Human Geography

Policy Responses to Demographic Change 1Population PoliciesPro-natalist / ExpansiveAnti-natalist / Restrictive2Why would a country want a pro-natalist policy ?http://www.aishbaltimore.com/zz/family/rebbitzen/The_Joys_of_A_Large_Family.asp

http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/images/Malagasy_children.jpg

3Why would a country want an anti-natalist policy ?

http://www.upiasia.com/thumbnails/63232c7d88b2a81dfa3c881741f3ac7a.jpg4Population PoliciesExpansion Policies Encourage large families Tax incentives Eugenic Policies Policies designed to favor one sector over another 5Restrictive Policies Toleration of unapproved birth controlProhibition of large familiesPopulation Policies6Population ControlObstaclesManufacture/distribution expenseReligionLow female statusPreference for male children

Birth Control ProgramsOne family/one child policiesFemale infanticideSocial compensation feesSterilizationLoss of statusTermination healthcare/food couponsFree birth controlIncreased literacy

Limitations of Population Policies Urbanization and industrialization more effective than restrictive properties Education of women helps more than sex education (1 year education = reduces fertility by 5-10 percent)Restricting immigration ages a population9Japan vs. China

10Japan Post WWIIRefugees return from coloniesSoldiers return home to families American occupation improved medical stuffBirth rate increased and death rate dropped 11Japan Eugenic Protection ActLegalized abortions for social, medical, and economic reasons Contraceptives were made available Enormous abortions brought down the birth rate BR +34 per 1000 in 1947 BR 18 per 1000 in 1957 12Japan Expansionary Policy1991 government encouraged parents to have larger families Immigration restrictions limit influx of younger workers Will probably use technology to improve productivity Japan on the road to negative growth 13Japan Aging Crisis 23,000 Centenarians Grows by 13% annually Oldest member 114

14Japan Economic ImpactUnder 100 million people by the middle of the century30 million fewer workers at a time when the number of elderly will have almost doubledBy 2050, if the birth rate remains the same people over 60 will make up over 30% of the population 15China Under Mao Mao Zedong was against population controlFollowing Maos death in 1979 the government introduced population controls

16China One Child Policy 1979 Policy to encourage couples to have one child Applied loosely at first, which did not workRestrictions tightened in 1982Created dramatic reduction in the birth rate17One Child Policy1979- rewards start once 1 child contract is signedRewards

free medical care free daycare and schoolingguaranteed job for childbonuses for parentsextra maternity leavebetter housingbigger old age pensionPenalties

must repay financial benefitseducational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawnparents wages reduced18Penalties and hardships of the one-child policyFarming families had no extra labor and defied authorities Govt fired offenders from jobs

1980,000 Family Planning Workers

Practice birth control for the revolutionsource: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

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source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.htmlsource: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

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source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html22Millions of dollars have been spent on education and on advertising.

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html23

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html24

Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policyhttp://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html25

Clever and pretty healthy and lovelysource: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html26

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.htmlhttp://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html27

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html28

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html29Why do the posters often suggest an association between economic prosperity and happy 1 child families ?30China Social Impact Female infanticideOver 300,000 more males survive than femalesFuture males will substantially outnumber females Social consequences are unknown 31

How many missing girls are there in the under 20 categories ?32China Relaxation of Policy 1984 regulations loosened Weakened enforcement Peasants with rising incomes would pay the fines for births 2000 Growth rate = .9%33The End!