Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to develop a net-cage of single mooring system that can be more resistant to the short wave actions and easier to monitor for the structural damages during the operation.

EXTENSION PLANNING OF THE DA-WU FISHING HARBOR FOR IMPROVING SEA TRANSPORTATION ON EAST TAIWAN

Ho-Shong Hou1 and Chen-Shan Kung2

1Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), TAIWAN

2Sinotech Engineering Consultant, Ltd.

The Da-Wu fishing harbor, located on eastern Taiwan on Taitung County, was built in 1970s for local fishing. It extended its breakwater in 1990 to improve the sediment deposition problem, with the tourist industry rapidly increasing in the area. The sea eco-tourist is a fast-developing popular voice. Developing deep ocean resources is also becoming popular in the area, which faces the great Pacific Ocean. Due to increased sea activities, the requirement for improving local Da-Wu harbor is necessary. Da-Wu harbor is located south of Chao-Yung creek, with the sediment moving north to south. Hence, for the last 40 years the littoral drift has always been a problem. The expansion of harbor, wave climate, current environment, and possible effects of the new breakwater extension to the sediment transport in the area should be assessed in the extension plan. This paper addresses the integration of new extension plan of Da-Wu harbor and discusses the effect of wave, current and sediment transport on new scheme, specially the effect of typhoon which frequently attacks this area on Da-Wu harbor will also be addressed.

A-39

CST-4A: Ports and Harbors

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT OF KEELUNG PORT

Ho-Shong Hou1, Peng-His Hou2 and Peng-Hui Hou2

1Ministry of Economic Affairs

2National Chiao-Tung University

This study is to submit port development project to help Taiwan area become hub port by means of comprehending its ports’ functions and special features. For the improvement of operation and administration efficiency and competition strength, it is suggested that the authorities to engage in the following: to solve stevedores problem, to carry out policy of privatization, liberalization and computerization, to set up port operation and management system, to develop high value added industry and distribution center within port area or the nearby, and to set round-the-island shipping, integrated transportation and telecommunication port into action. Port of Keelung should be expanded toward offshore as an auxiliary port in marine transportation and supply what container shipping companies need. The detail planning is described in this paper, and assistant hub port of Keelung after the main hub port of Kaohsiung is established.

CST-4B: Ports and Harbors

MYANMAR PORT AND HARBOR DEVELOPMENT AND COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

Sanda Naing

Department of Port and Harbor Engineering


With the development of international trade under the newly introduced market oriented economy of the country, Myanmar relies entirely on maritime transport for its international trade. The outports were also developed along the 1700 mile coastline of Myanmar in order to cater mostly to the domestic coastal traffic. The ports, traditionally, have played an indispensable role for the development of the national economy. Coastal zone is very important to most of coastal countries due to its valuable natural resources and usefulness. Often, there is a conflict between resources users and impact of one user group to another is not negligible. The coastal zone management program must consider many facts of the environmental picture and Myanmar also needs to ensure the harmonic use of the coastal zone resources.

A-40

CST-4B Ports and Harbors

THE NEW GENERATION CONTAINER TERMINAL FACILITY AND EQUIPMENT

Shih-Duenn Kuo1 and Ping-Tang Chen2

Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau

Kaohsiung, TAIWAN [email protected] [email protected]

Currently, the 6th new generation container ship of 8,000 TEU has come to serve the world shipping. For the future development, the prediction of 15,000 TEU Ultra Large Container Ship (ULCS) is will come to serve around year of 2010. This trend will give the Container Terminal design and construction a big blow. According to a series study from many countries to meet this specific requirement, it’s finding that there remain a lot of problems just to increase GCs along wharf front. So, alternatives like bay-type-berth, double-ended-gantry and container-handling on both sides of a container ship, are under consideration. Due to ULCS development also giving a lot of problems to the container yard design to connect the operation system transfer, therefore new design criteria for container yard should be carefully study to match the ULCS need, and to balance all traffic flow in different transfer stages. To meet the ULCS operation, the yard-required operation system will also play a very important role. All to do to breakthrough traditional system become first priority to get the necessary operation efficiency.

YANGON SEA ACCESS CHANNEL ASSOCIATED PORT IMPROVEMENT STUDY

Kyaw Oo

Civil Engineering Department

Myanma Port Authority Yangon, MYANMAR

Yangon Port is a river port situated in a Deltaic region and lies along the Yangon River. Vessels calling to Yangon Port use the Yangon estuary as a navigation channel. The principle objective of this paper is to consider construction of a training structure around the inner bar for mitigation of dredging woks at Monkey Point channel. From sea to Yangon Port there are two shallow areas known as outer bar and inner bar. Inner bar is stable in its location but regular maintenance dredging has to be done. The access channel at outer bar has been changing in cyclic order and the required depth is available without intensive dredging. More than thirty years ago Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners studied this channel to improve it. They mentioned that the Yangon sea access channel could be improved either by construction of training structure or by dredging work. Their recommendation indicated that dredging work would be more suitable and economical at that time. Nowadays, volume of dredging works at inner bar increased significantly, therefore, Yangon Sea Access Channel Associated Port Improvement study is requested to undertake at timely manner.

A-41

CST-5A: Coastal Sediment Processes

SEDIMENT MOVEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC MACROFAUNA IN THE NORTH ANDAMAN SEA

Cherry Aung1, Pretik Mehta2 and Swe Thwin1

1Department of Marine Science University of Mawlamyine, MYANMAR 2National Institute of Oceanography, Mumbai Regional Centre, INDIA

The Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea form the Northern Indian Ocean and are together considered as the 34th Large Marine Ecosystem of the of the world. Important topographic features are Ayeyarwady-Thanlwin delta in the northern shelf, Mergui platform in the esastern shelf and a large central basin. The two most important rivers of Myanmar, The Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) and the Thanlwin (Salween) cover a basin area of around 600 X 103 km2 and discharge a volume of 480 km2 annually to the Andaman Sea which is about 20% of the total river runoff received by the Bay of Bengal. The climate of the Andaman Sea is dominated by a semi-annual reversal of winds, and surface currents in the Bay of Bengal. The monsoons provide seasonal rains to the coastal zone and associated fresh water runoff, resulting in a regular alternation of period of low salinity (during SW monsoon) and high salinity (during NE monsoon). This phenomenon of oscillating sediments with tidal cycle superimposed on the strong seasonal reversal of environmental parameters and its impact on the benthos is reported.

IN THE WESTERN MYANMAR, WHERE THE BENGAL FAN SEDIMENTATION WAS?

Theingi Kyaw* and Thura Oo

Department of Geology, University of Yangon

Yangon, MYANMAR *[email protected]

[email protected] The Rakhine-Chin-Naga Ranges of the western fringe of Myanmar have been considered as an accretionary prism resulted from the convergence of the India and Eurasia Plates. Upper part of the western half of the prism is the mountain-ranges built-up with Paleogene mélanges bearing olistholiths of Cretaceous limestones, and lower part of the western half which underlies the Rakhine coastal area and Rakhine continental shelf is composed of Neogene sediments containing olistholiths of Cretaceous and Eocene limestones. In order to deduce the provenance of these Neogene sediments, Paleogene convergence of the India and Eurasia was reconstructed with the speculation of the position of the Himalaya, the depositional basin of the Bengal submarine fan and the Rakhine continental margin. In addition, the Rakhine Neogene units and those from the eastern part of the Bangladesh, Assam and Bengal fan were compared. As a result, majority of these clastic sediments were considered to have derived from the Burma (Myanmar) Plate and only minor amounts were regarded to be scrapped-off and re-mobilized from the Indian oceanic crust.

A-42

CST-5A: Coastal Sediment Processes

MORPHOLOGY AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT OF SAND BODIES IN EASTERN TAIWAN STRAIT SHELF

Ho-Shing Yu, Horng-Ru Liao and Chih-Chieh Su

Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University

Taipei, TAIWAN [email protected]

The bathymetric Changyun Ridge, located in the central-east of the Taiwan Strait, consists of three linear sand bodies: (a) the eastern Changyun sand ridge, (b) a ridge-like sand body, and (c) a sand shoal. Off the western coast of Taiwan the Changyun sand ridge shows typical morphology of linear sand ridges; its long axis oriented parallel to the coastline and narrow reciprocal tidal ellipses. Farther west, the ridge-like sand body trends northwest to southeast, normal to the coast and is oblique to the broad rotary tidal ellipses. Distal to the Taiwan shoreline the sand shoal is oriented parallel to the coastline of western Taiwan and broad rotary tidal ellipses. Surface sediments of the Changyun Ridge are composed of very fine to coarse sands in a progressive seaward decrease in grain size. The configuration and spatial distribution of these three sand bodies with corresponding decrease in tidal speed and in grain size together suggest that the sand bodies develop sequentially from near-shore to offshore areas, presumably in response to westward shifting of the north-flowing tidal currents.

PHYSIOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENT DISPERSAL ON THE AYEYARWADY CONTINENTAL SHELF,

NORTH ANDAMAN SEA

V. Ramaswamy1, P.S. Rao1 and Swe Thwin2

1Geological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography

Dona Paula, Goa, INDIA

2Department of Marine Science, University of Mawlamyine Mawlamyine, MYANMAR

The Ayeyarwady continental shelf is part of a complex geological setting in the north Andaman Sea and is characterized by a wide shelf, macro tidal conditions and seasonally reversing surface circulation linked to the Asian monsoon. The Ayeyarwady River, the fifth largest in the world in terms of sediment yield, annually discharges more than 265 million tons of sediment onto the Ayeyarwady continental shelf. The shelf is also considered tectonically active because of the presence of a system of N-S trending dextral strike-slip faults. Echograms and sub-bottom profiler records in the Gulf of Martaban reveal a minimum of 18 m thick strata of modern muds overlying a sand layer, which emerges at the surface on the outer shelf. The large quantity of the sediment discharged at the Mouths of Ayeyarwady is displaced eastward by the prevailing westerly currents and tidal forces into the Gulf of Marataban where most of the sediment is deposited. This implies that the sediment is accumulating at a rate of 15 cm per year and the Gulf of Martaban acts as a sediment trap.

A-43

CST-5B: Coastal Sediment Processes

WIND BLOWOUT HOLLOW GENERATED IN FUKIAGE DUNE FIELD, KAGOSHIMA PREFECTURE JAPAN

Ryuichiro Nishi1, Li Elikson2 and Myokhin3

1Dept. of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, JAPAN

2Dept. of Water Resource Engineering, Lund University 3Dept. of Civil Engineering, Daiichi Institute of Technology

[email protected]

A dune is vulnerable to severe waves and wind. Dune is eroded by storm waves especially under storm surge condition. In contrast, a dune is enhanced by deposition of wind blown sand, which is supplied from a dry beach in front of a dune. Dune erosion by high waves during a storm surge condition was experimentally and numerically studied by a number of researchers, for instance, in Florida, Delft, and CERC. Here, a wind blowout hollow generation which could be first triggered by a presence of dune scarp is described based on field and numerical studies. Then, it is concluded as follows: (1) Wind blowout hollows were created just behind the scarped dune edge in Fukiage Dune, Kagoshima, Japan, (2) The wind turbulence enhanced by the presence of the scarped dune significantly contributes to excavate the dune surface even though the dune was stabilized by vegetation, and (3) The average spacing of wind blowout hollow is nearly 137m along the coast.

STUDY ON THE RIVER WORKS DUE TO SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

Khin Kyu Kyu

River and Coastal Engineering Department


In Myanmar, there are four main rivers: the Ayeyarwaddy, the Chindwin, the Thanlwin and the Sittaung. For Myanmar people, the Ayeyarwaddy is a life-giving benefactor. Rivers may be considered one of the most important natural resources to the human race. Not only do rivers provide one of the first necessities of life, drinking water, they also provide a means of transport, a way to dispose garbage, food (fish), and good farmland along the banks. The river works may be used for irrigation, navigation, water power, to provide water, etc. but river works may also be carried out to prevent damage by floods, draughts, contamination, etc. River engineering is mostly concerned with the interaction between the transport of water and the transport of sediment, and is thus, to a large extent, based on hydraulics and sediment transport mechanics. Hydraulic transport processes are defined as the physical processes of flow of natural water bodies which cause pollutants or natural substances to be transported and mixed, or exchanged with other media. The purpose of this paper is to study the sediment transport of river due to three different modes of transport: wash load, suspended load, and bed load. This paper will include some of the river works to protect the transport of sediment.

A-44

CST-5: Coastal Sediment Processes

IMPROVEMENT OF RIVER CHANNEL BY USING IMPERMEABLE SAND BAG GROYNE IN AYEYARWADDY RIVER

Thein Aung, Tin Aye, Chan Moe and Wei Zhang

College of Ocean Hohai University

Yangon, MYANMAR

The objective of this paper is to discuss the effectiveness of a bed regulation training work by the use of impermeable sand bag groynes at Mandalay channel in Ayeyarwaddy River. In Myanmar, Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems (DWIR) has implemented river engineering works with an emphasis to solve the constraints along the rivers. Impermeable groynes are primarily used to push the river towards a more suitable alignment. In so doing, sedimentation between groynes is encouraged. As scour at the heads of impermeable groynes is induced by rapidly changing flow patterns, they are especially useful for maintaining navigable depths in streams. At the study reach, the river was braided into three channels and there was insufficient available depth in dry season. To improve the channel in terms of least available depth, sand bag groynes were used, which are inexpensive in cost, workable in local conditions with available materials. After flood seasons, results show the channel was improved not only in depth, also in meandering pattern.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AYEYARWADY DELTA

Sein Tun

D.W.I.R Ministry of Transport Yangon, MYANMAR

Ayeyarwady delta which is one of the rice granaries of Myanmar and offers the typical example of humid tropical zone delta in an early stage of hydraulic and agricultural development. It is considered that some 300,000 years ago, the mouth of Ayeyarwady river was still situated near Pyay. The maximum rate of advance of the deltaic formation is estimated at 5-6km in 100 years which is equivalent to some 10 square km annually. The whole delta is bordered by mangroves and mud flats in the south where the building of the delta continues at a fast rate. An important factor in the delta building process is the action of waves generated by the south-west monsoon. Near Hinthada, Ayeyarwady river enters its delta, which forms an irregular triangle, having its apex about 225 kilometer from the sea, and with a curved base facing the sea. Ayeyarwady delta is an important region of the country for economic development. It is rich with economic related potentials such as production of food-staff, transportation network, inland river stations and outport and tourism attraction.

A-45

CST-6A: Coastal Environment

THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION OF AGO BAY, JAPAN BASED ON A NEW CONCEPT OF "SATO UMI"

Osamu Matsuda

Hiroshima University

Mie Industry and Enterprise Support Center, Tsu, Mie, JAPAN [email protected]

The "Environmental restoration project on enclosed coastal seas" operated in Ago Bay is a part of the program conducted by Japan Science and Technology Agency. The bay, a typical enclosed coastal sea, is located in the center of Ise-shima National Park and is known to be a cradle of pearl culture. In stead of the scenic beauty of the bay, environmental deterioration, in particular of sediment and benthic habitat, has been serious partly by pearl oyster culture over a spanning of more than 100 years and by intensive land reclamation. Therefore, new technology is being developed based on a new concept of "Sato Umi" to improve the coastal environment, in particular of tidal flat, sea-grass and algal bed areas. "Sato Umi" in Japanese, means coastal sea under the harmonization of sustainable and wise use with natural conservation. By application of newly developed environment friendly methods, higher biological diversity and higher biological productivity are being recovered in the restored tidal flat areas along the coast.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHAPE OF COASTAL GRAVEL AND LIFE TIME OF STRANDED OIL

Seiichi Hamada1, Nobuhiro Sawano2, Kunihiko Endo3, Shintaro Goto4,

Masumi Yazaki4, Kunihisa Sao5 and Kazuko Sao5

1Geological Survey of Hokkaido, Otaru, Hokkaido, JAPAN

[email protected]

2Seiryo Women’s Junior College, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, JAPAN 3Nihon University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN 4Risho University, Kumagaya, Saitama, JAPAN

5Ocean Engineering Research Inc., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN

Gravel beaches are hard places to clean and recover oil after spill incident. Life time of stranded oil in gravel beach is widely varying depending on coastal geological environment. It is well known that roundness of gravel and wave exposure has significant correlation, then geometrical analysis for roundness of gravel and life time of stranded oil have been examined based on field researches of Nakhodka oil spill happened in 1997. Gravels were taken into the sun by digital camera to extract their shapes with specially designed mounting equipment for onsite survey. Every image of gravel was transformed into polygon with 720 angles, and then smoothness of outline was geometrically measured. The gravels for evaluation were mainly supplied from bedrock around coast and each survey point has not been affected by river flow. Moreover, only andesitic cobble was used for the evaluation. As a result, high value of correlation coefficient was obtained between evaluated roughness and the life time of stranded oil in the gravel beach.

A-46

CST-6A: Coastal Environment

OIL SPILL PREVENTION AND COMBATING

Kyaw Kyaw Than

Department of Marine Administration MYANMAR

[email protected]

Myanmar has an extended coastline of about 2,230 km and the natural beauty of coastal areas, marine ecosystems, mangroves, coral reefs, and natural resources of rich Virgin Inland. It is of vital importance to conserve the coastal areas and marine ecosystems, as well as protect the marine ecosystems and the biological diversity of the maritime area. However, pollution from all sources affects the marine environment, especially the damaging effect of oil and hazardous noxious substances. Oil spills can have serious economic impact on coastal activities and on those who exploit the resources of the sea. Trainees from Myanmar attended oil spill combating and response training in Japan. An oil spill table top exercise was held in Yangon on 20 February 2006 as Technical cooperation by Nippon Foundation from Japan in preparation for a national oil spill contingency plan.

DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTIC MODEL FOR ESTIMATING LIFE TIME OF BEACHED OIL

Nobuhiro Sawano1, Seiichi Hamada2, Shintaro Goto3,

Masumi Yazaki3, Kunihisa Sao4 and Kazuko Sao4

1Seiryo Women’s Junior College

Kanazawa, Ishikawa, JAPAN [email protected]

2Geologicakl Survey of Hokkaido, Otaru, Hokkaido, JAPAN 3Risho University, Kumagaya, Saitama, JAPAN

4Ocean Engineering Research Inc., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN

After Nakhodka incident happened in 1997, 74 monitoring points have been set up to observe fate and life time of beached oil. The life of the oil was expected to be depending on NOAA’s shoreline ESI ranking, but discrepancy has been revealed in some artificially sheltered beaches with concrete wave cutter called “tetora pod” in Japan. Then, seven simplified criteria such as 1) roughness of the surface of the sediment, 2) roughness of the surface of beach, 3) existence of sheltering rocks, 4) length of width between backshore and foreshore, 5) existence of manmade wave cutting structure, 6) slope of the beach and 7) amount of marine debris have been used to estimate the life time of beached oil by statistic analysis of Quantification Theory Type I. As a result, high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.87) was obtained and then life time of beached oil by the spill accident will possibly be able to estimate by using these criteria.

A-47

CST-6: Coastal Environment

HIGH YIELD PRODUCTION OF BIO-HYDROGEN FROM ORGANIC WASTE USING RHODOBACTER SHPAEROIDES

Hideki Kohno1, Takuji Sakai2 and Susumu Ishii2

1Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry

2Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Industrial Technology

Nihon University Chiba, JAPAN

[email protected]

Organic waste and water pollution are key issues in Pacific Ocean countries. In order to solve these problems, we have developed biomass systems using unique mixed co-culturing systems in combination of Rhizopus oryzae and Rhodobacter sphaeriodes. These microorganisms ferment organic waste to produce bio-hydrogen for use in fuel battery. In the course of our investigation we tested several bacteria and photosynthetic bacterial strains to obtain the highest production of bio-hydrogen. Our experimental results indicated in the optimal condition of these co-culturing systems. The time course and pH condition and type of medium are essential factors to obtain the highest yield of hydrogen. In conclusion pH 8.0 and 120hr incubation of mixed culture of Rhizopus oryzae and Rhodobacter sphaeriodes was the best combination for H2 gas production. We want to report the successful data of these projects in environmentally evaluated consideration.

CST-6B: Coastal Environment

DAILY ACCUMULATION RATES OF MARINE DEBRIS ON TWO SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS

Cecilia Eriksson and Harry Burton

Australian Antarctic Division

Kingston, Tasmania, AUSTRALIA [email protected], [email protected]

Daily accumulation rates (Oct 27, 2000 to March 25, 2001) of beached marine debris (> 1 cm) on two subantarctic islands, Macquarie (54040’S, 158049’E) and Heard (53006’S, 73030’E) were calculated. 8 km of beaches were cleared daily on the two islands. During the collection, 134 days on Macquarie and 124 days on Heard, 18 and 25 days were missed respectively. A total of 6389 debris items were collected. Most of the debris was plastic (Macquarie 94%, Heard 95%). The remainder was glass (Macquarie 2.0 %, Heard 3.8%), metal (Macquarie 0.3% Heard 0.8%) and wood (Macquarie 1.8%, Heard 0.4%). The daily accumulation rate of total debris, on west-facing beaches, was 5.4 items/km on Macquarie and 15.9 items/km on Heard. Items were generally small and fragmented. Fragments were more common on Macquarie than on Heard (Pearson Chi2, 1 df, p=<0.001). Mean mass of debris (items <5 kg) was 48 and 28 gm from Macquarie and Heard respectively. Fishing gear (lines, nets, buoys, jigs, bait-straps) was a dominant grouping. Barnacles (Lepas spp.) were more common on Macquarie debris.

A-48


POROUS CONCRETE BLOCKS AS NATURAL CLEANSING SYSTEM IN COASTAL ENVIRONMENT

Myo Khin1, E. Okabayashi1, M. Tanaka1 and T. Okabayashi2

1Civil Engineering Department, Dai-ichi Institute of Technology 2Civil Engineering Department, National College of Technology

Kirishima City, JAPAN

Extensive studies have been made on the practical application of Porous Concrete (PoC) blocks. The characteristics of having continuous pores structure give the advantage for frequent flow of water throughout readily. Another advantage is, using locally available materials for fabricating the porous concrete block. The present usage includes pedestrian pavement and sound absorbing wall in highways. The durability issues such as, freezing and thawing, exposure in weak acidic and alkali media have also been found be adequate. Moreover when aiming for the promotion of natural cleansing in water zones, the Porous Concrete (PoC) blocks are used. These blocks processed high possibility on recycling capacity for biological environment at early stage. When the Porous Concrete (PoC) blocks are submerged in sea or river, habitats of micro-organism is formed in its pores. These attached-type organic matters are examined. The correlation between physico-chemical water quality index and collected small water creatures is investigated. From this experimental study on feasibility of concrete blocks, to be utilized as preservation materials for coastal environment is made and reported.

EXAMINATION OF MODEL PARAMETERIZATION FOR SIMULATIONS OF OXYGEN-DEFICIENT WATER

IN ENCLOSED BAYS

S. Tabeta1, T. Kinoshita2, Y. Seino3 and K. Mizumukai1

1Department of Environment Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, JAPAN

[email protected]

2National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN 3Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, School of Engineering

The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JAPAN

In Japanese coastal enclosed bays, oxygen-deficient water is often considered to be one of the most significant environmental problems. The oxygen-deficient water at the sea bottom gives serious damage to the benthos and other living organisms, as well as it sometimes causes aoshio (blue tide). Therefore, it is very important to understand the mechanism of the production of oxygen-deficient water and its behaviour in the coastal region. In the present study, numerical simulations were carried out to reproduce the behaviour of oxygen-deficient water in Tokyo Bay and Ariake Bay, for both of which are typical enclosed bays in Japan and the immediate measure to recover their ecosystem is expected. The employed numerical model follows three-dimensional z-coordinate system incorporated with pelagic and benthic ecosystem model. Some of the parameterizations were examined such as re-aeration, light penetration along the water column, vertical layer collocation, and so on. It is clarified that model could basically reproduce the behaviour of oxygen-deficient water in the target area, however, some of the parameterizations could affect the simulation results.

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TRANSMITTANCE OF LIGHT PIPE FOR ECOLOGICAL CONSERVATION OF LARGE FLOATING STRUCTURE

Toshimasa Kawanishi, Tatuya Mukouyama, Satoshi Enomo,

Tasuku Ohino and Sachie Akahane

Nihon University College of Science and Technology


Recently, attention has shifted to using the marine environment more effectively, with particular emphasis on large floating structures constructed on the sea surface. However, since these structures will cast shadows that extend several kilometers along the seafloor, it is thought that the lack of light will have a negative impact on the marine ecosystem. By experimentally measuring the transmittance of a small light pipe model, we estimated the amount of light that would pass through such light pipes if they were incorporated in large floating structures of the type being conceptualized. We also sought to determine how much light would penetrate the seawater under these structures and reach the seabed within the context of ecological conservation. In addition to the performance of the light pipe, we measured how much ultraviolet radiation and visible light would penetrate through the water.

PURIFICATION EXPERIMENT OF WATER QUALITY BY USING COHESIVE POWDER

Kyoichi Okamoto and Kenji Hotta

Nihon University, Oceanic Architecture and Engineering


Recently, water pollution displays high density Chemical Oxygen Demand and various equipments for purification is being proposed. But it is difficult to process activated sludge using microorganism. Here, attention is paid to cohesive powder. Now, since it is necessary to set up the processing facilities on land to process sludge with cohesive powder, it is very expensive. In this research, our object is to examine the effect of water quality purification of an artificial lake in the condition of a relatively rapid increase in the population of phytoplankton algae, as the first step in applying it to the ocean, by using cohesive powder. For executing this experiment, we developed mixing equipment for cohesive powder that is small and portable. As a result, we obtained a very good water quality purification effect, since the cohesive powder condensed the pollution material and it subsided.

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mailto:[email protected]

CST-7A: Sustainable Coastal Development

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN MYANMAR

Nyi Nyi Lwin

River and Coastal Engineering Department Myanmar Maritime University

Thanlyin, MYANMAR

The coastal zone is the interface between the land and the sea and associated with the highest biological diversity of any part of the sea. Tidal marshes, mangroves, wetlands, lagoons, estuaries, sea grass beds, coral reefs and shallow bays are nursery or feeding grounds for marine species and they are valuable ecosystems. However, over exploitation of resources, economic difficulties, high population pressure, in addition to loosed management make serious impact on coastal ecosystem. Myanmar is rich in natural resources and possesses a long coastline of more than 2000 km with three distinct coastal regions, namely Rakhine, Ayeyarwaddy Delta and Taninthayi. She faces some coastal environmental problems so that sustainable management of marine living and non living resources is vital for the development of the country. The objective of this paper is to analyze the root causes of coastal environmental problems and how to overcome it, to promote awareness on coastal resources and coastal zone management, and to ensure optimum sustainable use of natural resources.

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MANGROVES OF MYANMAR

U Ohn

Forest Resource Environment Development and Conservation Association

MYANMAR

The paper sets out with an introduction to the coastal dwellers and living biomass and how they are dependent upon the ocean for their living. Relationship between mangroves and marine catch and the life cycles of marine species in the mangrove habitat is highlighted. Dynamic and fragile Mangroves with their related ecosystems such as sea grass and coral reefs are described in some detail. Distribution of Myanmar's mangrove forest and underlying basic problems have been addressed. General view on Community Forestry and related Community Forestry Instructions (CFI) is included and some important points elaborated. Mangrove Project activities presently being undertaken are also included. Issues and challenges in redressing the degraded mangroves are discussed in the light of current social, economic and environmental trends. The paper concludes with emphasis on the importance of local community involvement and participation for sustainable development and effective conservation of coastal natural resources.

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COASTAL RESOURCES OF ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE FROM MYEIK ARCHIPELAGO

AND STATUS OF THEIR EXPLOITATION

Htay Aung1 and U Myint Oo2

1Department of Marine Science, Myeik University, MYANMAR

2Department of Marine Administration, Myeik Tanintharyi Division, MYANMAR

The coastal and marine environment of Myeik Archipelago has been recognized as being rich in fauna and flora through coastal biodiversity research studies. Forty-five species of fish, shell fish and marine invertebrate, and fifteen species of mangrove plant and seaweed are explained to hold deep social and economic importance to this day. Such like bioresource systems, coral reef and mangrove habitats are also found to be abundant and fringing outer and inner islands respectively. Their role in sustaining the growth of fisheries industries and development potential of ecotourism sector in the region are highlighted. Uses of coastal land mass, islands’ nearby waters, and water ways by various economic efforts, agriculture, tin mining, forest cuttings, fisheries, aquaculture and transportation in particular, are reviewed, and resource reduction issues, conflicts introduced and sources of pollution are discussed. Need of integrated coastal zone management in the region is suggested based on the basic principles of sustainable socio economic development of the region.

CONSERVING A UNIQUE CORAL ISLAND (PULAU PERAK) IN THE STRAITS OF MALACCA, MALAYSIA

Y.A. Affendi and T. Badrul Huzaimi

Universiti Malaya Maritime Research Centre

Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA [email protected]

Coral reef research in Peninsular Malaysia has mainly been concentrated on the east coast with little emphasis on the Straits of Malacca. Reports on the status of coral reefs especially for Pulau Perak are scarce. The coral reef of this island is extremely important, more so than their east coast counterparts. This is due to the fact that there are only a few remaining coral reef ecosystems in the Straits of Malacca. Therefore studies were done to document the status of these reef in August 2004, and two Post Tsunami Impact Assessment Reef Surveys (POSTIARS) in January 2005 and January 2006. From the surveys it showed that the island has a very unique reef structure if compared to other coral reefs in Peninsular Malaysia. This is due to it being a sheer 90 degrees drop-off to 34m, levels off for 5m before dropping off again. Underwater horizontal visibility was 50m and 35m vertically. About 80% of the coral cover was dominated by the encrusting coral growth type. Ideas for conservation are proposed.

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THE ENVIRONMENT FORMATION AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITE FOR FISHING PORTS

Takamasa Miyazaki 1 , Masayuki Suga 2 ,Musaku Oi 2 and Kiminori Nakazawa 1

1 College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University

Narashino, Chiba, JAPAN [email protected]

2 Nihon Bunri University, Oita, Oita, JAPAN [email protected]

This study researches the characteristics of historical fishery areas that have withstood a series of land use conversions to residential and commercial usage from heavy industrial usage and their effective utilization. In this paper we clarify the difference in the regional structure between the vast landfill area in the metropolis and the fishery area with the surroundings of the fishery coop and fishing houses in light of the status of land use, the situation of fishing-house sites, and its legal aspects. We investigated the possibility of the enviroment formation plan that connects the oceanic area, the coastal line, and the port/bay area, and the urban inland area. This study revealed that the organic system which such a fishery area held was important for its high potential in the landfill that had been constructed in the seaside area. We believe that the effective utilizaion of such an organically formed fishery area is crucial for the plan to be realized.

CST-7B: Sustainable Coastal Development

HARNESSING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGIES FOR INTERNATIONAL WATERS MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Richard T. Cooper

Southeast Asia Regional Learning Centre

Southeast Asia START Regional Centre, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, THAILAND

[email protected]

This paper presents work in progress on applying information and communication technologies (ICT) to developing the Southeast Asia Regional Learning Centre (SEA-RLC). The SEA-RLC is an ICT-based environmental project that seeks to build capacity in managing international waters, and is the Southeast Asia regional component of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) International Waters project called IW:LEARN (http://www.iwlearn.net). The chief aim of the SEA-RLC is to foster information exchange and networking through improved online access to environmental information and communication technologies. The SEA-RLC focuses on delivering open source ICT solutions and project management services to GEF-funded projects and partners, but also welcomes collaboration with other stakeholders in the region. To date an online portal for sharing information has been developed using the Plone content management system (http://www.iwsea.org), and development of web GIS-based environmental databases offer important new sources of information for water resource management efforts. Project management services focus on developing additional information resources which will be released online over the coming years.

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MARINE PROVINCIALISM ANALYSIS OF MACROALGAL DISTRIBUTION IN MALAYSIA

Lean-Sim Ooi Jillian1, Ching-Lee Wong2 and Siew-Moi Phang3

1Geography Department, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya

Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA [email protected]

2Faculty of Engineering & Science, Setapak Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA 3Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya

Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

Seaweeds are non-flowering, photosynthetic marine plants that possess plant-like features but are only remotely related to land plants, and are good organisms to use to delineate marine provinces because their benthic nature allows for a clearer reflection of provincialism. Malaysia, included in the Indo-West Pacific tropical region as defined by Ekman (1953) and Briggs (1974), harbors the highest diversity of coral reefs, seagrasses and mangroves. However, the Malaysian coastline may be divided into smaller spatial units or provinces in order to better understand the distribution patterns of the marine biota. This paper will examine the large-scale distribution patterns of seaweeds along the Malaysian coastline with emphasis on diversity and provincialism. The findings of this research bear applied significance particularly in the selection of marine protected areas, with the rationale that these areas should necessarily coincide with marine centres of endemism.

REHABILITATION OF ABANDONED SHRIMP PONDS THROUGH MANGROVE PLANTING AT NAKHONSI THAMMARAT,

THAILAND

Shigeru Kato1, Songob Panitchat2, Savettachat Boonming2, Viroj Teratnatorn2 and Sanit Aksornkoae3

1Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology

Seikei University, Tokyo, JAPAN [email protected]

2Dept. of Marine and Coastal Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, THAILAND

3Thailand Environmental Institute, Bangkok, THAILAND

A Mangrove forest is very important for subtropical and tropical people and the earth environment. Four million mangrove plants were planted in abandoned shrimp ponds of 800ha since 1998 at NakhonSi Thammarat, Thailand. Planted mangrove plants have fantastic growth. Fishermen informed us that planted mangrove plants at abandoned shrimp pond sites has increased crabs, shells, shrimps and fish populations. We studied the complete food chain system of mangrove plantations on shrimp pond sites by using a Nitrogen stable isotope analysis (δ15N) in fish samples. The obtained analysis data clearly indicates that heavy Nitrogen (15N) is gradually accumulated in each stage during the food chain system and finally in large fish (final stage of fish classification). We observed the cycle takes place by at least four stages.

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SAMPLED UP-WELLING CURRENT AREAS AND THE SITE FOR FISHING PORTS

Kiminori Nakazawa, Kazuo Mitsui, Yasukazu Nishi, Takamasa Miyazaki, Susumu Ishii and Takuji Sakai

College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University

Narashino, Chiba, JAPAN [email protected]

Recently the practical use of ocean resources such as creation of fishing sites with man-made up-welling current, and the utilization of deep sea water, is attracting attention in various fields. With this in mind, we examined simulations of up-welling current for generating fishing grounds sites using the theory of cellular automaton. Thus this study explores the creation of fishing grounds sites in terms of the relations between the calculated results and the site for fishing grounds and fishing ports. We discovered a certain connection between the areas of up-welling current and fishing grounds from the result of our research. We examined the relations between fishing grounds and fishing ports according to a model calculation of the sampled area of up-welling current off shore of the Chiba Prefecture. From our research it will be plausible to suggest creating fishing grounds by constructing artificial reefs in the oceanic area in which the property of vertical current velocity is high, and to focus on servicing the nearby fishing ports.

CST-7C: Sustainable Coastal Development

SEAWEED BED RECLAMATION EXPERIMENT USING VERTICAL

SEAWALL AT INNER PART OF OSAKA BAY

Machi Haseda 1 , Yasunori Kozuki 1 , Junya Miyoshi 2 , Daisuke Shibata 3 , Kanako Yamaguchi 1 , Tatsunori Ishida 1 ,

Yuki Miyachi 4 and Hitoshi Murakami 1

1 Department of Ecosystem Engineering, The University of Tokushima

Tokushima-city, Tokushima, JAPAN [email protected]

2 National institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

Kure-city, Hiroshima, JAPAN 3 Japan Port Consultants, Ltd., Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN

4 Sohgoh Kagaku Inc., Chuo-ku, Osaka, JAPAN

More than 95% of the coastline of Osaka Bay that enclosed sea area, is surrounded with artificial structures by land reclamation. Due to the decreasing transparency of the sea water by eutrophication, the seaweed beds have almost completely disappeared. In this study, we tried to reconstruct a seaweed ecosystem for the environmental restoration in the inner part of Osaka Bay. We set up some terraces on the side of vertical seawall; the Brown seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida grew there. As a result, U. pinnatifida grew up on all terraces and the small fauna living symbiotically with seaweed was increased. Among them, the Gammaridean amphipods, Grammaridea and the ghost shrimps, Caprellidea were the dominant. Phytal animal biomass tended to increase as standing crop of U. pinnatifida was increased. This experiment shows that seaweed bed ecosystem is able to be reclaimed on the terraces of a vertical seawall in the enclosed sea area where the light penetration was limited.

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THE DESIGNATED UNUSED LAND IN THE LAND-FILL OF THE METROPOLITAN SEASIDE AREA

Sumiko Yokobori, Takamasa Miyazaki and Masayuki Suga

College of Industrial Technology

Nihon University Chiba, JAPAN

[email protected]

The aim of this study is to analyze the cause of stagnant land use in Japan’s metropolitan coastal areas, and to search for the model of its improvement. We believe that the disorder of the overlapping legal system originates of the inactive land-use in the area. We examined the relationship between the analysis of the method of understanding the status of recycling and the emergence of the designated unused land, and the history of the land fill according to the combination of land-use conversion of every five years in the Osaka metropolitan coastal area. The study resulted in the discovery that the emergence rate of designated unused land is higher in the newer land-fill areas than in the older ones. Also, between 1980 and 1999 the rate of recycling is low, and the rate is high before that period.

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MYEIK (MERGUI) ARCHIPELAGO

Swe Thwin

Department of Marine Science

University of Mawlamyine Yangon, MYANMAR

Myeik (Mergui) Archipelago represents an archipelago system which covers a maritime area of approximately 36,000 km2 out to the 200m isobath. The archipelago is composed of some 800 islands which represents the exposed peaks of several submerged ridges. Few islands are populated with small fishing communities, and the major tribal groups include the Mokan (sea gypsies) Vast majority of the islands are unpopulated. Major threats to the area include illegal fishing and illegal logging. specific threats include dynamite fishing and other forms of non sustainable fishing. In addressing these issues the major constraints encountered are lack of resources, data and absence of an institutional frame work, which would allow for a coordinated approach leading to their resolution. The following activities are proposed: (1) addressing data gaps (2) updating of existing environmental baseline (3) developing monitoring systems (4) increasing public awareness (4) developing alternate livelihood activist designed to mitigate existing non sustainable activities.

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WATER PURIFICATION EXPERIMENTS BY MICRO BUBBLE

Ryuta Matsui, Kyoichi Okamoto and Kenji Hotta

Nihon University, Oceanic Architecture and Engineering Funabashi, Chiba, JAPAN

[email protected]

An enclosed water area, such as lake and marshes, is falling into permanently deficiency of oxygen at the bottom, caused by water pollution. Here, micro bubble technology has been used for an oyster farm, and it is reported being very good effect on growth by it. On the other side, micro bubble has also been applied to water purification but the purification effects are not clear because of influence by external loads, such as rain and inflow from rivers. In this study, our object is to examine the effects on purification quality in case of injecting pure oxygen by micro bubble device for the purpose of reduce of time. As a result, we obtained very good effects.

CST-8: Coastal Hazards

DAMAGE DUE TO EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMIS

AND COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST DISASTERS IN FISHERY AREAS

Koji Otsuka1, Toshiaki Ito2, Takashi Nakamura2, Masao Kishino1,

Takahiro Kazama1 and Shigeki Nakamura1

1The Japanese Institute of Technology on Fishing Ports, Grounds and Communities


2Fishery Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, JAPAN

Japan is frequently damaged by tsunamis caused by earthquakes. The Japanese word “tsunami” is now widely used as the common technical term in the world. In recent years, some fishery areas have suffered major damages due to earthquake tsunamis. Fishery areas are located in coastal area therefore are the most sensible to these disasters. The purpose of this study is to identify the problems and to propose countermeasures against these disasters in fishery areas. We examined some cases with earthquake tsunami damages, and analyzed the results. The result has shown the importance of three main actions to take measures against these disasters. The first is to secure safety of local population, workers, and visitors. The second is to improve the disaster prevention level of fishing ports and fishing villages. The third is to secure marine products distribution function in time of disaster. According to this result, JAPAN Fishery Agency has created a guideline for countermeasures against disasters in fishery areas, and has spread it to the whole fishery regions countrywide.

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HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS IN THE COASTAL WATERS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

DanLing Tang*, SuFen Wang and BoPing Di

Laboratory for Tropical Marine Environmental Dynamics

South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, CHINA

*[email protected]

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occurred frequently in the South China Sea (SCS), causing huge economic losses in recent years. This study reviewed historical HAB records for the period 1980 to 2003, focusing on four major regions of the SCS: northern, southern, western and eastern. The annual variations of HABs were different among the four regions: 1990 and 1991 were high frequent years in the northern region, HABs occurred almost every year in the eastern and western regions, and 2000 was a peak year in the southern region. The seasonality of HABs also differed among the four regions, and HAB causative species were diverse: Noctiluca scintillans dominated the northern region and Pyrodinium bahamens was in the eastern and southern regions while Trichodesmium erythraeum often bloomed in the western region. Variations of HAB in the SCS are likely related to regional ocean environments such as reversed monsoon wind in the SCS, river discharges in the northern area, summer upwelling in Vietnam coastal water, and eutrophication in the Manila Bay.

POTENTIAL NATURAL HAZARDS IN THE MYANMAR COASTAL AREAS

Win Swe and San Hla Thaw

Myanmar Earthquake Committee

Myanmar Engineering Society Hlaing University Campus

Yangon, MYANMAR

Located in the active Alpine seismic belt and enjoying the tropical monsoon climate, Myanmar coastal areas are certainly vulnerable to seismic- and climate-related natural hazards. Earthquakes, tsunamis, and other related seismic hazards such as liquefaction and ground failure could occur in the area for being located close to the active Sumatran subduction zone. Landslides could be triggered by local heavy rains other than by earthquake shaking or liquefaction, all of which may be aided by local mud volcanism and chaotic bed-rock structures, particularly in the west Myanmar coastal region. Cyclones, storm surges, floods and mudslides are imminent natural hazards with the Myanmar coast exposed directly to the south and southwest monsoon winds coming from the Indian Ocean in summer. Past experiences indicated that these hazards are considerably destructive in some years. Now that the coastal population is increasing very rapidly due to the fast growing economic activities, it becomes necessary to urge the local community to be more aware of and to prepare safety counter-measures for prevention and mitigation of these hazards.

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THE INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI OF 26 DECEMBER 2004 - MYANMAR EXPERIENCES

Tun Lwin1 and Zin Aung2





During the devastating event in December 2004 of the Indian Ocean tsunami, Myanmar suffered a death total of 61 people and a damage loss of 641 homes, which was far less than imagined compared to the extent of damage suffered in Thailand, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and India. This study compiled tsunami height data and the extent of damage obtained from both domestic and international field survey teams who went to the affected areas. Using the Storm Surge Prediction Statistical Model developed by the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, the approaching tsunami wave speed to Myanmar was in the order of 65-70 km/hr. The study investigated the contributable causes for the different in timing due to shallow water coastline, seismic gap, the still inhabited small islands along the subduction zone in Myanmar waters, unspoiled mangrove along the coastline, the geomorphology of the Andaman Sea, and the orientation of the subduction zone between the Indian Plate and Myanmar(Burma) micro-plate. This study also discusses the possibility of another strong earthquake along the Sagaing Fault line which runs north-south across Myanmar.

TSUNAMI HAZARD MAPPING OF THE HAWAIIAN EEZ

Myo Thant

Suntac Technologies, Ltd. Myanmar Info-Tech Hlaing University

Yangon, MYANMAR [email protected], [email protected]

Preparation of Tsunami Hazard Map in advance could be one of the most significant elements to reduce (minimize) damage in tsunami hazardous area. By prediction of the possible tsunami scale and the potential inundation area, it is possible to establish security measures for reducing the damage in concrete form and in an easy-to-understand manner. Similar measures have been developed, improved, and the results are published for the public in Japan before. At the Tsunami in Indian Ocean from the Sumatra Earthquake, on 26 December 2004, if there had been tsunami hazard map prepared in advance and informed about it to the people, the damage would have been considerably minimized. In this paper we are going to propose the methodology to prepare a GIS based hazard map for reducing the damage of tsunami. The process of developing hazard map involves: (1) establishing digital terrain model, (2) selecting possible earthquake, (3) performing tsunami simulation, (estimating inundation area), and (4) creating tsunami hazard maps. We are going to present the functionality of GIS software as tools for disaster prevention or damage reduction.

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TSUNAMI HEIGHTS AND DAMAGE ALONG THE MYANMAR COAST FROM THE DECEMBER 2004 SUMATRA-ANDAMAN EARTHQUAKE

Kenji Satake1, Than Tin Aung1, Yuki Sawai1, Yokinobu Okamura1, Kyaw Soe Wing2, Win Swe3,

Chit Swe4, Tint Lwin Swe4, Soe Thura Tun5, Maung Maung Soe6, Thant Zin Oo6, and Saw Htwe Zaw7

1Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN 2Graduate School of Earth and Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, JAPAN

3Myanmar Geoscience Society, Yangon, MYANMAR 4Engineering Geology Department, Yangon Technological University, Yangon, MYANMAR

5University of Yangon, Yangon, MYANMAR 6Meteorology and Hydrology Department, Yangon, MYANMAR

7Myanmar Engineering Society, Yangon, MYANMAR Tsunami heights from the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake were between 0.4 to 2.9m along the Myanmar coast, according to our post tsunami survey at 22 sites along the Ayeyarwaddy Delta and the Tanintharyi coast. Coastal resident interviews indicate the tsunami heights were lower than high tide level in rainy season, probably by storm surge. They also testified that arrival times were between 2 and 5.5. hours after the earthquake but the reliability may be low because nobody felt ground shaking. The neighboring Thai coast had tsunami heights of 5 - 20 m, and explains relatively slighter tsunami damage in Myanmar: reported casualties were 71, compared to about 8300 in Thailand. The smaller tsunami could be that the main tsunami source did not extend to Andaman islands. The tsunami travel times and maximum heights computed from a 700 km long source are basically consistent with the observations. The tsunami hazard would be more significant in Myanmar because coastal homes are unprotected for tsunami and no infrastructure exists to disseminate tsunami warning information.

MRMD-1: Marine Policy, Law, and Government

IMPLEMENTATION OF MARITIME LAWS IN MYANMAR

Khin Mar Yi

Law Department, Yangon University Yangon, MYANMAR

Since Myanmar is one of the coastal States with long coastlines and one of the large seafarer supply countries in maritime business, its existing national maritime laws are important. To comply with its international obligations in the maritime field, Myanmar has to establish appropriate infrastructures to enable it to discharge its responsibilities both as a flag state and as a port state. The Myanmar Merchant Shipping Act 1923 is an existing law with three amendments (1989, 1999 and 2003) as per requirements of new Conventions. A government’s acceptance places on it the obligation to take the measures required by the convention, which frequently involves the enactment or amendment of national law to implement and enforce the provisions of the convention. In some cases, special facilities may have to be provided or an inspectorate may have to be appointed or trained to carry out functions under the Convention. Myanmar has been ratified eight (8) Conventions which were adopted by IMO.

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PERCEPTIONS OF COASTS IN GERMANY

Hans von Storch

Institute for Coastal Research GKSS Research Center

GERMANY [email protected]

Coastss in Germany have undergone significant changes in the past centuries and decades. In the past, the usage of the coastal seas was mostly unregulated, but nowadays a detailed planning of the coast sea area is prepared, with regulated usage in different parts, such as natural preservation, shipping, tourism and wind energy. This transformation did not happen without broad public debates and conflicts. These conflicts were based on very different perceptions of what the coast is and what it should be. In this talk, an attempt is made to list and describe different perceptions for the German coasts.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MYANMAR OFFSHORE PETROLEUM EXPLORATION

Soe Myint

Energy Planning Department

Ministry of Energy [email protected]

This paper will present aout Energy including George W. Bush’s addressed on the State of Union (Dec 2005), Myanmar’s Biodiesel Programme, World Primary Energy Substitution, World Primary Energy Demand, Crude Oil Prices since 1861, Increasing Energy Demand in neighboring countries. Concerning the Myanmar’s Petroleum Geology the paper included Oil and Gas bearing Areas of Myanmar, Giants of Myanmar, Lesser Gas Fields, Oil & Gas Fields, Pipelines, Refineries and Petrochemical Plants, Yadana Gas Field, Yetagun Gas Field. The paper also present about Recent Developments in Myanmar Offshore Petroleum Exploration and concluded with the Future Programme of “Deep Water Blocks”.

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLUEFIN TUNA FISHING GROUNDS AND EDDY ACTIVITY

Tatsunobu Matsuda1, Takeshi Yamane1, Hayumi Yamada2 and Masahiko Mohri3

1Kinki University, Graduate School of Agriculture

Nara Pref., JAPAN [email protected]

2National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Fisheries Research Agency

Shizuoka Pref., JAPAN

3Department of Fishery Science and Technology, National Fisheries University Yamaguchi Pref., JAPAN

To maintain a stable supply of tuna, it is necessary to determine its present quantity and to promote efficient fishing and resource management. Quantifying tuna resources and determining its marine environment is very difficult because tuna migrates in to wide areas of the ocean. But, in recent years, the development of remote-sensing techniques provided useful data in relation to the sea surface variations such as sea surface temperature and sea surface height. It is possible from the analysis of the satellite altimetry data to estimate the variation of sea surface current and the eddy activity. The purpose in this study is to demonstrate the relationship between eddy activity obtained from the satellite data and Bluefin tuna’s fishing ground.

THE BLUE EVOLUTION

Kenji Hotta1 and Patrick Takahashi2

1Nihon University

College of Science and Technology Department of Oceanic Architecture and Engineering

Chiba, JAPAN [email protected]

2Hawaii Natural Energy Institute University of Hawaii at Manoa

Honolulu, Hawaii, USA [email protected]

Some think that marine riches are to be plundered and many feel the ocean should only be preserved and protected. There is really only one best policy: to intelligently develop our resources in harmony with the environment for the benefit of humanity. Fifteen years ago, not long after the sudden availability of the Peace Dividend, a term was coined for all of this – The Blue Evolution. Well, it has turned out that, like most good things, they take time to attain. New fisheries are finally being considered, floating platform technology is causing a renaissance of sorts for floating casinos and sea worlds, and marine biotechnology is beginning to actually deliver commercial products. Before we colonize the Moon and Mars, it might well be more practical and economical to consider the next frontier: the ocean around us. A more appropriate term to perhaps better describe the reality is The Blue Evolution.

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MRMD-4: Marine Recreation and Tourism

MYANMAR TRADITIONAL BOATS AND THE SOURCE OF DEVELOPMENT OF INLAND WATER TRANSPORT

Charlie Than



The field of Myanmar Boats and Legends as well as Boats tradition and Flotilla in Myanmar History is a vast and interesting knowledge. The paper of this kind of knowledge is extremely for Myanmar Maritime History and Culture. In this paper, the author has mentioned various categories about Myanmar Boats and has been portrayed so that the readers can easily catch the various kinds of Myanmar Traditional Boats. It also elaborated about the largest inland steamers ever use in the world in the middle of nineteenth century. The coastal area and Ayerwaddy valley is most interesting area for the tourists in Myanmar for historically and environmentally reasons. The author tries to mention brief account of that area base on maritime transport and waterways start from Bagan Dynasty. This paper is also a collective work of various Myanmar Boats historical data and Myanmar culture and such essential data are included to portray.

SOUND ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE IN COASTAL MARINE TOURISM

Kyoko Yamazaki, Kenji Hotta and Kyoichi Okamoto

Nihon University, College of Science and Technology Department of Oceanic Architecture and Engineering


Sound of coastal wave is the one of most attractive resources in the coastal area. The recent physiological studies regarding the sound stimuli for environment assessment suggest that ultrasonic wave contained in sound has a function to alleviate the feeling of unpleasant toward the surrounding environmental conditions. In reality, there have been some reports that the sounds having plentiful ultrasonic wave, such as the sound of the sea waves and folk music, activated the neurological activities at the depths of the brain and increased alpha wave in the brain waves, which often appears when the person is relaxed. In this paper, in order to examine the effect of ultrasonic wave to the human, using coastal wave sound, brain analysis was conducted. As a result, it was obtained that Ultrasonic Wave stimuli make alpha wave vital. Finally, as a coastal marine tourism, application of this result will be discussed.

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THALASSA-THERAPY: NEW COASTAL FACILITY FOR RECREATION AND HEALTH CARE

Hiroki Takamine, Kenichirou Ohshima, Kouta Iseki,

Kenji Hotta and Kyouichi Okamoto

Nihon University, College of Science and Technology Department of Oceanic Architecture and Engineering

Chiba, JAPAN [email protected]

It is said that Thalassa-therapy is a global concept of sea water treatments and services, entirely dedicated to health, fitness, well being and beauty. The main characteristic of the coastal climate is its purity. The dominant winds coming straight from the sea are free of dust and pollution. Moreover, this fresh air is loaded with sea spray (negative ion), relieves congestion and clears the breathing passages. The sea regulates the changes in temperature between seasons so that the differences of the day are minimal. Thalassa-therapy is a traditional way of health treatment using the above coastal characteristics. However, except for some areas, effects of Thalassa-therapy have not been scientifically verified yet. In order to examine the effect of negative ion, experiment was conducted and as a result some useful effects were obtained. In this paper, after discussing Thalassa-therapy facility, results of experiment on the negative ion to the human body will be presented.

THE CONSERVATION STRATEGIES OF DONGSHA (PRATAS) NAIONAL MARINE PARK, TAIWAN

Wen-Yan Chiau

Professor, Institute of Marine Resource Management

National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung City, TAIWAN [email protected]

The Dongsha (Pratas) Islands are located about 240 nautical miles southwest of Kaohsiung City on the southwestern coast of Taiwan. The group of islands is actually a reef atoll and has long been an important fishing ground. After several decades of military control, only a few field surveys have been done. The most comprehensive study on its ecosystem and natural environment started in 1994. Recently, some research projects initiated to explore the underwater cultural heritage in the area. Those research projects show that the Dongsha Islands possess abundant natural and cultural resources both on the islands themselves and in the surrounding waters. However, destructive fishing practices, the threat of tourism development, and the enforcement of marine resources protection have become major issues concerning the sustainable development of the Dongsha Islands. Based on the IUCN-WCPA-EA Yangminshan Declaration, establishing Dongsha as a marine protected area (MPA) is believed to be a feasible way to conserve the marine resources and provide mutual benefits for both Taiwan and the region. In this regard, the government of Taiwan commits to establish a national marine park in Dongsha in the near future. This paper will demonstrate the results of recent research projects and explores the relevant issues. Several policies and strategies for the sustainable management of the proposed Dongsha Marine Park are also set forth in this paper.

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THE INLAND WATER TRANSPORT OF MYANMAR

Win Thein

Inland Water Transport Ministry of Transport, MYANMAR

[email protected]

The Inland Water Transport of Myanmar is one of the state-owned enterprises under the Ministry of Transport, and is a leading river transport operator providing a range of services in transporting nearly 25 million passengers and 4 million tons of cargo yearly. Altogether 516 vessels and barges of the I.W.T are plying along 7493 service route miles the length and breadth of the country. The forerunner of the present I.W.T was the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company Limited set up in 1865. The I.W.T has 7 departments and 6 dockyards. It is serving all walks of life and trying its utmost for the development of Myanmar. The I.W.T is planning and taking necessary measures to develop its vessels to be of greater speed and its barges to be container carriers to meet with the growing demand of the developing Union of Myanmar.

WKSP-1: Education in Marine Science and Technology

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION

OF AN INTEGRATED ENGINE ROOM SIMULATOR

Yihuai Hu1 and Yekyaw2

1Merchant Marine College

Shanghai Maritime University Shanghai, CHINA

[email protected]

2Myanmar Maritime University Yangon, MYANMAR

With rapid development in marine automation technologies, more requirements are demanded for new design of marine power plant in shipbuilding and new teaching method for seafarers and Bachelor degree students majored in marine engineering. This paper introduces the layout of an integrated engine room simulator, which includes FPP propulsive system, CPP propulsive system, electrical power station and cargo handling system of oil tanker. Hardware construction of the whole system is described including engine control consoles, electrical switchboard, pipeline MIMMC panel, cargo oil handling console, bridge control console and instructor workstation. Mathematical models of complex systems are introduced emphatically such as ship propulsion, propeller rotation, hydraulic clutch and main diesel engine. Operational functions of simulation software are introduced in details. Teaching courses of using this simulator to train marine engineer candidates are also introduced. The courses include troubleshooting of malfunctions, team work operation among engineer officers, safety management under emergency situations and communication skill of using oral English during regular watch keeping operations in engine room.

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WKSP-1: Education in Marine Science and Technology

EDUCATION ON MARINE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN MYANMAR

Charlie Than


Yangon, MYANMAR

Myanmar is the maritime country among the ASEAN and it has very long coastline start from boundary of Bangladesh to U Aung Zeya point (Victoria point) which is close to the Thai border. Also there are two famous valleys in Myanmar known as Ayerwaddy and Sittaung valley, where all our history was developed and City of Myanmar kingdom was situated. According to this situation Myanmar Civilization is known as Hydric civilization and Myanmar people were taken aware with river and coastal related professionals. The formal education concern with marine was started in the middle of nineteenth century in lower Myanmar with special concern with shipping, shipbuilding, port management and shipping management. The Rangoon University was established in early year of twentieth century, the Institute of Marine Technology was established 40 years ago, and Myanmar Maritime University was established in 2002. This paper states the endeavor of the Myanmar people in education of marine science and technology in relation to shipping, offshore oil and gas exploration, port management, marine science, shipping management, fishery, etc.

WKSP-4: Ocean Observing Systems

OCEAN OBSERVING FROM BUOYS AND FIXED STATIONS

H.-D. Knauth

Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Research Centre

Geesthacht, GERMANY Buoys have been applied for ocean observations since many years. However, in the last decade more sophisticated electronics, less power-consuming microcomputers and effective data communication techniques have pushed these systems from simple, research-oriented devices to operational systems. One example is the global ARGO network that plays an important role for climate research. Whereas in earlier years mainly meteorology and temperature/salinity could be reliably monitored over longer periods in the last years, systems which are able to measure chemical-biological parameters such as oxygen, phytoplankton and even nutrients emerged. However, despite these new techniques very often bio-fouling problems prevent long-term measurements of these parameters, especially in subtropical and tropical regions. Very recently whole “real time coastal observing networks” were established which combine different systems, e.g. buoys, coastal radar networks, and under water stations which are connected by a network of underwater cables and fibre optic connections.

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WKSP-4: Ocean Observing Systems

OCEAN OBSERVING FROM REGULAR SHIP CRUISES

F. Schroeder

Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, GERMANY

In the last decades automated ocean observing methods have been successfully developed. Most of them consist of buoy systems. The disadvantages of such systems are the high costs since maintenance has to be carried out by research ships. Due to bio-fouling problems this is necessary every 1-6 months (depending on region, season and sensor). A more cost-effective method is the application of ships of opportunity and ferry boats that are equipped with automated sensor packages. The main advantages are 1) the lower costs (no ship costs), 2) the easier maintenance in harbour and the more effective antifouling methods. Therefore, many ships or opportunity and ferries have been equipped in the last years and are used for monitoring, especially of coastal waters. The systems on board range from simple thermo-salinographs to sophisticated packages for the determination of many chemical-biological parameters. A comparison of different systems and several applications have been tested within the European “FerryBox-Project” with 11 partners. The results showed that such ferry-systems are a cost-effective and reliable tool that complement other ocean observing systems and have a high potential for operational monitoring.

SENSORS FOR OPERATIONAL OCEAN OBSERVING

F. Schroeder

Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, GERMANY

In the last decades different automated ocean observing methods have been successfully developed. This includes stationary and drifting buoys, gliders, FerryBoxes, underwater observatories and whole networks of combined systems. However, the backbone of all these developments are reliable sensors for the measurement of physical, chemical and biological relevant parameters. Whereas there are many sensors suitable for measurements in the lab only few fulfil the requirements of pre-operational or even operational use. In the last years some sensors emerged which are at the threshold of operational use. Among these are optical sensors for the determination of algae, algal groups, algal structure and nitrate. Other, “conventional” chemical techniques matured for a more regular and long-time use. On the horizon are bio-technical sensors, e.g., gene probes etc. which do not yet have the necessary stability but which will improve within the next 10 years.

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Student Poster Session

A STUDY OF SPATIAL COGNITION IN CHILDREN USING SKETCHED MAPS

Takuro Hanamura1, Satoshi Yamada1*, Setsuho Ouchi2 and Hirotomo Ohuchi3

1Graduate School of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, JAPAN

2Department of Education, College of Education, Soka University, JAPAN 3Department of Architecture College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, JAPAN

*[email protected]

In child development research, the relationship between child and his or her (children and their) living environment is an important topic. This research conducted investigation on a sketch map in order to consider the relation of the children and their living environment in a developmental stage in Makuhari Baytown in 1999 and 2003. Change of the physical environment in both years, change of the number of elements drawn on the sketch map, and change of expression of a sketch map are compared and analyzed. And an environmental change and the relation of space cognition which surround a child are considered. Moreover, the range domain described by the child’s cognitive characteristics, as analyzed from the map, were compared. The objective understanding of a child is enhanced at an earlier stage by the spatial structure of Makuhari and the environmental changes, both of which consist of grid patterns. The experience, everyday life, and spatial cognition of an elementary school or a playground have a close relationship to the living environment that surrounds the child based on coast.

COMPOSITION OF LANDSCAPE RECOGNITION THAT USES VISUALIZATION MODEL BY LOCAL INHABITANTS

IN KAMAKURA

Tomohide Atsumi1, Satoshi Yamada1*, Nobutaka Shintani2 and Hirotomo Ohuchi3


2College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, JAPAN 3Department of Architecture College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, JAPAN

*[email protected]

This paper studies residents' landscape recognition by 3-D visualized model on Kamakura historical and coastal area. The 3-D visualized model bases on 3-D geographical feature model and human visual recognition. The 3-D geographical feature model is formed with GIS data by DEM (Digital Elevation Model. Human visual recognition is shown by a spread of light which applied the inverse-square damping. These two factors are combined as a 3-D shadow picture to study residents' landscape recognition. Comparing Explicate order and Implicate order on the 3-D shading picture, discuss the recognition of residents regarding the region (town, mountains, sea, landmark in the city, etc.), and describes constitution and attribution of landscape recognitions and relationship with environmental recognition. The landscapes produced by these two data sets were then compared to discern any similarities by the conception of Explicate order and Implicate order. It is possible to research and to use this in other regions done as a flow of a series of research by compared things as the evaluation technique of a regional landscape with adaptability.

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CONSTRUCTION OF THE VISUALIZATION MODEL BY LANDSCAPE COGNITION

USING 3-DIMENSIONAL SHADE IMAGE

Satoshi Yamada1* and Hirotomo Ohuchi2


2Dept. of Architecture College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, JAPAN *[email protected]

In recent years, there has been growing demand for planning techniques based on symbiosis with the environment, and this has become an important issue for cooperative international efforts in today's society. This paper is made into the object of analysis on the coastal fishing villages in which the sea, a town, and a mountain are realized in one, and has complicated geographical feature. A visible space is set up based on "3D geographical feature model using the GIS data by DEM (Digital Elevation Model)", and "a spread of light which applied the inverse-square damping which is approximation to man's visual recognition." The usefulness of the shade picture reflecting the 3-D space information acquired by that is considered. As a result, in the past, the method for making extend the visible space the understanding and the measurement were difficult on the map (two dimensions) being, the technique made visible as a space model converted into the 3-D shade image can be presented.

OUR COMMON FUTURE

Makoto Tajima1, Takuro Hanamura1, Satoshi Yamada1* and Hirotomo Ohuchi2


2Department of Architecture College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, JAPAN *[email protected]

This idea is based on the work that was ranked in the top 12 in "Design competition concerning development and control of the city construction" by AIJ, and had published in JABS. In ancient Japan, mountain, city, and sea formed the physical and temporal linier networks by mutual interpolation as keeping each autonomy concerning. However, the relation between them had become thin and had transfigured to the function city by the development of the technology and the pursuit of convenience. It can be said that the development of the city is succession system to the next generation. In terms of the attribute of the city, the change refers to even the time series variation, which is long as synchronize the environment. This idea creates waterside, green space, and public space in a river basin, where is connected by mountain, city, and sea as objectives for the development of the city mainly in the environmental education. And it means the approval of "Society that nurture environmental education".

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RESEARCH ON THE CURRENT CONTROL FUNCTION AND FISH AGGREGATION OF ARTIFICIAL REEF

Kaori Yasuoka

Graduate School of Engineering

Kagawa University Kagawa, JAPAN

[email protected]

In Japan, a number of various types of artificial reefs have been developed and settled to create fishery ground for the fishery production enhancement in coastal and off shore marine areas. There are many issues to be clarified about the suitable installation of artificial reefs, such as the relation between flow conditions and the biological effect of them. A set of technologies newly developed to enhance marine resources is introduced. It consists of a hydraulic experiment and field research to select out the most appropriate shape for marine habitat restoration and a new fisheries resources enhancement structure that embodies multiple functions. I examined that the strong upward flow exists to the front of the panel specially designed for the generation of the upwelling water. It was confirmed that the effective area of vertical mixing reaches 20 times longer rearward than the structure height in length. The set of technologies was applied to coastal areas and was verified to improve biological environment in and around the fisheries resources enhancement structure.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF SUPERSTRUCTURE ON FLOATING STRUCTURE

Koichi Maruyoshi1, Osamu Saijo2 and Hiroaki Eto3

1Graduate School of Science and Technology

Department of Oceanic Architecture & Engineering, Nihon University, Chiba, JAPAN [email protected]

2Dept. of Oceanic Architecture & Engineering, CST, Nihon University, Chiba, JAPAN

3RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, JAPAN

A floating structural system has been expected as an effective utilization of oceanic space. It is forecast that buildings will be constructed on a floating base for personal activities in the future. The building in this study is called a superstructure. The goal of this study was to establish the structural design of a superstructure in the architectural engineering field. We carried out an exercise in the structural design of the superstructure used as a restaurant by the allowable stress method controlled in the Japanese Building Code. The sections of the members are designed due to fixed loads at the first stage and its horizontal load-carrying capacity due to wind loads is estimated at the secondary stage. It’s important for a floating structure to guarantee not only its structural safety but also its habitability because a floating structure oscillates by wave and wind loads and human’s nerve is stimulated. The structural safety and the habitability of the superstructure are evaluated due to the design waves for 100 year and 10 year return periods, respectively.

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STUDY ON FRACTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISTRICT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ENVIRONMENTAL COGNITION

Hirokazu Takamasa, Satoshi Yamada*, Noriyuki Suzuki and Hirotomo Ohuchi

Dept. of Architecture College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, JAPAN

*[email protected]

Cityscapes play both physical and social roles. Buildings comprise city blocks, which comprise urban districts, which, in turn, form social systems. More than just physical features, cityscapes shape the consciousness of the people who live there. In that sense, the environment and the people mutually maintain order. A viable cityscape theory can be formed only by explaining the structural principle of this influential relationship. This research clarifies the related cognitive attribute (the cognitive region that consists of the total consciousness of the city's inhabitants) and the complexity of each city district (the physical environment that is based mainly on geographical factors). The analysis uses fractal theory, since its analysis makes it possible to quantitatively measure complexity of an event and its form. Analysis showed that the fractal dimension and cognitive strength and the arrangement, form, and building height, are reflected as a formal complexity. This tends to affect boundaries of the cognition region in terms of psychological quantity. From above analysis, we determined that the correlativity of fractal dimension and cognitive provides appropriate data for a viable cityscape theory.

STUDY ON RELATIONS OF WHARF STEEL-PILES CORROSION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Chien-Ming Lo and Min-Der Lin

Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University

Taichung, TAIWAN [email protected]

Since steel-made structures of harbors such as wharf steel-piles, pipelines, and pull rods are immersed in seawater, corrosion inevitably becomes a major threaten to these facilities. Different corrosion rates are initiated by different seasonal, spatial and other environmental influences. On-site inspections usually result in heavy economic burdens because the requirement of long time investments of personnel, equipments and other resources. This study employed regression analysis to analyze the correlation between characteristics of seawater (e.g., conductivity, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH values, temperature, chlorine concentration, etc.) and corrosion rates, which is estimated by the thickness of steel-piles. The wharfs No. 2 to No. 7 of Keelung harbor is used as the study area. The results indicated that lower dissolved oxygen concentrations and/or pH values result in higher corrosion rates. On the other hand, higher corrosion rates were observed at higher chlorine concentrations. For steel-piles direction correlation analysis, the results revealed that the corrosion rates of the concave and convex sides are both significantly correlated to dissolved oxygen concentration, but the surface side is significantly correlated to chlorine concentration.

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mailto:[email protected]


SUSTAINABLE URBANISM IN TOKYO

Hidekazu Kikuchi, Satoshi Yamada* and Hirotomo Ohuchi

Graduate School of Industrial Technology Nihon University, JAPAN

*[email protected]

This proposal reconstructed the work awarded the Second Prize in "12th IFHP International Student Competition 2005". The physical range of people's lives has developed along with the environment. Waterside areas, such as sea, rivers, and waterways, have been an essential part of life in Japan since ancient times. Surrounded by water, the object ground of Gyotoku is typical of the cities in the Tokyo Bay area. The city is comprised of four layers that have been gradually produced by reclamation plans. People are losing not only the relations between their colony, the salt pan, and dry beach, but also the identity of the historical area and Sanbanze. We have proposed that the waterside area, which is restructured using the original water by pass system in order to restore the area of its original form. The intention of this plan is to encourage people to think of their own lives, actions, and consciousness and create a sustainable community with a sustainable design of space and form. As a result, sustainable cities are created from relationships among many elements of the city.

THE ROLE OF PACON IN MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Thein Zaw Nyo

Department of Marine Engineering Defence Services of Technology Pyin Oo Lwin, MYANAMAR

This poster represents aims and functions of PACON to enhance its activities throughout the world: Satellite system used for Geographic Imaging System (GIS). An ECDIS consisting of a portion of Andaman Sea for safe voyage of the sea-going vessels. The scenic view of the ocean was created as a 3-D model including islands and oil rig representing natural resources of the mother ocean. The reddish yellow color shows a nature of change in weather condition in the ocean, a high-speed passenger craft for coastal transport was developed in the ship design and use of construction software “Maxsurf” and modules. The best feature of the vessel is an external chine built for better stability and lift force at higher speeds reducing total resistance and propulsive power of the vessel. A detailed body plan of this vessel in a Maxsurf window with menu bars is included. An exaggerated view of oil rig. And a figure that represents the rich underwater natural resources of the ocean consisting different types of fishes and corals.

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THE STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RECOGNITION OF SUPER HIGH-RISE HOUSING RESIDENTS

Koji Misawa, Hirokazu Takamasa, Satoshi Yamada,

Wakana Tao and Hirotomo Ohuchi

Department of Architecture College of Industrial Technology Nihon University, JAPAN

[email protected]

This paper discusses the appropriate design for super high-rise housing. The population of Tokyo is in the increasing tendency since 1997. High-rise and super high-rise housing are some of the factors behind this population growth. Super high-rise housing is a new living environment, one that is cross-sectional rather than planar. Creating these residential spaces requires a design technique incorporating a multiplicity of layers on the premises, as well as input from the prospective residents. The research was conducted at Ohkawabata River City 21, a model of super high-rise urban housing. It is a super high-rise housing extended along the flow into the Tokyo Bay from the Sumida River. The research included a questionnaire, aggregative analysis theory, and aggregate curve. From the above research, the attributions of environmental cognition and life territory were determined, particularly those regarding the floors of residents of super high rise towers. As a result, the attribute of environmental cognition that is caused by the displacement layer and the floor of residences were formed by advancing residence years.

THE VELOCITY FIELD IN SURF ZONE FROM MOSAIC PIV MEASUREMENTS

Zhi-Cheng Huang, Hwung-Hweng Hwung and Wen-Yang Hsu

Department of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering

National Cheng Kung University Tainan, TAIWAN

[email protected]

This paper describes the experimental results of 2-D temporal and spatial flow structures of spilling breakers in the surf zone. The Particle Image Velocimetry was employed to measure the internal velocity field on a 1:20 slope. Entire spatial distributions of ensemble-averaged velocities in the surf zone were combined properly by using a mosaic method from several testing runs. To synchronize the measuring systems and solve the problem of phase identification, the triggering signals were precisely controlled. Surface profiles were obtained from an image processing method. The generation and dissipation process of horizontal eddies were investigated. Other temporal and spatial evolutions of coherent multiple vortical structures in the surf zone were also discussed.

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TITLE INDEX

A Principal Analysis using the Ten Days Composite Satellite Sst Images taken off the Coast of Japan ............A4 A Single Mooring Net-Cage Subjected to Wave Force.....................................................................................A39 A Solitary Wave Propagating over a Submerged Breakwater ...........................................................................A35 A Study of Spatial Cognition in Children using Sketched Maps.......................................................................A68 A Study on Making Sea Hazard Map Considers Tsunami Damages of Ships...................................................A35 Analysis of the Parametric Transformation Effect on Resistance of Displacement Monohull............................A6 Artificial Headland using Spar Buoy Sea Forest ...............................................................................................A36 Assessment of Watch Keeping Officer Performance using a Ship Simulator .....................................................A7 Bio-Optical Properties and Ocean Color Algorithms for the North Region of the South China Sea ..................A5 Bragg Scattering of Water Waves in Real Fluids ..............................................................................................A29 Buoy Measurements of Wind-Wave Interaction during Tropical Cyclones......................................................A30 Characteristics of VAWT using ARC Camber Blades for Wind Generation System .......................................A26 Climate Change in Myanmar During the Last Five Decades ............................................................................A12 Climate Prediction, Economic Value and Radical Innovation...........................................................................A17 Co-Culture of Shrimp and Algae: Improvement of Water Quality....................................................................A17 Coastal Resource Management in Myanmar .....................................................................................................A51 Coastal Resource Management with Special Reference to Mangroves of Myanmar ........................................A51 Coastal Resources of Economic and Ecological Importance from Myeik Archipelago

and Status of their Exploitation ...........................................................................................................A52 Composition of Landscape Recognition that Uses Visualization Model by Local Inhabitants in Kamakura ...A68 Conserving a Unique Coral Island (Pulau Perak) in the Straits of Malacca, Malaysia......................................A52 Construction of the Visualization Model by Landscape Cognition using 3-Dimensional Shade Image ...........A69 Contemporary Concentration Levels of Heavy Metals Aerosols and Gaseous Mercury

over the Arctic Ocean Seas ...................................................................................................................A9 Crossflow Turbine for Micro Hydro Power Plant .............................................................................................A26 Daily Accumulation Rates of Marine Debris on Two Subantarctic Islands ......................................................A48 Damage Due to Earthquake Tsunamis and Countermeasures Against Disasters in Fishery Areas ...................A57 Design and Fabrication of a Vertical Axis Small Scale Water Turbine ............................................................A25 Design of Storm Surge – Experiments for Understanding Storm Surge Phenomena and Model Testing .........A32 Detection of Seagrass with TM in Coastal Water of Hainan, China ...................................................................A4 Development and Application of an Integrated Engine Room Simulator .........................................................A65 Development of Statistic Model for Estimating Life Time of Beached Oil ......................................................A47 Education on Marine Science & Technology in Myanmar................................................................................A66 Effect of “Ocean Fertilizer” on the Growth of Seaweeds in the Philippines .....................................................A18 Effectiveness of Hemispherical Steel Net Covering Artificial Reef on Fish Aggregation ................................A18 Examination of Model Parameterization for Simulations of Oxygen-Deficient Water in Enclosed Bays ........A49 Experimental Study on Power Generation System from Tidal Currents for Navigation Buoy .........................A25 Extension Planning of the Da-Wu Fishing Harbor for Improving Sea Transportation on East Taiwan............A39 Evaluation Studies for Site Selection of Edible Oyster Growing

in Ma-Gyi Tidal Creek Estuarine Region............................................................................................A19 Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Steels for Marine Structures ......................................................................A36 Flow Visualization of Vortex Shedding behind the Circular and Elliptical Cylinders ......................................A30 Flowcam® Technology – Continuous Imaging Fluid Particle Analyzer for Aquatic Research

and Monitoring....................................................................................................................................A10 From "Point" to "Field" on Renewable Energy .................................................................................................A29 Fundamental Operational Characteristics of Grid-Connected Clustered PV System ........................................A28 Harmful Algal Blooms in the Coastal Waters of the South China Sea..............................................................A58 Harnessing Information and Communication Technologies for International Waters Management

in Southeast Asia.................................................................................................................................A53 High Yield Production of Bio-Hydrogen from Organic Waste using Rhodobacter shpaeroides ......................A48 Implementation of Maritime Laws in Myanmar................................................................................................A60 Improvement of River Channel by using Impermeable Sand Bag Groyne in Ayeyarwaddy River ..................A45 Improvement of Scallop Sea Ranching by Recycling Shells.............................................................................A19 In the Western Myanmar, Where the Bengal Fan Sedimentation Was?............................................................A42

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TITLE INDEX

In-Situ Observation on the Wind in the Northeastern Coast of Taiwan ............................................................A27 Influence of Wave Reflection to Runup on Step Dike.......................................................................................A37 Integrated Development Project of Keelung Port .............................................................................................A40 Integrated River Information Management System (IRIMS) ..............................................................................A1 Introduction of Tidal Power for Rural Remote Villages Electrification in Myanmar .......................................A24 Investigation of the Form Factor and Evaluation of the Required Engine Power for a Fast Patrol Boat ............A7 Marine Fishery Resources Potential and Exploitation of Myanmar ..................................................................A20 Marine Provincialism Analysis of Macroalgal Distribution in Malaysia ..........................................................A54 Marine Science, Technology and Seamanship ....................................................................................................A8 Meridian: Russian Observational Project in the Atlantic Ocean .....................................................................A10 Methane Hydrates, What do They Mean for Climate and Society? ..................................................................A16 Morphology and Sediment Transport of Sand Bodies in Eastern Taiwan Strait Shelf ......................................A43 Myanmar Experience with GIS and Remote Sensing Technologies for Marine Science....................................A1 Myanmar Pearling Industry ...............................................................................................................................A20 Myanmar Port and Harbor Development and Coastal Zone Management ........................................................A40 Myanmar Traditional Boats and the Source of Development of Inland Water Transport .................................A63 New Results from the German Ferrybox...........................................................................................................A11 Numerical Calculation of the High Water Level Fluctuations during the Typhoon Period...............................A32 Numerical Experiment of the Relationship between Discoloration of Nori (Porphyra yezoensis)

and Seasonal Wind ..............................................................................................................................A21 Numerical Simulation on Behavior of Floating Structures in Tsunami by MPS Method..................................A37 Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction Effect on Monsoon during 2002 ......................................................................A14 Ocean Observing from Buoys and Fixed Stations.............................................................................................A66 Ocean Observing from Regular Ship Cruises....................................................................................................A67 Oceanographic Studies in the Coastal Zones of Myanmar (CANCELLED).......................................................A2 Oil Spill Prevention and Combating..................................................................................................................A47 Operational Monitoring of the Brantas River, Indonesia – Measurements and Modelling ...............................A11 Opportunities and Challenges in Myanmar Aquaculture...................................................................................A21 Our Common Future..........................................................................................................................................A69 Parametric Investigation and Optimization of Diesel Engine Noise, Emissions and Fuel Economy .................A8 Perceptions of Coasts in Germany.....................................................................................................................A61 Physiography and Sediment Dispersal on the Ayeyarwady Continental Shelf, North Andaman Sea ...............A43 Porous Concrete Blocks as Natural Cleansing System in Coastal Environment ...............................................A49 Potential Natural Hazards in the Myanmar Coastal Areas ................................................................................A58 Potential of Marine Fishery in Myanmar...........................................................................................................A22 Power Generation by Tidal Current...................................................................................................................A24 Purification Experiment of Water Quality by using Cohesive Powder .............................................................A50 Rapid Estimation of Storm Surge due to Tropical Cyclones using Satellite Meteorology................................A33 Recent Developments in Myanmar Offshore Petroleum Exploration ...............................................................A61 Reduction of the Wave Drifting Forces using Aircushion Supported System...................................................A31 Rehabilitation of Abandoned Shrimp Ponds through Mangrove Planting

at Nakhonsi Thammarat, Thailand ......................................................................................................A54 Relationship between Bluefin Tuna Fishing Grounds and Eddy Activity .........................................................A62 Relationship between Shape of Coastal Gravel and Life Time of Stranded Oil................................................A46 Research on Collective Housing Areas and Characteristics of Residents in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia................A27 Research on Establishment of Resource Recycling Society in Cobb Hill Co-housing......................................A28 Research on the Current Control Function and Fish Aggregation of Artificial Reef.........................................A70 Research on the Structure Improving Sediment Quality by Current Control ....................................................A22 Responses of Phytoplankton to the 2004 Asian Tsunami in Different Locations of the Indian Ocean ...............A3 Retrieval of Optically Active Constituents in the Upper Gulf of Thailand .........................................................A5 River-Sea Interaction and the North Jiangsu Plain Formation.............................................................................K3 Sampled Up-Welling Current Areas and the Site for Fishing Ports ..................................................................A55 Seaweed Bed Reclamation Experiment using Vertical Seawall at Inner Part of Osaka Bay.............................A55 Sediment Movement and its Impact on the Distribution of Benthic Macrofauna

in the North Andaman Sea ..................................................................................................................A42

A-75

TITLE INDEX

Seismicity of the Andaman Sea.........................................................................................................................A33 Sensors for Operational Ocean Observing ........................................................................................................A67 Sound Environmental Resource in Coastal Marine Tourism.............................................................................A63 Storm Surge Prediction in Myanmar: Operational and Post Storm Field Survey Perspectives.........................A34 Storms - Analysis, Statistics and Changes...........................................................................................................K2 Structural Design of Superstructure on Floating Structure................................................................................A70 Study on Fractal Characteristics of District and Its Relationship to Environmental Cognition.........................A71 Study on Relations of Wharf Steel-Piles Corrosion and Environmental Factors...............................................A71 Study on the Porous Material for Improvement of Marine Biological Environment ........................................A23 Study on the River Works due to Sediment Transport ......................................................................................A44 Sustainable Development of Ayeyarwady Delta ...............................................................................................A45 Sustainable Urbanism in Tokyo.........................................................................................................................A72 Technology of Seaweed, Kappaphycus /Eucheuma Cultivation in the Tropical Waters...................................A23 Tectonics: Reflecting the Bathymetry and Sedimentation of Myanmar Continental Shelves .............................A2 Thalassa-Therapy: New Coastal Facility for Recreation and Health Care ........................................................A64 The Blue Evolution............................................................................................................................................A62 The Characteristic of Behavior Changes in the Climatology of the Bay Storms

during the Last Three Decades ............................................................................................................A14 The Conservation Strategies of Dongsha (Pratas) National Marine Park, Taiwan............................................A64 The Design of Anchorage for Waters Outside Kaohsiung Harbor ....................................................................A38 The Designated Unused Land in the Land-Fill of the Metropolitan Seaside Area ............................................A56 The Economic Impact of Alternative Energy in Hawaii: A General Equilibrium Analysis ..............................A16 The Environment Formation and the Characteristics of the Site for Fishing Ports ...........................................A53 The Environmental Restoration of Ago Bay, Japan based on a New Concept of "Sato Umi" ..........................A46 The Impacts of El-Nino and La-Nina Events on the Climate of Myanmar .......................................................A13 The Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004 - Myanmar Experiences .....................................................A59 The Inland Water Transport of Myanmar..........................................................................................................A65 The Inter-Annual Variations in the Monsoon Climatology of Myanmar and Its Perspectives..........................A13 The New Generation Container Terminal Facility and Equipment ...................................................................A41 The Role of PACON in Marine Science and Technology .................................................................................A72 The Structure of Environmental Recognition of Super High-Rise Housing Residents .....................................A73 The Substantial Increased Earthquake Activities in Myanmar during the Last Five Years

and Its Perspectives .............................................................................................................................A15 The Velocity Field in Surf Zone from Mosaic PIV Measurements ...................................................................A73 The Volcanic Ash Eruption in Barren Island─The Only Live Volcano in the Andaman Sea

between Sumatra and Myanmar ..........................................................................................................A15 Three Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Storm Surge in the Southeastern Sea of Korea..........................A34 Towards a Homogeneous 50 Year Climatology of Typhoons in SE Asia.........................................................A12 Towards a Sustainable Management of Myeik (Mergui) Archipelago..............................................................A56 Transmittance of Light Pipe for Ecological Conservation of Large Floating Structure ....................................A50 Tsunami Hazard Mapping of the Hawaiian EEZ...............................................................................................A59 Tsunami Heights and Damage along the Myanmar Coast from the December 2004

Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake............................................................................................................A60 Tsunamis and Storm Surges in the Indian Ocean ................................................................................................K1 Upwelling along Primorye Coast, Japan Sea on Satellite and In Situ Data .........................................................A3 Variations in Light Absorption Coefficients of Suspended Particles in South China Sea...................................A6 Velocity Change in Nearshore Zone due to Coastal Drain System by VOF Method ........................................A31 Visible Space by Landscape Recognition of Local Inhabitans and Its Composition.........................................A38 Water Purification Experiments by Micro Bubble ............................................................................................A57 Wind Blowout Hollow Generated in Fukiage Dune Field, Kagoshima Prefecture Japan .................................A44 Yacht Construction in Myanmar .........................................................................................................................A9 Yangon Sea Access Channel Associated Port Improvement Study...................................................................A41

A-76

AUTHOR INDEX

Affendi, Y. A. ......................................................A52 Ahn, Hee-Do

Sediment ................................................A22 Porous ....................................................A23

Akahane, Sachie ..................................................A50 Aksornkoae, Sanit ................................................A54 Almario, Maan .....................................................A18 Asamidori, Kohta .................................................A18 Atsumi, Tomohide ............................................... A68 Aung, Cherry .......................................................A42 Aung, Htay

Oyster ....................................................A19 Myeik ....................................................A52

Aung, Lei Lei .......................................................A14 Aung, Sann ..........................................................A20 Aung, Than Tin ...................................................A60 Aung, Thein .........................................................A45 Aung, Zin .............................................................A59 Aye, Kyaw Naing ..................................................A6 Aye, Tin ...............................................................A45 Bhatrasataponkul, Tachanat....................................A5 Boonming, Savettachat ........................................A54 Burton, Harry .......................................................A48 Cao, Wenxi

Seagrass ...................................................A4 Color ........................................................A5 Particles ...................................................A6

Chaw, May Khin ..................................................A32 Chen, H.-C. ..........................................................A39 Chen, Hsi-Ching ..................................................A38 Chen, Ping-Tang ..................................................A41 Chen, Yuan-Bin ...................................................A27 Chiang, Shi-Chong ..............................................A37 Chiau, Wen-Yan ..................................................A64 Coffman, Makena ................................................A16 Colijn, Franciscus ................................................A11 Cooper, Richard T. ..............................................A53 Di, BoPing ...........................................................A58 Elikson, Li ........................................................... A44 Endo, Kunihiko ....................................................A46 Enomo, Satoshi ....................................................A50 Eriksson, Cecilia ..................................................A48 Eto, Hiroaki .........................................................A70 Feser, Frauke .......................................................A12 Fujiwara, Munehiro .............................................A21 Golubeva, Natalia I. ...............................................A9 Goto, Shintaro

Gravel.................................................... A46 Oil ..........................................................A47

Grossmann, Wolf-Dieter .....................................A17 Guerrero III, Rafael D. ........................................A18

Hamada, Seiichi Gravel ....................................................A46 Oil ..........................................................A47

Hamano, Kaoru ....................................................A17 Hanamura, Takuro

Spatial ....................................................A68 Future ....................................................A69

Haseda, Machi .....................................................A55 Hasegawa, Shuichi ...............................................A32 Hashimoto, Takuya ..............................................A32 Hirota, Naoyuki ...................................................A28 Hla, Tun ...............................................................A20 Hlaing, Tin..............................................................A7 Hoshino, Takashi

Fish ........................................................A18 Nori ........................................................A21 Porous ....................................................A23

Hosotani, Kazunori .................................................A4 Hotta, Kenji

Fertilizer ................................................A18 Sediment ................................................A22 Cohesive ................................................A50 Bubble ...................................................A57 Blue .......................................................A62 Sound .....................................................A63 Health ....................................................A64

Hou, Ho-Shong Bragg .....................................................A29 Breakwater .............................................A35 Da-Wu ...................................................A39 Keelung .................................................A40

Hou, Peng-Hsi .....................................................A40 Hou, Peng-Hui .....................................................A40 Hsu, S.A.

Wind-Wave ...........................................A30 Satellite ..................................................A33

Hsu, Tai-Wen Bragg .....................................................A29 Breakwater .............................................A35

Hsu, Wen-Yang ...................................................A73 Hu, Yihuai ...........................................................A65 Huang, Zhi-Cheng ...............................................A73 Huzaimi, T. Badrul ..............................................A52 Hwung, Hwung-Hweng .......................................A73 Ichimi, Kazuhiko .................................................A21 Ikoma, Tomoki

Aircushion ..............................................A31 Hazard ...................................................A35 MPS .......................................................A37

Iseki, Kouta ..........................................................A64 Ishida, Tatsunori ..................................................A55 Ishii, Susumu

Mongolia ...............................................A27 Co-housing .............................................A28 Bio-Hydrogen ........................................A48 Up-Welling.............................................A55

Ito, Toshiaki .........................................................A57 Ito, Yasushi ..........................................................A19 Izawa, Isamu ........................................................A29

A-77

AUTHOR INDEX

Jillian, Lean-Sim Ooi ...........................................A54 Juang, Jea-Tzyy ...................................................A37 Kakegawa, Hisao .................................................A23 Kato, Shigeru .......................................................A54 Kawagishi, Umekazu

Mongolia ...............................................A27 Co-housing ............................................A28

Kawanishi, Toshimasa .........................................A50 Kazama, Takahiro ................................................A57 Khin, Myo

Fukiage ..................................................A44 Porous ....................................................A49

Kiho, Seiji Current ...................................................A24 Buoy ......................................................A25

Kikuchi, Hidekazu ...............................................A72 Kim, Cha-kyum ...................................................A34 Kinoshita, T. ........................................................A49 Kishino, Masao

Scallop ...................................................A19 Countermeasures ...................................A57

Kitano, Koki Mongolia ...............................................A27 Co-housing ............................................A28

Knauth, H.-D. Brantas ...................................................A11 Buoys .....................................................A66

Kobayashi, Masato ..............................................A31 Kohno, Hideki .....................................................A48 Konan, Denise .....................................................A16 Kozuki, Yasunori .................................................A55 Kung, Chen-Shan .................................................A39 Kuo, Shih-Duenn................................................. A41 Kyaw, Chit ...........................................................A14 Kyaw, Theingi .....................................................A42 Kyu, Khin Kyu ....................................................A44 Ladychenko, S. ......................................................A3 Latt, Tin Min .......................................................A30 Lay, Khin Ko .......................................................A21 Lee, H.H.

Anchorage .............................................A38 Net-Cage ............................................... A39

Lee, Jong Tae .......................................................A34 Lee, J.-Y. .............................................................A39 Li, Cai ....................................................................A5 Liang, Nai Kuang ................................................A36 Liao, Horng-Ru ....................................................A43 Lin, Chao-Fu ........................................................A37 Lin, Min-Der........................................................ A71 Lo, Chien-Ming ...................................................A71 Lobanov, Vyacheslav ............................................A 3 LV, JianHai.............................................................A3 Lwin, Myat ............................................................ A7 Lwin, Nyi Nyi ......................................................A51

Lwin, Tun Climate Change .....................................A12 El-Nino ..................................................A13 Monsoon ................................................A13 Bay Storms ............................................A14 Earthquakes ...........................................A15 Volcanic Ash .........................................A15 Storm Surge ...........................................A34 Indian Ocean ..........................................A59

Maeda, Hisaaki

Aircushion .............................................A31 MPS .......................................................A37

Magaard, Lorenz ..................................................A16 Marsh, James Barney ...........................................A17 Murakami, Hitoshi ...............................................A55 Maruyoshi, Koichi ...............................................A70 Masuda, Koichi

Aircushion .............................................A31 Typhoon ................................................A32 Hazard ...................................................A35 MPS .......................................................A37

Masuda, Mitsuhiro ...............................................A37 Matishov, Gennady G. ...........................................A9 Matsuda, Osamu ..................................................A46 Matsuda, Tatsunobu............................................. A62 Matsui, Ryuta .......................................................A57 Matsumura, Satsuki ................................................A5 Matsuoka, Satoru .................................................A21 Maw, Khin Win ...................................................A32 Mehta, Pretik .......................................................A42 Misawa, Koji .......................................................A73 Mitsui, Kazuo ......................................................A55 Miyachi, Yuki ......................................................A55 Miyagawa, Masashi .............................................A22 Miyazaki, Takamasa

Ports .......................................................A53 Up-Welling ............................................A55 Land-Fill ................................................A56

Miyoshi, Junya .....................................................A55 Mizumukai, K. .....................................................A49 Moe, Chan ........................................................... A45 Moe, Nyein Nyein ...............................................A34 Mohri, Masahiko ..................................................A62 Mukouyama, Tatuya ............................................A50 Murty, Tad ..............................................................K1 Mutoh, Yoshiharu ................................................A36 Myint, San (cancelled)............................................A2 Myint, Soe

Electrification ........................................A24 Petroleum ..............................................A61

Nagasawa, Shinji .................................................A35 Naing, Sanda ........................................................A40 Naing, Than .........................................................A14 Naing, Zaw

IRIMS ......................................................A1 GIS .......................................................... A1

Nakamura, Shigeki ..............................................A57 Nakamura, Takashi ..............................................A57

A-78

AUTHOR INDEX

Nakazawa, Kiminori Ports .......................................................A53 Up-Welling ............................................A55

Naoi, Kazuhisa Current ...................................................A24 Buoy ......................................................A25 VAWT ...................................................A26 Grid .......................................................A28

Nelson, Harry ......................................................A10 Nishi, Ryuichiro

SST ..........................................................A4 Fukiage ..................................................A44

Nishi, Yasukazu ...................................................A55 Nishikawa, Shogo ................................................A28 Noguchi, Hidehisa ...............................................A18 Nyo, Thein Zaw ...................................................A72 Ohino, Tasuku .....................................................A50 Ohn, U .................................................................A51 Ohno, Masao ........................................................A23 Ohshima, Kenichirou ...........................................A64 Ohuchi, Hirotomo

Space .....................................................A38 Spatial ....................................................A68 Landscape ..............................................A68 Shade .....................................................A69 Future ....................................................A69 Fractal ....................................................A71 Urbanism ...............................................A72 High-Rise ..............................................A73

Oi, Musaku ..........................................................A53 Okabayashi, E. .....................................................A49 Okabayashi, T. .....................................................A49 Okamoto, Kyouichi

Fertilizer ................................................A18 Water .....................................................A50 Bubble ...................................................A57 Sound .....................................................A63 Health ....................................................A64

Okamura, Yokinobu ............................................A60 Oo, Kyaw .............................................................A41 Oo, Kyaw Lwin ................................................... A13 Oo, Myo Zaw .........................................................A1 Oo, Thant Zin ......................................................A60 Oo, Thura

Techtonics ...............................................A2 Sediment ................................................A42

Oo, U Myint .........................................................A52 Otsuka, Koji .........................................................A57 Ouchi, Setsuho .....................................................A68 Panitchat, Songob ................................................A54 Pe, Myint .............................................................A22 Petersen, Wilhelm ................................................A11 Peterson, Kent ......................................................A10 Phang, Siew-Moi .................................................A54 Poulton, Nicole ....................................................A10 Ramaswamy, V. ...................................................A43 Ramesh, O. N. .....................................................A30

Rao, P. S. .............................................................A43 Rheem, Chang-Kyu .............................................A31 Saijo, Osamu ........................................................A70 Sakai, Takuji

Bio-Hydrogen ........................................A48 Up-Welling ............................................A55

Sako, Akinori .......................................................A19 Salyuk, A. ..............................................................A3 Sao, Kazuko

Gravel ....................................................A46 Oil ..........................................................A47

Sao, Kunihisa Gravel ....................................................A46 Oil ..........................................................A47

Sasaki, Seiichi ......................................................A18 Satake, Kenji ........................................................A60 Sato, Michio .........................................................A31 Sawai, Yuki .........................................................A60 Sawano, Nobuhiro

Gravel ....................................................A46 Oil ..........................................................A47

Schroeder, F. ........................................................A67 Schroeder, Friedhelm ...........................................A11 Seino, Y. ..............................................................A49 Shapovalov, Sergey M. ........................................A10 Shein, Khin Cho Cho ...........................................A12 Shiraki, Wataru ....................................................A32 Shiau, Bao-Shi .....................................................A27 Shiono, Mitsuhiro

Buoy ......................................................A25 VAWT ...................................................A26

Shtraikhert, E. ........................................................A3 Sieracki, Chris K. .................................................A10 Singhruck, Patama .................................................A5 Sokov, Alexey V. .................................................A10 Soe, Maung Maung ..............................................A60 Soe, Nan Myat .....................................................A31 Srisapoome, Prapansak ........................................A17 Su, Chih-Chieh ....................................................A43 Suenaga, Yoshihiro

Nori ........................................................A21 Sediment ................................................A22 Porous ....................................................A23 Typhoon ................................................A32

Suga, Masayuki ....................................................A53 Sumiko Yokobori ....................................................56 Swe, Chit .............................................................A60 Swe, Tint Lwin ....................................................A60 Swe, Win

Techtonics ..............................................A2 Volcano .................................................A15 Hazards ..................................................A58 Tsunami .................................................A60

Shibata, Daisuke ..................................................A55 Suga, Masayuki ....................................................A56 Shintani, Nobutaka ..............................................A68 Siono, Mitsuhiko ..................................................A24

A-79

AUTHOR INDEX

Suzuki, Katsuyuki Power .....................................................A24 Buoy ......................................................A25 VAWT ...................................................A26

Suzuki, Noriyuki ..................................................A71 Sugimoto, Hirofumi .............................................A27 Susumu Ishii ........................................................A28 Tabeta, S. .............................................................A49 Tada, Kuninaro ....................................................A21 Tajima, Makoto ...................................................A69 Takahashi, Patrick ...............................................A62 Takamasa, Hirokazu

Fractal ....................................................A71 High-Rise ..............................................A73

Takamine, Hiroki .................................................A64 Tanaka, M. ...........................................................A49 Tang, DanLing

Phytoplankton ..........................................A3 Seagrass ...................................................A4 Algal ......................................................A58

Taniguchi, Masahiro ............................................A18 Tao, Wakana ........................................................A73 Terashima, Hiroaki ..............................................A18 Teratnatorn, Viroj ................................................A54 Than, Aung ..........................................................A15 Than, Charlie

Transport ...............................................A63 Education ...............................................A66

Than, Kyaw Kyaw ...............................................A47 Than, Tun ............................................................A25 Thant, Myo ..........................................................A59 Thaw, San Hla

Volcano .................................................A15 Hazards ..................................................A58

Thein, Maung ...................................................... A33 Thein, Win ...........................................................A65 Thwe, Kay .............................................................A 9 Thwin, Swe

Macrofauna ...........................................A42 Ayeyarwady ..........................................A43 Archipelago ...........................................A56

Tishchenko, P. .......................................................A3 Tsai, Chin-Yen

Bragg .....................................................A29 Breakwater ............................................ A35

Tsunezawa, Yasuo ...............................................A21 Tsutsui, Isao .........................................................A17 Tun, Sein ..............................................................A45 Tun, Soe Thura ....................................................A60 Tut, U Aye .............................................................A8 von Storch, Hans

Storms .....................................................K2 Climatology ...........................................A12 Perceptions ............................................A61

Wang, Guifen

Color.........................................................A5 Particles ...................................................A6

Wang, SuFen .......................................................A58 Wang, Ying ............................................................K3 Wehde, Henning ..................................................A11 Win, Hla

Aquaculture ...........................................A21 Fishery ...................................................A22

Win, Myint ...........................................................A26 Win, Zaw ...............................................................A8 Wing, Kyaw Soe ..................................................A60 Wong, Ching-Lee ................................................A54 Xu, Dazhi ...............................................................A5 Yamada, Hayumi .................................................A62 Yamada, Satoshi

Inhibitants ..............................................A38 Spatial ....................................................A68 Landscape ..............................................A68 Shade .....................................................A69 Future ....................................................A69 Fractal ....................................................A71 Urbanism ...............................................A72 High-Rise ..............................................A73

Yamaga, Kenichi .................................................A21 Yamaguchi, Kanako ............................................A55 Yamanaka, Minoru

Porous ....................................................A23 Typhoon ................................................A32

Yamane, Takeshi .................................................A62 Yamaoka, Kousaku ..............................................A22 Yamazaki, Kyoko ................................................A63 Yan, Zhongzheng ...................................................A3 Yang, Dingtian

Seagrass....................................................A4 Color.........................................................A5

Yang, Yuezhong .....................................................A5 Yasuoka, Kaori

Porous ....................................................A23 Aggregation ...........................................A70

Yazaki, Masumi Gravel ....................................................A46 Oil ..........................................................A47

Yekyaw ................................................................A65 Yi, Khin Mar ........................................................A60 Yoshimatsu, Sadaaki ............................................A21 Yoshino, Masafumi ..............................................A19 Yu, Ho-Shing .......................................................A43 Yuasa, Noboru .....................................................A27 Zakharkov, S. .........................................................A3 Zaw, Saw Htwe ....................................................A60 Zhang, Wei ..........................................................A45 Zheng, GuangMing ................................................A3 Zvalinsky, V. .........................................................A3

A-80

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