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What is AI??(philosophy and AI/SW)

Maciej DąbrowskiDigital Enterprise Research Institute

National University of Ireland, Galway

maciej.dabrowski@deri.org

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Outline

1. Motivation

2. The Godel incompletness theorem

3. The contribution of Turing

4. Penrose and the human mind

5. Conclusion

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Motivation

What is AI??

Can be defined as the study of methods by which a computer can simulate aspects of human intelligence.

• design a computer that might be able to reason for itself.

• development of systems that can work with natural language.

• ability of the computer to search knowledge in a database for the best possible reply to a question

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Motivation

What is Semantic Web ??

• Keep things relatively simple, do not seek absolute completness

The Semantic Web is an evolution of the World Wide Web in which information is machine processable, thus permitting browsers or other software agents to find, share and combine information for us more easily.

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Motivation

• What does Semantic Web has in common with Artificial Inteligence??

• Is it possible to achieve goals of AI??

• If yes – what are the concequences??

• Is it possible to achieve goals of SW??

• What are we trying to create??

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The Godel incompletness theorem

He concentrated on research on formal approach.

Godel proved that in every consistent, sufficiently general axiomatic system:

• there always exists a true proposition which cannot be deduced from the axioms

(Godel's incompleteness theorem);

• the consistency of the axioms cannot be deduced from the axioms (Godel's consistency theorem).

There exist no proof for the Godel proposition

Kurt GödelBorn: April 28, 1906

Died: January 14, 1978

Field: Mathematics

Institution: Princeton University

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The Godel incompletness theorem

Proof:

If false contradiction in the axiomatic system (impossible)

If true the preposition is true and theorem is correct

Consequences:• Formal approach is not sufficient• Mathematical meaning • Incompletness theorem stands Kurt Gödel

Born: April 28, 1906

Died: January 14, 1978

Field: Mathematics

Institution: Princeton University

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The contribution of Turing

The turing test

difference between artificial and human inteligence

The Turing machine:

• Infinite speed and memory, state machine

• any finite sequence of processing steps could becarried out in an infinitesimally small amount of time.

• Is there a general algorithm that can predict whether the Turing machine will stop with a given algorithm??

• If true all mathematical problems can be solved by formal approach

Alan TuringBorn: June 23, 1912Died: June 7, 1954Field: Mathematics,

LogicsComputer

Science

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The contribution of Turing

Conclusion

• Given the huge processing power you still cannot resolve all mathematical problems

• Existing AI cannot do what human can

• Is it possible to get computers to solve mathematical meaning?

• If yes what does human mind is??

Alan TuringBorn: June 23, 1912

Died: June 7, 1954

Field: Mathematics, Logics

Computer Science

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Penrose and the human mind

Try to look from the point of view of human mind

• There are mathematical results on the truth of certain prepositions, which can be recognized by any mathematician, but can not formally be proven

• The ideal computing device, the so-called Turing machine, can only be used for solving problems by a formal approach. Roger Penrose

Born: August 8, 1931

Field: Mathematics, Logics

Computer Science

Institution: University of Oxford

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Penrose and the human mind

Conclusion

• The existance of ‘seeing’ and ‘intuition’ are often necessary to find a solution of a problem

• Human mind has definite processing power and it is still better than Turing machine

• Is that mean that the formal approach is not sufficient?

Roger PenroseBorn: August 8, 1931

Field: Mathematics, Logics

Computer Science

Institution: University of Oxford

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Conclusion

• Formal approach is not sufficient

• What is AI then?

• Does GUT exist?

• How this affect the Semantic Web?

• What are the goals?

We cannot compare human to computer!!

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References

• Alfred Driessen – Philosophical Consequences pf the Godel Theorem

• Riccardo Bruni - Godel, Turing, the Undecidability Results and the Nature of Human Mind

• http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose

• http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing

• http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUT/