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PHARMACEUTICAL CARE 1(GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH CARE)

Agnes L. Castillo

UST Faculty of Pharmacy


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1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Kindness is a language which the deaf can hear

and the blind can see

non

THE PATIENT


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PATIENT

any recipient of medical attention,

care or treatment

originally meant one whosuffers


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PATIENT

Alternative terms:

health consumer, health careconsumeror client


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THE P TIENT S PERSON

Who is this person who comes to you as apatient?

What does this person want?

What does this person need?
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The Patient

We must understand the patient as

someone who possesses certain

Strengths

Vulnerabilities

Preferences

Worries and fears

Hopes and joys


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The patient is the central reason

for your work and the onlyreason for a health profession.


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The Patient: A Health Context


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Our values, beliefs, attitudes, and

concepts define us as a people.

The critical frame determines the patients

beliefs about their health and health-related needs.


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The Patients oncept of Heath

Begin by understanding the ways that

health professionals and patients

conceptualize health.

Health thinking, from the health

professions perspective, has historically

been based on a disease concept founded

in the traditional biomedical model.


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Disease Concept

Disease is any abnormal condition,affecting either the whole body or any ofits parts, which impairs normal functioning.

Disease is described in terms of negativesymptoms combined with the directlyrelated physical pathology that causesthose symptoms.

In this model, the concept of health isrepresented by the absence of disease.


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Several traditions are practiced within ourcommunities, such as Chinese herbal

medicine, indigenous North American

medicine, and chiropractic, acupuncture,homeopathy, and naturopathic medicine.

The same patients who use these

alternative approaches also participate inthe mainstream Western philosophies.


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Measures of health are changing today.

Increasingly, we see writings about

recognition of1. diversity

2. the value of the whole person and the richness

of life,

3. broad concern about the person, and

4. the need of inclusion of spirituality


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If we know the model that best fits our patient we

can offer professional care that meets those needs and

acknowledge the influences that modify ones

expectations of care.


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Conceptual Factors

How do you know what concept the

patient has of health?

Each of us has our own concept, but it is

formed by many factors like, cultural

influences, values and beliefs


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Cultural Influences

Culture is described as a property ofsociety.

No such thing as a pure culture, because

there is diversity, often recognizable assubcultures.

Variation may exist in education,

socioeconomic status, and practicedreligions.


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Access to care will continue to be segregated into

3 identifiable groups of patient:

1. Empowered consumers who have resources,

use technology, and want to share in health

decision making

2. Worried consumers who have health insurancebut no choice in plan

3. People who are excluded because they have

no form of health insurance or method of

payment other than out of pocket


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Pharmacists should view health and

illness from the patients perspective.

How can we understand a persons culture

in a way that helps to meet his or herhealth care goals and needs?


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Learn the values and attitudes

considered important enough to pass

down from one generation to the next.

Understanding a patients cultural view

of illness


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Health professionals should become

culturally competent through the on-going

process of integrating cultural awareness,

knowledge, skill, encounters, and desire.


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Campinha-Bacote described this model of

cultural competence in HC delivery as aframework for developing and

implementing culturally responsive care.

The model assumes that culturecompetence is a process, not an event.

It recognizes that there is more variation

within ethnic groups than across groups.


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It assumes that the provision of culturallyresponsive care is directly related to the

health professionals level of competence

in the context of each patient.


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The model defines the concept as follows:

1. Cultural awareness is the self-understanding ofones own cultural and professional

background.

2. Cultural knowledge is the process of seeking

and obtaining an educational foundation aboutdifferent cultural and ethnic groups.

3. Cultural skill is described as the ability to

collect relevant cultural data about the patients

problem as well as performing a culturally

based physical assessment.


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The model defines the concept as follows:

4. Cultural encounter involves the healthprofessional engaging in cross-culturalinteractions with individuals from diversebackgrounds.

5. Cultural desire is the motivation of the health

care provider to engage in the process ofculturally responsive care.


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How does one become culturally

competent?1. Live with the group

2. Learning can be accomplished through

reading

convening focus groups

participating in community activities.

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