CLIMATE CHANGE:SUSTAINABLE and GREEN

ARCHITECTURE

Professor Derek Clements-CroomeUniversity Reading

www.derekcroome.com

Climate chaos: mode! predictions for the increases in drought and flood conditions due to greenhouse gas emissions, for 1965 and 2050. By 2050, with a temperature rise of 4 .C, severedroughts (red) would become frequent in the tropics and middle latitudes

Impact of 40 C Rise1965-2050

David Rind, NASA Goddard Institute forSpace Studies, N.Y. New Scientist May 6th No: 1976, 1995

MSNBC News Environment www.msnbc.msn.com

Among the Floes , Thomas D. MangelsenGlobal warming is melting the sea ice on which polar bears depend.

www.biologicaldiversity.org

Sustainability Issues Almost 1/3rd of the global burden of

disease for all ages ca n be attributed to environmental risk factors.

20% children in the poorest part of the world will die before the age of five.

More than 2m children died from respiratory disease in 2000; 60% of the deaths were associated with indoor air pollution and other environmental factors.

Word-wide unsafe drinking water causes over 5m deaths per year.

Population now 7 bn grows to 9+bn in 2050

Brundtland Report 1987 systems for Sustainability Agenda

A political system that secures effective participation in decision making.

An economic system that can generate services and technical knowledge on a self- reliant and sustained basis.

A social system that provides solutions from the tensions arising from disharmonious development

A production system that respects the obligation to preserve an ecological base for the development.

A technological system that can search continuously for new solutions.

An international system that fosters sustainable patterns of trade and finance

An administrative system that is flexible and has the capacity for self-correction.

Sustainable Development

Driver is sustaining for future generations

A development of individual human and social potential that protects and regenerates the natural environment

Year Agreement

197219791980198319831987198719901992199419951996199720002002 2003 20052009

Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (UN)Geneva Convention on Air Pollution (UN)World Conservation Strategy (IUCN)Helsinki Protocol on Air Quality (UN)World Commission on Environment and Development (UN)Montreal Protocol on Ozone Layer (UN)Our Common Future (Brundtland Commission) (UN)Green Paper on the Urban Environment (EU)Earth Summit Rio de Janeiro (UN)International Conference on Population & DevelopmentWorld Summit for Social Development in CopenhagenConference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in Istanbul (UN)Kyoto Conference on Global Warming (UN)The Hague Conference on Climate Change (EU)World Summit on Sustainable Development in JohannesburgThird Water Forum in JapanKyoto Agreement begins for 141 nationsCopenhagen

Sustainability Characteristics

goals that are rooted in a respect for both the natural environment and human nature and

the use of technology in an appropriate way;

the placement of high values on quality of life;

respect for the natural environment;

diffusion of technology with purpose;

Social Issues

Fuel PovertyEffects of Global Warming on

PeopleEmployment and Job CreationCommunity Lifestyle - Living

SpaceTransport Preferences

Sector Sustainability Indicators

Economy

Energy

Water resources

Climate change

Ozone layer depletionAcid Rain

Air Quality

Waste

Employment, inflation, Government borrowing and debt

Energy consumption, use of fossil fuels, renewable fuel use.

Rainfall, demand and supply of public water

Global temperature change, greenhouse gas emissions

Measured ozone depletion, CFC’s consumption

Power Station or road transportation emissions of sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen

Pollutant emissions, money spent on air pollution reduction

Private household and industrial waste, recycling, landfill waste

The Climate System

Courtesi N Noreiks, L. Bengtsson, MPI

The Greenhouse Effect

http://www.crystalinks.com/greenhouseffect.html

Gas

Greenhouse Gas

Emissions (%)

Key sources

Carbon dioxide (C02)

84 Fossil fuel energy used (households,commerce industry, transport, power stations), land usechange

Methane (CH4) 8 Agriculture, waste, coal mining, Natural gas distribution

Nitrous oxide (N20) 7 Agriculture, industrial processes, fuel combustion

Hydrofluorocarbos (HFCs)

1 Refrigerants, general aerosols, solvent cleaning, firefighting

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

0.1 Electronics, refrigeration/air conditioning

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

0.2 Electrical insulation, magnesium smelting, electronics, training shoes

(DETR 2000a; Fawcett 2002)

Greenhouse Gases

Global Carbon Cycle (GtC)

Pathways, pools, and fluxes in the global carbon cycle.  Note that the actual numbers vary slightly with different estimates, and are used here only as guides to the levels of fluxes and pools.

www.met-office.gov.uk

Global Carbon Stocks (Fawcett 2002)

Carbon Stock (GtC)

Deep oceanLandAtmosphereUpper oceanFossil Fuel

40,0002,00075010005000

Climate Change 2001 - The Scientific Basis (Summary for Policymakers)Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/external.php#sustain

Climate 1000 – 2000AD

Predictions of annual average temperature in the UKCIP02 global climate model runs up to 2100

CIBSE- Climate change and the indoor environment: impacts and adaptation. TM36:2005

Global carbon dioxide increases (UKCIP02 Scientific Report)

World Carbon Emissions 1850-2300

Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Developing World, 1990 1999 2010 and

2020

765 669 1131 1683670 6931008

1330

246 249

394

611

541 547

745

1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

1990 1999 2010 2020

Million Metric Tons Equivalent

Middle East /AfricaCentral and South AmericaOther Developing AsiaChina

Sources: 1990 and 1999 Energy Information Administration (EIA) International Energy Annual 1999. DOE/EIA -0219(99) (Washington DC Jan 2001)”010 and 2020 EIA Wold Energy Projection System (2001)

The Kaya Identity uses an intuitive approach to relate carbon emissions (C) to primary energy (E), the gross domestic

product (GDP) and population size (POP) (Bruce et al 1996) so that:

where = carbon intensity; highest for coal, then oil then

gas; lowest for nuclear sources then ultimately

renewables.

= energy intensity of economic activity; energy use

usually increases with economic growth.

= economic growth is related to population change; the biggest changes are occurring in

the eveloping world.

xPOPPOP

GDPx

GDP

Ex

E

CC

E

C

GDP

E

POP

GDP

Predicting Climate ChangeScenarios from population,

energy,economics models Carbon cycle and chemistry

models

Gas properties

Coupled climate models

Impact models

Emissions

Heating Effect Climate Forcing

ConcentrationsCO2, methane etc

Climate Change Temp, rain, sea-level etc

ImpactsFlooding, food supply, etc

Economic allocation of Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions for the UK 1999

Note: each sector includes fossil fuel derived electricity and gives more realistic picture than the geographical allocation

SectorCarbon Dioxide and

Methane Emissions (MtC)

Households 51.6

Manufacturing 42.2

Services 34.5

Extraction & Production Processes 24.4

Public Administration 8.9

Waste Management 4.5

TOTAL 166.4

(Fawcett 2002)

Life cycle impact (IL) can be defined as:

IL = IE + ΣI L

Where factors are embodied impact (IE); sum of recurring impacts (ΣI) and service life (L).

Concrete 12,480 3,460 2,595 1,298

Steel 19,300 5.363 4,022 2,011

Timber 4, 150 1,150 862 431

GJ KWh(000’s) t m3

Energy CO2 Emission

Embodied Energy

Summary

Human activity is major cause of global warming

Global temperature rise of 1.5 to 5.5 C by 2100

UK warming 1.5 -2 deg C by 2050 (central estimate)

More winter rainfall; less summer rainfall in south

Frequency of heavy rain days set to increase

Sea level rise about 0.5m; more high water events

Cooling from Gulf Stream switch-off not predicted

Great uncertainty; challenge is to quantify this

Sustainable Architecture

The principal issues are:

Pollution Recycling of construction materials Decreasing energy consumption both in

the use of materials and in its use in buildings

Utilisation and disposal of waste Water conservation and treatment Indoor Climate

Green Architecture Context –refers to both place and

climate As what we need by simpler means –

(less is beautiful). (Schumacher Small is Beautiful)

Considering a building as living organism –how it feels, how it behaves, what it consumes, what and how much waste is embodied in it and what it leaves behind one day when it is gone.

Designing Healthy Buildings –which are resource effective using long term ecological principles

Green Intelligent Buildings

Most of our lives are spent in buildings and they, together with people, provide the stimuli to which our senses respond.

They can enhance or dull our creative endeavour; they can aid or hinder productivity.

Green Intelligent Buildings

Buildings consume immense human, materials, water and fossil fuel resources in their production and operation.

They deplete resources and also produce pollution and waste during operation. The impacts on the biosphere are well documented.

Green Intelligent Buildings

Green Architecture is about hidden dimensions, the maze of intricate balances, the unending mesh of profound and important issues, that - apart from being of vital importance to mankind – are in themselves beautiful and wonderful constraints and starting blocks for creative design.

Green Intelligent Buildings

The future will concentrate on developing naturally responsive buildings with a discriminant use of high technology.

Healthy buildings, low energy consumption and good management are virtuous cluster which will distinguish green intelligent buildings.

Green ArchitectureThe design process must consider: Scale Position, context and

orientation Shape, compactness or

openness Response to climate

and time Treatment of the skin

of the building as a harvester or protector from sun, wind, water and noise

Mass of building as a storer and redistributor of energy

Energy consumption Pollution Light Quality of air Materials used and their

embodied energy Production of waste Life cycle analysis of

whole construction

Intelligent Buildings

Intelligent Buildings

Green Building

Flexible Building

SmartBuilding

ResponsiveBuilding

Benefits of Intelligent Buildings

Minimise building operation costs Increase flexibility space use Improve the quality of the work

environment Provide maximum physical and data

security Provide effective functionality Use innovation where appropriate Reduce the rate of obsolescence Enhance environmental conscientiousness Reduce churn cost

Buildings largely shaped by the following issues

Value for moneyWater conservationOccupant well-being, health

and productivityRenewable Energy Energy Efficiency and

Effectiveness

IBE Model of Building Intelligence

Intelligent Building Goals

Building Management

Space Management

BusinessManagement

Intelligent Building Tasks

Environmental control of building

Management of change (capacity adaptability flexibility manageability)

Processing, storage and presentation of information

Internal and external communications

Intelligent Building Attributes

Building Autorotation Systems (BAS)

Computer Aided Facility Management systems (CAFM)

Communications (including office automation, A/V and business systems)

User control of building systems

Minimisation of operating costs

Design strategies and building shell attributes

Facilities management strategies

DriversImpacts

Micro-environment

Local environment

Global environment

Location and architectural value

Building services

Human productivityand comfort

Thermal comfort

Acoustical comfort

Indoor air quality

Visual comfort

Safety

Security

Spatial comfort

Outdoor noise

Waste disposal

Façade friendliness

Traffic occurrence

Heat emission/Dissipation

Water consumption

Density of builtEnvironment

Energy efficiency

Environmental impact

Matrix Relationship to Measure and Classify Building Intelligence(Tan et al 2002)

Buildings for Change

Open building philosophy (modularity, adaptability and changeability of building along its life cycle)

Simply building verses hi-tech (buildings should be easy to use and understand)

Intelligent use of building by occupants Intelligent buildings are responsive

buildings A new look for cost is needed which

considers the value of environment on increasing productivity

Defining User Needs

Easy to use and maintain Flexible (layout, structure, technology) Open for extra services and connections

(link to the infrastructure) Responsive to senses (users should feel

good in the building) Give user individual environmental control Give feedback not only control system but

also to the users of the buildings (mobile feedback in the future)

Intelligent BuildingsPassive Environmental Design Building form, mass, internal layout and orientation all characterise how a building will react to airflow, heat loads, daylight and sound. These measures are the essence of passive design which allow the building to naturally harmonise with its surrounding s whilst providing acceptable conditions for work and living. Beyond this, active mechanical and electrical services control the provision of criteria at the levels chosen within an acceptable band. Often a hybrid solution which mixes passive and active modes is more realistic. A passive approach offers durable systems that are quiet, consume little energy and require little maintenance.

Prestige 620 390 22 15Standard 420 220 14 8

Naturally Ventilated

Open plan 290 150 7 5Cellular 240 120 6 4

OFFICES TYPICAL and GOODEnergy Best Practice Guide 19

2000

Energy kWh/m2 Costs £/m2

Emissions (kg C02 year-1)

Space heating Hot water Cooking Pumps and fans Lights and appliances Total

1506 864 125 9616504241

C02 emissions from a typical three-bedroom semi-detached house built in 1995 in the UK

Annual Energy Consumption and Costs (Woods, 1994)

Lower Watts Normal

House House

Item GJ £ GJ £

Space 30 133 217 946

Water Heating 11 49 18 79

Cooking 7 32 7 32

Lighting/electrical 10 215 24 552

Total 58 429 226 1,609

Passive House

                                              Normal house left and Passiv right

Transport Space Heating Hot Water Heating Lighting Process Use Other

35%26%8%6%

10%15%

UK Energy Consumption 2000 (Department of Trade and Industry)

System Basis Annual CarbonEmission (kg/m2)

CIBSE (2002)Natural Ventilation - good - typicalAirconditioning - good - typical

1312202037

Relative Carbon Emissions (CIBSE 2002) Life Cycle Energy

The Human Ecosystem Model

Social Environment

Lifestyle “O” Behaviour Consumption

ConformityCapacity for adjustmentFeedbackLocus of control Life cycle stageExpandable incomeEducational LevelIndividual differences(Physical + physiological)

Clothes dryingUse of central Heating systemHot water usageOccupancy pattersWindow openingInternal door opening

Built Environment

NaturalEnvironment

Seasonal ChangeClimatic ConditionsResource Availability

Heat TransmissionsInsulationSystem EfficiencyTerrace PositionHouse orientation

The MediaGovernment LegislationCultural NormsExpectationsEducationPrevious Environment

Needs

Values

Energy saving strategies

Building location and orientationBuilding design and constructionBuilding services systemsControl of pollution sourcesBuilding operation and

maintenance

Carbon dioxide emissions from power stations (tonnes per

GWh) Conventional coal-fired

Oil-fired plant

4

5

7

8

484

304

726

964

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Gas-fired plant

57

Ocean thermal energy conversion

Geothermal steam

Nuclear (boiling water reactor)

Wind power

Photovoltaics

Large hydropower

Fuel Carbon DioxideEmission

(kg/kWh delivered)

Electricity 0.832Gas 0.198Coal 0.331Petroleum 0.392

World Energy Demand

Source : Greenpeace fossil-free energy scenario

Thermal equivalent annual contributions (1 Exa Joule = 1018 J=EJ)

Energy Source 1990 2025 Long term

Hydro-electricity* 21 35-55 >130

Geothermal <1 4 >20

Wind - 7-10 >130

Ocean - 2 >20

Solar - 16-22 >2,600

Biomass 55 72-137 >1.300

Total 76 130-230 >4,200

* Hydropower accounts for about 19% of the world electricity supply; largest producers are Canada, US and Brazil.

Global Renewable Energy Potentials

(Kirkwood 1998)

SourceTotal use of renewables

(Thousand tonnes of oil equivalent) 1990 2000 2001 2002

Active solar heating and photovoltaicsWind and waveHydro (small and large-scale)Landfill gasSewage gasWood (domestic and industrial)Waste combustionOther biofuels

6.4 12.0 14.2 17.1 0.8 81.3 83.0 108.4 447.7 437.3 348.7 411.7 79.8 731.2 835.8 892.1 138.2 168.7 168.4 183.7 174.1 502.8 468.8 469.8 119.1 610.1 665.8 726.1 64.7 287.4 388.9 392.6

Total 1,102.7 2,830.5 2,973.5 3,201.1

In 2002, biofuels and wastes accounted for 83% of renewable energy sources with most of the remainder coming from large-scale hydro electricity production. Hydro accounted for 12% and wind power contributed 3½%. Of the 3.2 million tonnes of oil equivalent of primary energy use accounted for by renewables, 2.5 million tonnes was used to generate electricity and 0.7 million tonnes to generate heat. Renewable energy use grew by 8% in 2002 and has almost tripled in the last 12 years.Renewables accounted for 3% of electricity generated in the UK in 2002. (1 Thousand toe = 41.868 TJ = 11.63 GWh)

UK Use of Renewables (DTI 2003)

UK Installed Renewables 2006—2012

"Costs of low-carbon generation technologies", Mott MacDonald (Committee on Climate Change), May 2011

Estimated levelised costs (pence/kWh) of low-carbon electricity generation technologies

Technology 2011 estimate 2040 central projection

River hydro (best locations) 6.9 5

Onshore wind 8.3 5.5

Nuclear 9.6 6

CCGT with carbon capture 10.0 10

Wood CFBC 10.3 7.5

Geothermal 15.9 9

Offshore wind 16.9 8.5

Energy crops 17.1 11

Tidal stream 29.3 13

Solar PV 34.3 8

Tidal barrage 51.8 22

Type of Energy 1995 2010

BiomassPhotovoltaicsSolar CollectorsWindGeothermal (Heatpumps)

45Mtoe*0.03 GW6.5 Mm2

2.5 GW1.3 GW

135Mtoe3GW

100 Mm2

40 GW5 GW

* 1Mtoe = 42GJ

A predicted expansion in renewable energy use in EU (Edwards 2002)

Commercialising Solar PV

Rooftop solar PV cost trajectories in constant 1997 dollars

Wind Power

System of Hydrogen Production and use in low temperature fuel cells

Fuel Cells

Residential Buildings

Electricity

Heat

Fuel Cells

Electricity

Heat

Commercial Buildings

Vehicle Refuelling Stations

Centralised Hydrogen Production Plants

Carbonaceous Feebstocks

Compressed Hydrogen

Compressed Hydrogen

Carbon Dioxideto sequestration Fuel cell

Vehicles

Summary of Green Systems Actions

Passive architectural design (building orientation, form, mass)

Capacity modulation of HVCA systems Communication protocols (LAN, LON, Bacnet,

Batibus, wirefree, etc) Design for controls flexibility but allow

personal control Employ more sensors including human sense

diaries Controls to include self learning, adaptive and

predictive control algorithms but employ fuzzy logic

Life cycle of the building (when considering design and cost)

Facilities management

New and expanded environmental responsibilities for architects within RIBA “Plan of Work” Brief client on new environmental duties

Place 'environmental duty of care' within brief Advise on environmental consequences of site choice Test the feasibility of environment_friendly design Advise on appointment of 'green' consultants Investigate environmental consequences/opportunities of site Develop 'green' strategies in design Obtain approval for unusual energy use or environmental aspects of design Finalise environmental parameters within design Check the 'green' approach to design and construction against cost and

legislative controls Obtain final approvals for environmental design strategy Check 'benignity' of materials to be specified Undertake broad appraisal of 'Iife-cycle assessment' of components Ensure that design, details and specification are in line with current

environmental duties and using up to date knowledge Check that bills of quantities allow contractors to realise their environmental

duties in building Obtain 'Environmental Policy Statement' from tenderers Advise tenderers of environmental duties Advise appointed contractor of environmental duties and standards Monitor site operations to ensure good environmental practice is followed Undertake spot checks of environmental performance Ensure building is environmentally sound Check environmental controls are working and understood Compile Environmental Statement for building Monitor environmental performance of building Disseminate results of environmental initiatives in journals Prepare a user manual for all subsequent owners/occupiers

A Inception

B Feasibility

C Outline proposals

D Scheme design

E Detail design

F Production information

G Bills of quantities

H Tender action

J Project planning

K Operations on site

L Completion

M Feedback

RIBA PLAN OF WORK 2013

Now includes a section on Post -occupancy Evaluation

Environmental Audits

Row Materials

Row Materials

Materials Manufacture

Materials Manufacture

Product Manufacture

Product Manufacture

Product Use

Product Use Disposa

l

Disposal

Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy

Product Re-cycling Energy Extraction

Product Re-cycling Energy Extraction

Reuse

Waste

Waste Waste Waste

The progression of energy and environmental impacts involved in the life cycle from manufacture to disposal of building products

Elements of Environmental Audit

What’s an environmental audit

Why are so many companiesusing environmental audit as amanagement tool?

What can an audit do for you?

What does an audit involve?A rigorous environmental audit will do more than simply ensure legislative compliance; it will aim to identify the Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) for your company. A good audit will help you run a tighter, more efficient company.

Who should carry out the audit?

A systematic. objective and documented evaluation of the impact of your business activities on the environment.

To prepare themselves for: New and tougher UK and EC legislation Increasing corporate and personal liability Rising energy and materials costs Rapidly rising waste disposal costs Competitive pressures as other companies clean up their act Growing public pressure

Ensure that your company is staying within the bounds of the law

Cut effluent and waste disposal costs Reduce material and energy bills Improve your corporate image Assist in the formulation of an environmental policy

Evaluating your operational practices to determine whether they can be made more efficient in terms of resource use and waste production. or altered to minimize risk of pollution.

Examining the way in which your company deals with the waste it produces to see if more effective waste management options could be employed.

Taking a good look at the material and energy resources your company uses to see whether more environmentally sound alternatives could be substituted.

Developing contingency plans for environmental mishaps

If you have relevant expertise in-house, set up an internal audit team. You may wish to bring in external consultants to help.

The key aims of sustainable construction are the minimisation of greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and water usage. Some possible solutions:

Minimise heat loss through the fabric Design buildings with a high thermal mass to

aid heating and cooling. Avoiding deep plan buildings that utilise

artificial ventilation and lighting systems Using atria and stairwells for stack effect

natural ventilation. Orientate buildings and providing solar

panels to take advantage of the sun's natural and renewable energy

Consider all other renewable energy opportunities

.

.

Design façades to provide the appropriate natural shading.

Incorporate green roofs into a building's design as a way of providing extra insulation against extreme temperature, and limiting run-off in periods of heavy rain thereby reducing the pressure on drainage systems.

Utilise recycling systems for rainwater and grey water.

Use local materials. Use timber from sustainable sources and

avoiding tropical hardwoods. Specify low energy lighting. Install intelligent energy management

systems. Choose natural above synthetic materials

where possible. Procure materials with low embodied energy

and free of or low in toxins.

Energy Actions Summary

Free energy audits for companies Tax concessions on investment in

new energy saving equipment Credit for conservation measures,

including co-generation schemes Low interest loans from the Housing

Finance Corporation to help pay for insulation and efficient water heaters.

Use of Green Deal and other Government initiatives

Energy Actions Summary

Certification of carbon dioxide emissions from buildings caused by energy use.

Billing heating airconditioning and hot water costs on a basis of consumption not flat rate tariffs.

Thermal insulation of the buildings Regular inspection of building services

plant Energy audits of businesses

Residential building Office building

WCs 35% 43%

Urinals 20%

Kitchen sinks &dishwashers

19% 10%

Washing machines 12%

Handbasins 8% 27%

Outside taps 6%

Baths 15%

Showers 5%

Water use in Homes and Offices

(Rawlings 1999)

Municipal Waste Management in EU

Country Recycling and Composting

Incineration Landfill

Denmark 42% 48% 10%

Netherlands 43% 41% 16%

Austria 62% 15% 23%

Belgium 52% 18% 30%

Sweden 27% 46% 27%

France 15% 25% 60%

Finland 32% 3% 65%

Spain 25% 10% 65%

Italy 15% 7% 78%

UK 12% 8% 80%

Portugal 8% 7% 85%

Greece 6% 0% 94%

(Environment Agency, Municipal Waste Management, July 2002; Davies)

The Future Sustainability Social, demographic and political changes Intelligent buildings Passive Design Simple forms of construction Robotics Automated construction systems Planned preventative maintenance Facilities management Smart materials Integrated IT and communication systems Standardisation of computer systems

The Future Standardisation and Prefabrication Designers, contractors and manufacturers:

concurrent approach Pollution control Low energy consumption Waste utilisation and disposal Water conservation Recycling Indoor climate and well-being Whole life cycle economics High quality education and training system

Edkins (2000) emphasises the importance of the following technological issues:

embedded sensors and automatic controllers which will allow buildings and other inanimate objects to have intelligence

biomimetics and bio-technology will be a major force in developing new materials

nanotechnology may allow new materials, processes and inventions to be developed that could revolutionise health, eliminate pollution, provide super intelligence and super resource efficiency

energy production will use new technologies to meet the more stringent demands imposed by the needs for sustainability

chip implants can be envisaged which will allow direct transfer of electronic information

information and communication technologies will govern the information and knowledge scenario, and will allow greater virtual interaction and virtual modeling; e-business is evolving rapidly

Government Actions

GREEN DEALThe Green Deal is UK

government policy and was official launched in January 2013 by the Department of Energy and Climate Change to permit loans for energy saving measures for properties in Great Britain.

One example only of low carbon initiatives

Some other energy dealsRenewable Heat Initiative-

subsidy over 20 years for customers that have systems generating and using renewable heat

Energy Companies Obligation-legal onus on energy suppliers; help for people on certain welfare benefits

Feed in Tariffs-finance for customers generating electricity from renewables e.g. solar photovoltaics

GREEN DEALEnergy-saving improvements

to homes or business mainly by:– insulation - e.g. solid wall,

cavity wall or loft insulation– draught-proofing– double glazing– renewable energy generation -

e.g. solar panels or heat pumps or fuel cells

Challenges for Green Deal Government must give good incentive

to building owners and providers Loan interest rates need to be low

over a long period of time Need accredited green deal

assessors -refer to PAS 2030 certification and training

Education of supply and demand stakeholders to get a full commitment from all

False Perceptions and misunderstandings

Landlords need lessees/rental tenants agreement

  UK Green Building Council activity

The Energy and Climate Change Select Committee’s Inquiry into the Green Deal covering:

public awareness and communications, take up levels, value for money, access to the Green Deal and ECO, customer satisfaction, supply chain and job creation.

UK GBC Green Deal Finance Task Group report examines the Green Deal interest rate and suggests how lower rates could help increase the number of measures eligible under the scheme.

UK Green Council Activity

DECC Green Deal workshopUK-GBC hosted a DECC workshop on 30 January exploring future developments for the Green Deal.

 The economic case for domestic retrofitUK-GBC coordinating work on the economic benefits of domestic energy efficiency to create a comprehensive set of economic benefits associated with retrofit.

 

Retrofit Research CentreThe University of Cambridge’s

Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research based in the Department of Land Economy

Has expertise on how to ensure that low energy building retrofit projects have access to the latest science, technology, policy, business, social, finance, planning and real estate research.

 

Research to support retrofits

An evidence base for low carbon retrofits throughout Cambridge

Assessment toolkits for energy use and emissions

A heat demand and property Google map of Cambridge

The Cambridge Community model of carbon emissions from all building sectors, and the influence of retrofits on those emissions

Example results of the Centre's assessment of the carbon reduction potential of candidate heat

reduction retrofit measures in Cambridge buildings---see next slide

Cambridge Retrofit Study

Cambridge Retrofit Study cont.Loft Insulation A - 17%

CO2 Loft Insulation B - 5Enhanced Glazing - 15 Cavity Wall Insulation - 15 Internal Wall Insulation - 45External Wall Insulation - 50Floor Insulation - 5Draught proofing - 5Boiler upgrade - 17

Low Carbon Retrofit Toolkit

1. Set clear corporate retrofit goalsto include energy saving and carbon reductions, introduction of new technologies and accelerated replacement of inefficient services equipment

2. Designate roles and define processes to ensure that a dedicated individual within the organisation is given the responsibility and authority to assess retrofit opportunities across the property portfolio

3. Prioritise buildings most suitable for retrofit by analysing portfolios against key selection criteria

4. Engage occupiers to determine common goals, identify barriers and formulate

Low Carbon Retrofit Toolkit

5. Agree financing arrangementsbetween owner and occupier typically via the service charge using an exceptional expenditure clause to repay costs through the Hard Services portion or through a sinking fund.

6. Select appropriate technology best-suited to the constraints of the building and which minimise the level of disruption to the occupiers.

7. Deliveryusing a trusted supply chain

8. Evaluateperformance in-use

Retrofit London’s buildings

RE:FIT London public sector buildings responsible for 80 per cent of the capital's carbon emissions - with measures such as--

photovoltaic solar panels, low energy lighting systems and new, efficient boilers

boosts economy and creates new jobs.

CASE STUDY Background

– A six-story office and retail building in a major UK city

– Property comprises 13,000 square feet of retail and 67,000 of

– office space

Occupier and lease environment– Single public sector office tenant and

three retail occupiers– No breaks– 12-year lease

Case study.. Continued.. Retrofit technology

– Strategy for lighting, plant improvement/replacement and air conditioning controls

Financing arrangements– Typically, Climate Change Capital will fund or share

costs50/50 with occupiers– Public sector occupier was able to access EU funding

tosupport their contribution

Commercial factors– Five-year payback for retrofit– Capital expenditure formed a basis for joint funding– Independent consultant provided evidence that the

paybackperiod was achievable

Empire State Building Retrofit 2011-2013

Reduce energy by 38%; save CO2 emissions

Payback 3 years :$4.4m per annum saving

Retrofit energy measures $13.2 m Existing glass + sashes create triple

glazing Radiator insulation Improved lighting Occupancy sensors Chiller upgrade Integrated controls upgrade

Common Retrofit Technologies

Other technologies adopted on offices retrofit:Rainwater harvestingThermostaic valvesOn-site generationBoiler upgradesOptimise faciltiies management

Voltage optimisation

Tall Buildings Retrofit retrofitting of our huge existing

stock of buildings helps the move to make our cities green and sustainable by careful retrofitting and insertions.

tall building need efficient and rapid ways to make existing cites green by converting their energy systems into:

Tall Buildings and Green Cities

community renewable energy systems,

closed-cycle water management systems,

citywide sustainable urban drainage, link the city’s green areas with

suburban natural landscapes to make the region’s ecology whole,

develop a network of localised food production,

reduction of urban pollution and reduction of waste by recycling, and

other innovative technologies

Reduction of carbon emissions

Reduction in cost per kg/CO2

Reduction in fuel poverty

Reduce disruption

Increase speed of installation as well as

rollout

Reduce the carbon footprint of retrofits

Greater Manchester Low Carbon Retrofit Housing

programme

Delivering a low carbon economy through retrofit in

Greater Manchesternext 3 slides by

Mark Atherton – GM Director of EnvironmentMichael O’Doherty – Low Carbon Buildings Lead

GM Low Carbon Hub

Greater Manchester retrofit challenge (O’Doherty)

2.6 million people living in 1.1 million households

Around 9,000 hard-to-treat social homes save 6 m tons of CO2 by 2015 Deliver £650 million of economic benefits,

supporting 34,800 jobs Deliver 75 per cent of basic energy

efficiency measures - lofts and cavity wall insulation

Make ‘in-depth behavioural change advice’ available to all households by 2015

Roll out smart meters in every home

Housing Retrofit StrategyLow Carbon Housing Retrofit

Greater Manchester( O’Doherty) Current average home

EPC rating D;

90% must shift to EPC rating B by 2035

1--0.9m homes built pre-1975 – will need additional insulation by 2050.

2--Behavioural Change and Carbon literacy

3--Incorporation of heat and renewable energy strategy

Influencing behaviour and long-term habits (O’Doherty 2013)

–GM Carbon Literacy –Consistent

messages– Influence at key

decision points–Rewards and

Incentives–Community

champions / show homes & streets

SOME INNOVATIONS

CONNECTIVITY— link occupant, systems and building with wireless sensor systems

FEEDBACK– Smart metering of all spaces; post-occupancy evaluation; intelligent building management systems

MATERIALS – Nano coated or embedded materials; self-cleaning; self-healing; smart glazing; phase change materials; bio-facades

SOME INNOVATIONS SYSTEMS — passive environmental

control; ground source cooling with heat pumps; fuel cells

RENEWABLES — nano solar cells to give 48% efficiency; developments in wind, tidal, biomass, geothermal and hydro power

CARBON NEGATIVE BUILDINGS — see Dreosti Memorial Lecture 2013 by Clements-Croome (presented at Seoul National University,Depatment Architecture February 11th 10.30am )

RECOMMENDATIONS

Maximise passive environmental design Invest in renewables — South Korea

proposes about 12% by 2022; 18% by 2030; and 60% by 2050

Legislate but prudently Keep abreast of innovations across

sectors Use co-ordinated and comprehensive

data management systems to increase understanding

RECOMMENDATIONS

Commitment at all levels but led by Government

Integrated Design and Management Teams with systems and holistic approach

Increase Awareness across population Provide Incentives to engage everyone Educate all ages; use sustainable schools

as learning experiences for children

RECOMMENDATIONS

Intelligent and Smart Infrastructures Comprehensive Sustainability

Strategy for Energy, Water, Waste and Pollution

Balance Human Needs and Environmental-Economic ones

Intended outcomes often not achieved in practice because of poor Facilities Management and effects of occupancy behaviour.

SUMMARYCOMMITMENT INTEGRATED TEAM and

PROCESS INCENTIVES TO MOTIVATEAWARENESSCOMMUNICATIONHOLISTIC THINKINGHUMAN and SOCIAL VALUESOPEN and INNOVATIVE DESIGN

Our Aim is to Benefit the Human World

Will projects like Songdo in South Korea achieve

this?

Case Study

The J.M Tjibaou Cultural Center (Museum of Noumea) designed by Renzo Piano (Winner of 1998 Pritzker prize), is a harmonious alliance of modern and traditional Kanak architecture. Traditional thatch huts, native to the Kanak people, inspired the design.

Piano learnt from local culture, buildings and nature. Tall thin curved laminated iroko wood ribbed structures supported by steel ties resist cyclones and earthquakes. The ribs have horizontal slats which allow passive environmental control to occur. The slats open and close according to wind strength and direction and admit air to a cavity which is linked to the glazed façade of the museum.

Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia

Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia

Renzo Piano, 1998

Herzog, 1996

Social DiversityEcological biodiversitySocial Hubs & Open SpaceStreet designTransit Services UrbanismWaste ManagementHigh Performance InfrastructureBuilt Form and InterrelationshipsSustainable Built Environment Tool(SuBET)Sustainable Masterplanning

Master Planning Sustainable Built Environment Tool

Master Planning Sustainable Built Environment Tool

, Al-Waer H ,Clements-Croome D J,2010,Building  and Environment,45,799-807

SuBET Tool is a comprehensive, international, voluntary sustainable rating scheme and assessment tool.

Evaluates the sustainable design and performance of a major master plan

The tool was developed for the construction and property industry in order to:

• Establish a common language• Set a standard measurement• Promote integrated design• Recognize environmental leadership• Encourage stakeholders involvement • Identify building life-cycle impact• Raise awareness of sustainable urban

planning benefits

SuBET is ©Copyright of Hilson Moran Partnership Ltd, Professor Derek Clements-Croome of Reading University and Dr Hasam Al Waer of Dundee University

SuBET SuBET

END OR BEGINNING?

Sustainability with respect to Air Quality and Energy Demand

Passive architectural design (building orientation, form, mass)

Capacity modulation of HVCA systems Communication protocols (LAN, LON, Bacnet, Batibus,

wirefree, etc) Design for controls flexibility but allow personal

control Employ more sensors including human sense diaries Controls to include self learning, adaptive and

predictive control algorithms but employ fuzzy logic Life cycle of the building (when considering design

and cost) Facilities management

New and expanded environmental responsibilities for architects within RIBA “Plan of Work” Brief client on new environmental duties

Place 'environmental duty of care' within brief Advise on environmental consequences of site choice Test the feasibility of environment_friendly design Advise on appointment of 'green' consultants Investigate environmental consequences/opportunities of site Develop 'green' strategies in design Obtain approval for unusual energy use or environmental aspects of design Finalise environmental parameters within design Check the 'green' approach to design and construction against cost and

legislative controls Obtain final approvals for environmental design strategy Check 'benignity' of materials to be specified Undertake broad appraisal of 'Iife-cycle assessment' of components Ensure that design, details and specification are in line with current

environmental duties and using up to date knowledge Check that bills of quantities allow contractors to realise their environmental

duties in building Obtain 'Environmental Policy Statement' from tenderers Advise tenderers of environmental duties Advise appointed contractor of environmental duties and standards Monitor site operations to ensure good environmental practice is followed Undertake spot checks of environmental performance Ensure building is environmentally sound Check environmental controls are working and understood Compile Environmental Statement for building Monitor environmental performance of building Disseminate results of environmental initiatives in journals Prepare a user manual for all subsequent owners/occupiers

A Inception

B Feasibility

C Outline proposals

D Scheme design

E Detail design

F Production information

G Bills of quantities

H Tender action

J Project planning

K Operations on site

L Completion

M Feedback

Environmental Audits

Row Materials

Row Materials

Materials Manufacture

Materials Manufacture

Product Manufacture

Product Manufacture

Product Use

Product Use Disposa

l

Disposal

Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy

Product Re-cycling Energy Extraction

Product Re-cycling Energy Extraction

Reuse

Waste

Waste Waste Waste

The progression of energy and environmental impacts involved in the life cycle from manufacture to disposal of building products

Elements of Environmental Audit

What’s an environmental audit

Why are so many companiesusing environmental audit as amanagement tool?

What can an audit do for you?

What does an audit involve?A rigorous environmental audit will do more than simply ensure legislative compliance; it will aim to identify the Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) for your company. A good audit will help you run a tighter, more efficient company.

Who should carry out the audit?

A systematic. objective and documented evaluation of the impact of your business activities on the environment.

To prepare themselves for: New and tougher UK and EC legislation Increasing corporate and personal liability Rising energy and materials costs Rapidly rising waste disposal costs Competitive pressures as other companies clean up their act Growing public pressure

Ensure that your company is staying within the bounds of the law Cut effluent and waste disposal costs Reduce material and energy bills Improve your corporate image Assist in the formulation of an environmental policy

Evaluating your operational practices to determine whether they can be made more efficient in terms of resource use and waste production. or altered to minimize risk of pollution.

Examining the way in which your company deals with the waste it produces to see if more effective waste management options could be employed.

Taking a good look at the material and energy resources your company uses to see whether more environmentally sound alternatives could be substituted.

Developing contingency plans for environmental mishaps

If you have relevant expertise in-house, set up an internal audit team. You may wish to bring in external consultants to help.

The key aims of sustainable construction are the minimisation of greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and water usage. The route of achieving these aims is paved with many possible solutions

These may include

Minimising heat loss through the walls, floors, roof and windows of a building.

Designing buildings with a high thermal mass to aid heating

and cooling. Avoiding deep plan buildings that utilise artificial

ventilation and lighting systems. Using atria and stairwells for stack effect natural

ventilation. Orientating buildings and providing solar panels to

take advantage of the sun's natural and renewable energy.

Designing façades to provide the appropriate natural shading.

Incorporating green roofs into a building's design as a way of providing extra insulation against extreme temperature, and limiting run-off in periods of heavy rain thereby reducing the pressure on drainage systems.

Utilising recycling systems for rainwater and grey water.

Using local materials. Using timber from sustainable sources and

avoiding tropical hardwoods. Specifying low energy lighting. Installing intelligent energy management

systems. Choosing natural above synthetic materials

where possible. Procuring materials with low embodied

energy and free of or low in toxins.

Form create sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelves

Orientation: main glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due southreduce north glazingminimise tree over-shadowingon housing estates build to a density of < 40 properties/hadesign atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the sun in both summer and winter

Fabric: fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.

Rules of Thumb for Solar Design

(Rawlings 1999).

Energy Actions

Free energy audits for companies Tax concessions on investment in

new energy saving equipment Credit for conservation measures,

including co-generation schemes Low interest loans from the Housing

Finance Corporation to help pay for insulation and efficient water heaters

National Energy Saving Month every February

Energy Actions Certification of carbon dioxide

emissions from buildings caused by energy use.

Billing heating airconditioning and hot water costs on a basis of consumption not flat rate tariffs.

Promoting third party financing of energy efficiency investments in the public sector

Thermal insulation of the buildings Regular inspection of boilers Regular inspection of cars Energy audits of businesses

The Integrated-assessment system

Physics world June 2004 The integrated assessment system p.32

Physics world June 2004 Multi actor models p.35

Multi-actor Models

The Impact of Kyoto

Physics world June 2004 p.34

The Climate System

(Adapted from 'ACE On-Line Fact Sheet Series: Global Climate Change'(www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric/ace/online_info/gcc/gcc_05.html)

Physics world June 2004 Modelling the climate system p.33

Modelling the Climate System

Radiation of Energy to and from the Earth

Boyle et. al. 2003)

www.visionlearning.com

UKCIPO2 climate IPCC SRES UKCIP Descriptions change scenario emissions socio-economic

storyline scenario title

Low Emissions B1 Global Sustainability Clean and efficient technologies; reduction in material use; global solutions to economic, social and environmental sustainability; improved equity;

population peaks mid-century

Medium-Low Emissions B2 Local Stewardship Local solutions to sustainability; continuously increasing population

Medium-High Emissions A2 National Enterprise Self-reliance; preservation of local identities; continuously increasing population; economic

growth on regional scales

High Emissions A1F1 World Markets Very rapid economic growth; population peaks mid-

century; social, cultural and economic convergence among regions; market mechanisms dominate.

Characteristics of the UKCIP emissions scenarios (from tables A.2 and A.3 of the UKCIPO2report(3)

Earth-based world power sources and possible practical expectations

Regenerative sourcesPhotovoltaics 1015 W For total world land coverage: 7-10% conversion efficiency

REQUIRED: heavy duty storage system and higher conversion efficiency

Land coverage difficulties Visual pollution

Biomass 9 x 1012W For total world land coverage: Land coverage and harvesting provide sociall

pproblemsWind power 6 x 1012W For total world land coverage:

REQUIRED: heavy duty storage systems Land coverage gives technical social

problems Visual pollution

Wave power Uncertain Useful for communities near the sea: heaviest and most expensive of

engineeringHydroelectric generation Uncertain

(perhaps to 1012W) Restricted in global applicationTidal energy Uncertain Restricted to tidal regionsGeothermal sources Perhaps 1099W Restricted to specific areas

(mid-ocean ridges very long tem1)

Source Maximum output Comments

High density source

Nuclear power 1015W or more No more than 1 K rise in environmental temperature

problems of waste disposal and of safetyFossil fuels 109W maximum allowable Small application for special, local uses: (some use is unavoidable) pollution extraction essential Present world requirement of about 2 x 1013W perhaps rising to 1014W

Form create sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelves

Orientation: main glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due southreduce north glazingminimise tree over-shadowingon housing estates build to a density of < 40 properties/hadesign atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the sun in both summer and winter

Fabric: fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.

Rules of Thumb for Solar Design

(Rawlings 1999).

Sustainable Solutions Capital Cost

Potential Savings on Running Cost

Solar power hot water supply

£2,134 70%

Intelligent lighting system

£1,120 35-45%

Intelligent heating system

£978 10-20%

Grey water recycling £1,324 14%

Efficient taps £50-100 3%

Efficient shower heads

£50-75 4%

Dual low flush WCs £200-300 9%

Some sustainable solutions

Areas of Research

New Processes and Products– Green labelling of buildings– Environment friendly materials– Integration of building fabrics and

systems– Localised systems of environmental

control– High information, density, storage and

distribution of information systems– Use of biological materials– Total environmental approach to

design.

Areas of Research

Modification of Existing Processes– More efficient combustion processes with less

CO2– Passive and active design– Recycling and reuse of waste. – Effective commissioning, operating and

maintenance procedures– Improved design and construction process– Effective management at design, construction

and in-use strategies– Effective control systems

Areas of Research

Clean-up Existing Technologies– Elimination of Chlorofluorocarbons– Improved environmental standards and

codes– Improved energy efficiency wherever

possible– Heighten awareness of industry

concerning environmental matters– Better education and training about

environmental matters

Energy related issues are:– Buildings should consume as little energy ads possible– Construction methods should consume as little energy as

necessary– Planning of buildings infrastructure and other amenities

should make it possible to reduce energy for transportation.

Material related issues:– Construction methods should be directed towards the

employments of materials that can be re-used.– The use of materials that are nearly depleted should not be re-

used– The life cycle materials should be prolonged

User related issues:– Buildings should meet the highest quality standards and this will

lead to healthier environments. It is likely that high quality buildings last longer and also reduce waste.

Low Carbon Innovation Programme

Monitor Focus

Biomass for transportBuilding controlsCarbon dioxide sequestrationFuel cells (transport, baseload power)Industry (alternative equipment Nuclear fusion

Smart meteringUltra-high efficiency CCGT*Waste to energyWind-onshore and off-shore

Biomass for local heat generation Building (fabric, heating, ventilation, cooling, integrated design) CHP (domestic micro, advanced micro)Fuel cells ( domestic CHP, industrial and commercial)

Hydrogen (infrastructure-including transport, production, storage and distribution)Industry (combustion technologies, materials, process intensification, separation technologies)

Review Periodically Consider

Cleaner coal combustionGeothermalHigh efficiency carHDVC** transmissionIntermediate energy vectors Low head hydro

Nuclear fusion Solar thermal electricTidal (lagoons, barrages)

Biomass for local electricity generationBuilding (lighting)Coal-bed methaneElectricity storage technologiesIndustry (waster heat recovery)

PhotoconvertionSolar photovoltaicsSolar water heating collectorsTidal streamWave (offshore, nearshore devices and shoreline)

* CCGT - Combined Cycle Turbine * * HDVC - High Voltage Direct Current (Carbon Trust)

Sustainability Strategy Model

The make-up of the work force

Achievement of appropriate competences

Percentage of employees receiving appraisals

Absenteeism of our people

Reportable accidents and incident rate

Grievance raised of an ethical nature (internal and external)

Corporate community investment

Percentage of sustainability targets achieved

Positive/negative media comment on environmental and community activities

Percentage volume of materials from sustainable sources

Percentage of suppliers with ISO 14001

Customers satisfaction levels

Customer retention

The diversity of our people

Satisfaction of our people

Health and safety performance

Human rights

Corporate approach to social responsibility

Energy costs

Costs of waste

Environmental performance

Customer satisfaction

The diversity of our people

The competence of our people

Satisfaction of our people

Health and safety performance

Human rights

Energy cost

Cost of waste

Water

Pollution

Corporate approach to social responsibility

Environmental performance

Customer satisfaction

Fairer treatment of people and communities

More fulfilled people and communities

Better environment to live in

More resources for future generations

Increased business

Reduce waste

Social progress

Protection of the environment and prudent use of natural resources

Economic growth and Prosperity

Easier to attract high quality people

More motivation people

Improved productivity and reduced cost

Reduced risk of litigation

Improve reputation

More contented customers, better margins and more business

Attract, develop andretain excellent people

Deliver year-on-year growth in earnings per share

Develop market leading position

Differentiate through consistently exceeding customer expectations

Group objectives What we will manageHow Carillion will benefit How society will benefitHow we willmeasure performance What we will manage Sustainability objectives

Managing people

Managing cost and risk

Managing reputation

Managing customers

Sustaining prosperity

Sustainingthe environment

Sustainingcommunities

Sustainability strategy model (adapted from Leiper et al, 2003, Proceedings ICE, 156 ES1, 59-66 (ISSN 147 4637)

Key Performanceindicators

Value through sustainability Value of sustainability

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