prof derek clements-croome - intelligent building facades
TRANSCRIPT
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Heathrow Terminal 5
Intelligent Intelligent Building FacadesBuilding Facades
Prof Derek Clements-Croomewww.derekcroome.com
May 2011
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PreviewPreview
Facades around the worldFacades around the world Functions of facadesFunctions of facades Lessons from NatureLessons from Nature Vernacular solutionsVernacular solutions Modern trendsModern trends GreeningGreening Some innovationsSome innovations SolutionsSolutions Desirable properties for facadesDesirable properties for facades
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With the façade embodying up to 35% of the construction costs as well as being hugely accountable for the buildings' response to climate change, it has never been so important to understand which façade solutions deliver not only a cost effective and sustainable façade, but also one that is aesthetically pleasing and technically performing.
CIBSE Society of Facade Engineering September 10th 2009
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Aldingbourne Nurseries Aldingbourne Nurseries
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Clapham Manor Primary School, July 2009, Clapham Manor Primary School, July 2009, dRMM dRMM ArchitectsArchitects
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The Crooked House The Crooked House (Sopot, Poland) (Sopot, Poland)
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The Basket Building The Basket Building (Ohio, United States) (Ohio, United States)
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Kansas City Public Library Kansas City Public Library (Missouri, United States) (Missouri, United States)
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Cubic Houses (Rotterdam, Cubic Houses (Rotterdam, Netherlands) Netherlands)
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Chapel in the Chapel in the Rock Rock (Arizona, US) (Arizona, US)
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Dancing Dancing Building Building (Prague, (Prague, Czech Czech Republic) Republic)
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Manchester Manchester Civil Justice Civil Justice Centre Centre (Manchester(Manchester, UK) , UK)
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The Hole House The Hole House (Texas, United States) (Texas, United States)
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Grand Lisboa (Macao) Grand Lisboa (Macao)
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Wall House (Groningen, Wall House (Groningen, Netherlands) Netherlands)
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Bahá'í House of Worship a.k.a Bahá'í House of Worship a.k.a Lotus Temple (Delhi, India) Lotus Temple (Delhi, India)
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Wooden Wooden Gagster Gagster House House (Archangelsk, (Archangelsk, Russia) Russia)
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Air Force Academy Chapel Air Force Academy Chapel (Colorado, United States) (Colorado, United States)
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Solar Furnace (Odeillo, Solar Furnace (Odeillo, France)France)
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Birds Nest Birds Nest Olympic Stadium Olympic Stadium Beijing 2008Beijing 2008
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Civic Center (Santa Monica) Civic Center (Santa Monica)
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Gherkin Building Gherkin Building (London City, UK) (London City, UK)
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Nord LB Nord LB building building (Hannover, (Hannover, Germany)Germany)
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Lloyd's Building Lloyd's Building (London City, (London City, UK) UK)
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Agar Tower Agar Tower (Barcelona, (Barcelona, Spain)Spain)
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201 Bishopsgate and The Broadgate Tower, LondonArch. Kohn Pederson Fox
The Leadenhall Building, London Arch. Richard
Rogers
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The World’s Biggest Building by Foster
Crystal Island, Moscow
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The Chicago Spire, The Chicago Spire, FosterFoster
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Panel installation at the Sage CentrePanel installation at the Sage Centre
Rectilinear panels at the Sage Centre
Mesh Match, Jan, 08, Society of Facade Engineering
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Santiago CalatravaSantiago Calatrava
Valencia Opera House - SpainTenerife Opera House - Spain
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Frank GeFrank Gehhry ry Walt Disney Concert Hall LAWalt Disney Concert Hall LA
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CCTV Headquarters, ChinaCCTV Headquarters, China
2004-2008
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10 small buildings represents sailing and the big one lighthouse10 small buildings represents sailing and the big one lighthouse
Regatta Regatta Hotel JakartaHotel Jakarta
Completed Nov 2008
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Residence Residence Antilia Antilia India India
Completed Nov 2008
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Burj DubaiBurj Dubai
(Sept 2004-Sept 2009)
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Aqua, USA (2006-2009)
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Chicago Chicago Spire, USASpire, USA
2007-2012
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Russia Tower Russia Tower RussiaRussia
2007-2012
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okhta-tower-russia (2008-2012
Gazprom City Gazprom City Tower, Tower,
St PetersburgSt Petersburg
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Penang Penang Global City Global City Centre Centre MalaysiaMalaysia
(2008 - )
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Functions of FacadesFunctions of Facades
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Structure Shelter
Container
Fawood Children’s Centre
Chinese American Service League, Kam L. Liu Building
Central Library Brighton CBX Tower Project, Paris
Canary Wharf
BBC
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Vacuum Insulation ProjectsVacuum Insulation ProjectsBarratt Green House, BRE
Crossway, Richard Hawkes Architects UK TuffX Processed Glass's Eco i-panel
http://www.vacuuminsulation.co.uk/
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Building Envelopes Design Building Envelopes Design Considerations BCO Guide Considerations BCO Guide
to Specification 2009to Specification 2009
Wind PressuresWind PressuresWeather PerformanceWeather PerformanceIntegration with Building Services Integration with Building Services Structural IntegrityStructural IntegrityBlast proof/ earthquake criteriaBlast proof/ earthquake criteriaEnergy PerformanceEnergy PerformanceMaintenance/ Cleaning/ RecyclingMaintenance/ Cleaning/ Recycling
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What parameters to What parameters to measure?measure?
Building performanceBuilding performance Building integrityBuilding integrity Consumption Consumption
– Electricity Electricity – GasGas– WaterWater
Safety and SecuritySafety and Security– SmokeSmoke– GGas leakas leak– WWater leakater leak– SSecurity alarmecurity alarm
Occupant satisfactionOccupant satisfaction Thermal Comfort Thermal Comfort
parametersparameters Air Quality markersAir Quality markers Light intensityLight intensity Noise intensityNoise intensity Occupancy levelOccupancy level State level (windows, State level (windows,
doors)doors) MoodMood Well beingWell being ……
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How to measure?How to measure?
Measurements:Measurements: Physical (environmental sensors)Physical (environmental sensors) Physiological (body monitoring sensors)Physiological (body monitoring sensors) Questionnaire (human sensation)Questionnaire (human sensation)
Questionnaire
Th.C T,RH,Tr,vair Met Iclo ---- ---- Thermal vote
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Facades as Facades as Transparent/Opaque Climate Transparent/Opaque Climate
ModeratorsModerators SunlightSunlight Solar energySolar energy SoundSound AirAir MoistureMoisture ViewView TemperatureTemperature
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Desirable Properties for Desirable Properties for FacadesFacades
Low COLow CO22 emissions emissions Thermal and Moisture InsulationThermal and Moisture Insulation StorageStorage Solar Isolation Solar Isolation Natural Light Natural Light ViewView Fresh Air Fresh Air Sound InsulationSound Insulation Sensor system/interact with clothing or skin sensorsSensor system/interact with clothing or skin sensors Varying properties (nanomaterials)Varying properties (nanomaterials) Self cleaningSelf cleaning Self-repairingSelf-repairing Security/Safety/Fire ProtectionSecurity/Safety/Fire Protection AestheticsAesthetics
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Air Barrier System
Eliminating Skin Load from Outer Window Side
Upward Air Flow from Floor Plenum Between Window and Blind
Resulting Energy Savings by reducing HVAC Capacity
Building Envelope
•Introduce Double Skin System, Louver and Blind Auto Control, Sunlight Shielding Glass, High Performance Insulation (e.g. Vacuum Insulation) and Window System•Maximize Building Energy Performance and Comfort Environment
Samsung, Green Tomorrow, Sustainable Technology,
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Green Materials & Resources
High Efficiency Insulation Material Utilize Reflection of Radiant Heat from Graphite Inside
Insulation Material Analyze Performance of Insulation Material and Standardize
for Practical Use Achieving Energy Savings by Improved Performance of
Insulation Material Other solutions e.g. Vacuum insulation
Samsung, Green Tomorrow, Sustainable Technology,
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Facades as IntegratorsFacades as Integrators
Dynamic envelopesDynamic envelopes NanomaterialsNanomaterials WindowsWindows Respond with sensors inside building Respond with sensors inside building
and occupantsand occupants
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Possible Integrated Possible Integrated FunctionsFunctions
Haase M, Amato A, 2006, Ventilated Facade Design in Hot and Humid Climate, The Hong Kong University, China
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Concrete solar Baffles for the Menil Collection in Houston Texas (Renzo Piano) showing how form, function and aesthetics can be integrated into building design.
Designer Koster in collaboration with Ocalux arrived at similar forms as they tried to balance shade and daylight control
Behling, 1996
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Facades as Thermal StoresFacades as Thermal Stores
MaterialsMaterials MassMass OrientationOrientation
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Smart FacadesSmart Facades Facade is an interactive inside-outside Facade is an interactive inside-outside
interfaceinterface Reactive materials and surfacesReactive materials and surfaces Embedded technology can control Embedded technology can control
inputs/outputsinputs/outputs Low COLow CO22 emission emission High insulation e.g. vacuum insulationHigh insulation e.g. vacuum insulation Opportunities for nanomaterialsOpportunities for nanomaterials Lessons from NatureLessons from Nature Develop new CPD modules for architects, Develop new CPD modules for architects,
engineers and construction professionals on engineers and construction professionals on facade designfacade design
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CO2 Emissions for Different CO2 Emissions for Different Wall ConstructionsWall Constructions
World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Policy Directions to 2050, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Policy Directions to 2050, http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/bdA09BFxjVkjEeXJKjle/int_low_res.pdf, (2007).http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/bdA09BFxjVkjEeXJKjle/int_low_res.pdf, (2007).
HEAD. P., 2008, Entering the Ecological Age: THE ENGINEER’S ROLE, THE BRUNEL LECTURE for Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE)
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Lessons from NatureLessons from Nature
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The human skin is a good The human skin is a good model how we would like the model how we would like the building skin to behave. It building skin to behave. It adapts to temperature and adapts to temperature and humidity, can feel a breeze humidity, can feel a breeze or the slightest touch, and or the slightest touch, and can repair itself. It is can repair itself. It is waterproof and yet waterproof and yet permeable to moisture.permeable to moisture.
Wiggington - Harris 2002Wiggington - Harris 2002
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Self Healing Materials
Mimics human bleeding healing processEmbedded vessels bleed coloured epoxy resin into cracks and restore structural integrity.
University of Bristol, Hexcell Composites Ltd, EPSRC Annual Report, 2008-2009
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What can We Learn from What can We Learn from Nature?Nature?
Human skin: self-repairing, waterproof, heat sensitiveHuman skin: self-repairing, waterproof, heat sensitive Animal architecture e.g. termitesAnimal architecture e.g. termites Structures of plants applicable to buildings (self-Structures of plants applicable to buildings (self-
cleaning lotus leaf)cleaning lotus leaf) Spiders web: waterproof, great strengthSpiders web: waterproof, great strength Composites in shell of molluscs (e.g. nacre is strong)Composites in shell of molluscs (e.g. nacre is strong) Wood: strength, low embodied energy, aestheticWood: strength, low embodied energy, aesthetic Feathers: thermal protection (e.g. penguins)Feathers: thermal protection (e.g. penguins) Fur: thermal protection (e.g. polar bears/reindeers)Fur: thermal protection (e.g. polar bears/reindeers) Natural adhesives (e.g. mussels/geeko)Natural adhesives (e.g. mussels/geeko) Rattlesnake: infra red eye sensor for Rattlesnake: infra red eye sensor for
vibration/movementvibration/movement
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Examples of Spiders WebsExamples of Spiders Webs
Foelix 1996
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Compass termites in AustraliaEvolved orientation of termitary for preferred maximum temperature level of about 320C
Von Frisch 1975
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Architecture inspired by termite nests
Bio-inspired ArchitectureBio-inspired Architecture
Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading
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Eugene Tsui Eugene Tsui
Ultima Ultima TowerTower
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The Podhotel copies leaves and pods from a flower stalk, the leaves being transformed into solar and shading panels and the pods being prefabricated rooms.
Architect: Dennis Dollens
Dennis Dollens Grows Architecture: Podhotels and Spiral Bridges,06.05.07 www.treehugger.com
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Vernacular SolutionsVernacular Solutions
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Reed Hut Offers Protection from Reed Hut Offers Protection from the Weather: The Primeval Housethe Weather: The Primeval House
More highly developed building technology More highly developed building technology for woven reed hut. for woven reed hut.
Otto –Rasch 2001 Otto –Rasch 2001
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Primeval HousePrimeval House
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Middle EastMiddle East
Velinga M, Oxford Brookes University
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IndonesiaIndonesia
Velinga M, Oxford Brookes University
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IGLOO, Baffin Island, Canada
Fitch 1975Fitch 1975
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Thermal Performance of the Igloo
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Active Environmental Control
Glass Buildings demand mechanical environmental control systems.
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Fortress later monastery in Göreme Rudofsky 1964
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Yurts / Ghers in MongoliaYurts / Ghers in Mongolia
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CLAUSTRA (Decorative tracery used for ventilation) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Fathy 1986
Claustra in a parapet wall on the roof of a building in Oman
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Brise-soleil in Boike, Ivory CoastFathy 1986
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Modern TrendsModern Trends
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Vacuum Insulation
up to 10-fold higher insulation performance compared to conventional insulations
space saving but highly insulating constructions possible
cover: high barrier metallised multi layer film
high quality and long product life time Can be transparent recyclable
www.vacuuminsulation.co.uk/
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The Chapel by Le Corbusier at Ronchamps in East France
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The atmosphere inside the Chapel is one sanctity and peace making it conducive to prayer and meditation. This is brought about by the unusual and highly creative light design echoed by the irregular window shapes and positions.
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Centre Pompidou Paris
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Encampment of Black Goats Wool Tents on Ajdir Plateau in the Middle Atlas Mountains, near the Sahara.
TentsTents
Rudofsky 1964
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Technology of air-supported structure ,makes enclosure of entire towns entirely practicable/ this cable-restrained, air-supported technique would be especially useful in Arctic and Antarctic climates, where an absolute deficiency of heath and light plus low temperatures, high winds and heavy snow cover restrict full development of urban life.
PROPOSAL FOR ARCTIC CITY BY ERSKINE and OTTO 1952
Fitch 1972
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Buckminster Fuller, 'U.S. Buckminster Fuller, 'U.S. Pavilion Montreal Expo 67' Pavilion Montreal Expo 67'
(1967).(1967).
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Lightweight Pneumatic Structure in Alberta, Canada
35 hectare 60mt high township for 10.000 people in moderated environment conditions.
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Diplomatic Club complex in Riyadh, Diplomatic Club complex in Riyadh, now known as the Tuwaiq Palace (1988): now known as the Tuwaiq Palace (1988):
local sandstone and fibreglass tents local sandstone and fibreglass tents
Otto –Rasch Otto –Rasch
20012001
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GreeningGreening
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Greening and Photovoltaics Greening and Photovoltaics at Unterensingen Schoolat Unterensingen School
Unterensingen Primary and Secondary School, Germany
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Acros Fukuoka, Japan
Emilio Ambasz, Fukuoka, JapanEmilio Ambasz, Fukuoka, Japan
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SITE Rain Forest Showroom, SITE Rain Forest Showroom, Hialeah, FloridaHialeah, Florida,,
Sabina KucSabina Kuc
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Green Roofs- Faroe Islands, Green Roofs- Faroe Islands, DenmarkDenmark
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Seaweed Roof, Laeso, Denmark, Seaweed Roof, Laeso, Denmark, 2003 2003
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Green Roofs
Dandelion House by Terunobu Fujimori
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Some InnovationsSome Innovations
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Use of solar cells for energy generation is growing 40% per year
www.ausra.com, California, 2007
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Phovoltaic Solar CellsPhovoltaic Solar CellsSourceSource CostCost
($ per kWh)($ per kWh)
Solar PVSolar PV
WindWind
Natural GasNatural Gas
0.30 (current)0.30 (current)
0.02 (25 years)0.02 (25 years)
0.050.05
0.030.03
GenerationGeneration CharacteristicCharacteristic
FirstFirst
SecondSecond
ThirdThird
Single crystal of siliconSingle crystal of silicon
18% efficiency18% efficiency
Silicon thin filmsSilicon thin films
Other components such as cadmium Other components such as cadmium telluridetelluride
< 18% efficiency< 18% efficiency
Quantum dot or nano crystalsQuantum dot or nano crystals
Efficiency 48%Efficiency 48%
Quantum –well solar cell andQuantum –well solar cell and
Dye sanitised solar cell Dye sanitised solar cell
Cartlidge E, July 2007, Bright outlook for solar cells, Physics World Vol 20 No 7
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Rules of Thumb for Solar Rules of Thumb for Solar DesignDesign
FormForm create sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelvescreate sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelves
Orientation:Orientation: main glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due southmain glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due south reduce north glazingreduce north glazing minimise tree over-shadowingminimise tree over-shadowing on housing estates build to a density of on housing estates build to a density of << 40 properties/ha 40 properties/ha design atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the design atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the
sun in both summer and wintersun in both summer and winter
Fabric:Fabric: fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation
or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.
Rawlings (1999)
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Colour-Changing Smart Colour-Changing Smart MaterialsMaterials
PhotochromicsPhotochromics -materials exposed to light -materials exposed to light Thermochromics Thermochromics -materials respond to -materials respond to
temperature changes.temperature changes. MechanochromicsMechanochromics -materials react to imposed -materials react to imposed
stresses and/or deformations.stresses and/or deformations. ChemochromicsChemochromics -materials exposed to -materials exposed to
specific chemical environments.specific chemical environments. ElectrochromicsElectrochromics -materials respond to -materials respond to
voltage. voltage. Related technologiesRelated technologies – electrically active – electrically active
liquid crystals and suspended particle devicesliquid crystals and suspended particle devices
Addington M, Schodek D, 2005, smart Materials and Technologies,
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Smart Window FeaturesSmart Window FeaturesSystem TypeSystem Type Spectral response Spectral response
(bleaced to (bleaced to coloured)coloured)
Input energyInput energy Interior result Interior result visualvisual
Interior resultInterior result
thermalthermal
PhotochromiPhotochromicc
Specular to Specular to specular specular transmission at transmission at high UV levelshigh UV levels
UV radiationUV radiation Reduction in Reduction in intensity but still intensity but still transparenttransparent
Reduction in Reduction in transmitted radiationtransmitted radiation
ThermochroThermochromicmic
Specular to Specular to specular specular transmission at transmission at high IR levelshigh IR levels
Heat (high Heat (high surface surface temperature)temperature)
Reduction in Reduction in intensity but still intensity but still transparenttransparent
Reduction in Reduction in transmitted radiationtransmitted radiation
ThermothropThermothropicic
Specular to Specular to specular specular transmission at transmission at high and low high and low temperaturestemperatures
Heat (high and/or Heat (high and/or low surface low surface temperature)temperature)
Reduction in Reduction in intensity and intensity and visibility, becomes visibility, becomes diffusediffuse
Reduction in Reduction in transmitted radiation, transmitted radiation, emitted radiation, emitted radiation, and conductivityand conductivity
ElectrothropiElectrothropic*c*
Specular to Specular to specular specular transmission transmission toward short toward short wavelength region wavelength region (blue)(blue)
Voltage or Voltage or current pulsecurrent pulse
Reduction in Reduction in intensityintensity
Proportional Proportional reduction in reduction in transmitted radiationtransmitted radiation
Liquid Liquid Crystals*Crystals*
Specular to diffuse Specular to diffuse transmissiontransmission
VoltageVoltage Minimal reduction Minimal reduction in intensity, in intensity, reduction in reduction in visibility, becomes visibility, becomes diffusediffuse
Minimal impact on Minimal impact on transmitted radiationtransmitted radiation
Suspended Suspended particleparticle
Specular to diffuse Specular to diffuse transmissiontransmission
CurrentCurrent Reduction in Reduction in intensity and intensity and visibility, becomes visibility, becomes diffusediffuse
Minimal impact on Minimal impact on transmitted radiationtransmitted radiation
*indicates that a control system and associated *indicates that a control system and associated electrical supply are requiredelectrical supply are required Addington M, Schodek D, 2005, Smart Materials and Technologies,
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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a smooth surface may be used as an anti-adhesive coating for windows or spectacle lenses
Annabelle Hett, Small matter many unknowns, Ingenia, march 2005, issue 22,
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Carbon Nanotubes Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications. They exhibit
extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat.
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Light Transmitting ConcreteLight Transmitting Concrete
http://optics.org/cws/article/research/19184
Wall made of “LitraCon” has concrete strength but with embedded array of glass fibres, it displays a view of the outside world. Shadows on the lighter side will appear with sharp outlines on the darker one.
Áron Losonczi. Royal University College of Fine Arts in Stockholm, Sweden.
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Translucent/Transparent Façade application, Hermes, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Architectural Record
Application of the biocomposite façade system in passive tempering of solar thermal energy performance –sequence from summer through to winter.
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Comparison from eQUEST energyanalysis over one year, between unshadedlow e glass square building (top) and shadedclear glass rectangular building (bottom)showing lower energy consumption – up to40% savings in lighting and cooling energy.
Performance assessment comparison for glazing and biocomposite system.
Relationship between U value (inverse of R value) and SHGC (g) comparing current low e coatings (dotted area) and required new technology products (dashed area)Source: British Fenestration Rating Council
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SolutionsSolutions
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Air V Window with Moving Air Stream in the Gap between the glazing layers.
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Termodeck Hollow Block Floor
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ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW
Low voltage switches window from being clear to reflective. Ion filled electrode reflects near infrared.
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Fire resistant panels Fire resistant panels for Debris for Debris
1-Tilt-and-tun window2-Glass slats
3-Tilt-and-turn window
4-Solar shading device 5-Rail, clad in terracotta
6-Fire resistant panels 7-Terracotta façade panel
8-Stainless steel grating 9-Safety glass 10-Fixed pane
Melet 1999
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Ventilation Towers with Solar Ventilation Towers with Solar Chimneys at Lancaster Chimneys at Lancaster
UniversityUniversityVentilation towers with solar-Ventilation towers with solar-driven chimneys maximises the driven chimneys maximises the floor area and exploits the floor area and exploits the south-facing façade. The towers south-facing façade. The towers sit outside the floorplate and sit outside the floorplate and provide cooling in the summer provide cooling in the summer and heat recovery in winterand heat recovery in winter
2008 innovation of the year Building Seminar awards (Hoare Lea)(Hoare Lea)
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Bedzed Zero Carbon Home
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45
40
35
30
25
20 Fresh air left over
Temp °C
Blinds intelligently automatically controlled by BMS
Predicted performance:
85% solar protection
50% light transmission
0.8 W/m2K thermal insulation
40.0 39.0 38.0 37.0 36.0 35.0 34.0 33.0 32.0 31.0 30.0 29.0 28.0 27.0 26.0 25.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 21.0 20.0
30 l/s/m Extract
Rate
60 l/s/m Extract
Rate
30 ST Mary Axe – Façade Design
T. Abbas, Hilson Moran, MSc IB Lecture Notes,
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Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia
Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia
Renzo Piano, 1998
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Herzog, 1996
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sectionsection
Melet 1999
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LloydsCity of London, 1986
Rogers-Piano
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External glazing system consists of triple layered solar control glass with a ventilated cavity through which exhaust air is drawn via the light fittings. The quality of light is further enhanced by optically designed facets in the two outermost sheets of glass to create sparkle making the glass behave as a wall of light.
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Institut Monde d’Arabe Paris
Jean Nouvel, 1987
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Solar Control Aluminium Elements in South Facade
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Future Systems Future Systems design for design for Green Building, Green Building, 19901990
Sabina KucSabina Kuc
Environment is controlled by a passive system using natural ventilation with some night cooling. Heating and cooling systems are only used in extreme conditions.
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Office Building, Office Building, Project ZED, Project ZED, London London
The butterfly-shaped plan of this building has an openingat the centre in which twovertical wind turbines aremounted.
Melet 1999
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Biomimicry Biomimicry Green Building Green Building HighriseHighrise
William McDonough
Green Towerhttp://sustainabledesignupdate.com
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Digital Façade Digital Façade (Kunsthaus Graz, (Kunsthaus Graz, Bix Biomorphic Structure, Bix Biomorphic Structure,
Austria)Austria)
Kunsthaus Graz’s eastern front is is a matrix of 930 florescent lamps is integrated
into to allow simple signs, images and films in low resolution.
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World's First Revolving World's First Revolving Rower Dubai Rower Dubai
Architect David Fisher, Dynamic Group
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Lighting and Ventilation Strategies Lighting and Ventilation Strategies Attempt to Minimise Energy Attempt to Minimise Energy
ConsumptionConsumptionNikken Sekkei, Cool City Dubai
Architecture Review Feb 2008
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Left: Multimedia Centre, Hamburg, Germany Foster & PartnersRight: Uni, Erlangen, Germany by UBA Erlangen
New Concepts for sustainable New Concepts for sustainable buildingsbuildings
Double Skin –facades for office Double Skin –facades for office buildingsbuildings
Haase M, Amato A, 2006, Ventilated Facade Design in Hot and Humid Climate, The Hong Kong University, China
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Why Double Skin Facades?Why Double Skin Facades?
Reduction of peak wind pressureReduction of peak wind pressure Improvement of energy efficiency of Improvement of energy efficiency of
façade byfaçade by– Passive solar heat gain in winterPassive solar heat gain in winter– Reducing thermal losses in winterReducing thermal losses in winter– Reducing overall solar heat gain (in Reducing overall solar heat gain (in
summer)summer)– Support of natural ventilation (with the Support of natural ventilation (with the
stack effect)stack effect)Haase M, Amato A, 2006, Ventilated Facade Design in Hot and Humid Climate, The Hong Kong University, China
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The PV installation contributes positively in the field of daylight use, sun protection, visual relation to the exterior, thermal behaviour of staircase and building and last but not least as a corporate identity element for the company.
Outside view of office in Barcelona
Inside view of office in BarcelonaMasseck T, 2005,Transparent Amorphous Silicon PV-Façade as part of an Integrated Concepts for the Energetic Rehabilitation of an Office Building in Barcelona, 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 6-10, Barcelona, Spain
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Lilypad, a Prototype of Lilypad, a Prototype of Auto-Sufficient Amphibious Auto-Sufficient Amphibious
City City
Architect Vincent Callebaut
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- A cross sectional sketch of the A cross sectional sketch of the proposed photovoltaic cell over the proposed photovoltaic cell over the membrane absorbing sunrays from all membrane absorbing sunrays from all directions.directions.
- Derived inspiration – the eye structure of - Derived inspiration – the eye structure of the moth.the moth.
Gilder J, 2008, MSc Dissertation, University of Reading
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The Heritance Kandalama - Eco The Heritance Kandalama - Eco Hotel in Sri LankaHotel in Sri Lanka
http://go-green.ae/greenstory_view.php?storyid=720
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The Heritance Kandalama The Heritance Kandalama Eco Hotel in Sri LankaEco Hotel in Sri Lanka
The property embraces a philosophy of sustainableThe property embraces a philosophy of sustainabledevelopment that encompasses the following areas: development that encompasses the following areas:
Energy efficiency, conservation and managementEnergy efficiency, conservation and management Reduction of freshwater consumption Reduction of freshwater consumption Waste water management Waste water management Minimization of waste, reuse and recycling Minimization of waste, reuse and recycling Air quality protection and noise control Air quality protection and noise control Land use planning Land use planning Social and cultural development Social and cultural development Ecosystem conservationEcosystem conservation ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL POLICY RESOURCE CONSERVATION
http://go-green.ae/greenstory_view.php?storyid=720
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Tenets for Intelligent Buildings Tenets for Intelligent Buildings Design and ManagementDesign and Management
Plan and design with an Plan and design with an integrated teamintegrated team so so that clients, consultants, contractors, facilities that clients, consultants, contractors, facilities managers all develop a commitment to the project managers all develop a commitment to the project and want to fulfil the environmental, social and and want to fulfil the environmental, social and economic aims.economic aims.
Systems and holistic thinkingSystems and holistic thinking are key. are key.
Assess the Assess the impactsimpacts of the buildings on occupants of the buildings on occupants and communities nearby. and communities nearby.
Occupants behaviourOccupants behaviour has a large effect on the has a large effect on the consumption of energy and water so try to increase consumption of energy and water so try to increase awareness of occupants to the awareness of occupants to the impact of their actions on impact of their actions on resources.resources.
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Smart metering is a start but sensor technology is rSmart metering is a start but sensor technology is rapidly apidly becoming applicable in building operation and for tbecoming applicable in building operation and for the use by consumers of equipment.. he use by consumers of equipment..
Data management systemsData management systems are important to giv are important to give feedback on the e feedback on the performance of different spaces in the building. performance of different spaces in the building. Use continual post-occupancy evaluation process. Use continual post-occupancy evaluation process.
Use a Use a whole life valuewhole life value approach to ensure quality approach to ensure quality as well as well as whole life costs are taken into account.as whole life costs are taken into account.
Aim for Aim for simplicity simplicity rather than complexity in operation.rather than complexity in operation.
Think about Think about well-well-being and freshnessbeing and freshness rather than rather than comfort and consider all the senses and how air, comfort and consider all the senses and how air, view, daylight, sound, colour, greenery view, daylight, sound, colour, greenery and space affect and space affect us in the workplace.us in the workplace.
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ConnectivityConnectivity is important so there is interoperability not o is important so there is interoperability not only between the systems and the building but also nly between the systems and the building but also between the occupant and the buildingbetween the occupant and the building
Design for Design for flexibility and adaptabilityflexibility and adaptability
Think of an intelligent building as Think of an intelligent building as an organisman organism responding to human and environmental needs but also responding to human and environmental needs but also one that needs to ‘breathe’ through the facade one that needs to ‘breathe’ through the facade between the external and internal environments. between the external and internal environments. The façade transfers light, solar radiation, air, noise, and The façade transfers light, solar radiation, air, noise, and moisture but also links occupants to the outside world so moisture but also links occupants to the outside world so intelligent or smart facades allow these aspects to be intelligent or smart facades allow these aspects to be controlled in a way which is functional but also enjoyable controlled in a way which is functional but also enjoyable to those working and living inside the building.to those working and living inside the building.
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Plan the Plan the facilities managementfacilities management so the building is so the building is cared forcared for
Balance efficiency with effectiveness. Balance efficiency with effectiveness. An air supply An air supply system for example can deliver the “right” amount of air system for example can deliver the “right” amount of air to a space and be deemed efficient but may not be to a space and be deemed efficient but may not be
effective in the space because it has no impact on the effective in the space because it has no impact on the breathing zone where the people are.breathing zone where the people are.
Design beyond the expectations defined in RegulatioDesign beyond the expectations defined in Regulations.ns.
Keep abreast of the relevant fields of knowledge.Keep abreast of the relevant fields of knowledge.
Learn from other sectors and disciplinesLearn from other sectors and disciplines
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Case StudiesCase Studies
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Philips pavilion, also known as “Poème électronique” which Philips pavilion, also known as “Poème électronique” which wasdesigned by Le Corbuisier and Xénakis, in Brussels, for the wasdesigned by Le Corbuisier and Xénakis, in Brussels, for the 1958 World’s Fair Studies1958 World’s Fair Studies
The Phillips Pavillion by Le Corbusier and Xenakis, 1958
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Philips Pavilion CommentaryPhilips Pavilion Commentary "The structure is composed "The structure is composed of hyperbolic-paraboloid shells which, up to now, have not of hyperbolic-paraboloid shells which, up to now, have not been used for the problems of the type. The walls are been used for the problems of the type. The walls are constructed of rough slabs cast in sand moulds on the constructed of rough slabs cast in sand moulds on the ground, measuring about 5'-0" on a side and 2" in thickness. ground, measuring about 5'-0" on a side and 2" in thickness. They are mounted in place by means of a movable They are mounted in place by means of a movable scaffolding and are supported by a double network of cables, scaffolding and are supported by a double network of cables, 3" in diameter, suspended along the cylindrical directrices of 3" in diameter, suspended along the cylindrical directrices of strongly reinforced concrete. Such is the principal of the strongly reinforced concrete. Such is the principal of the structure. structure.
"The electronic poem of Le Corbusier at the Philips Pavilion "The electronic poem of Le Corbusier at the Philips Pavilion marks the first appearance of a new art form; 'The Electronic marks the first appearance of a new art form; 'The Electronic Games', a synthesis unlimited in its possibilities for color, Games', a synthesis unlimited in its possibilities for color, imagery, music, words and rhythm." imagery, music, words and rhythm."
— — Hans Girsberger, ed. Le Corbusier 1910-60. p236Hans Girsberger, ed. Le Corbusier 1910-60. p236
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The Dali The Dali Museum Museum Florida, USFlorida, US the new museum in St the new museum in St
Petersburg, Florida Petersburg, Florida opened 11.1.11 - the opened 11.1.11 - the building is like a glass building is like a glass slug hoovering up a slug hoovering up a geometric angular box. geometric angular box. Built with walls thick Built with walls thick enough to withstand a enough to withstand a category five hurricane.category five hurricane.
Design team was led by Design team was led by Yann Weymouth of HOK. Yann Weymouth of HOK. Inside, the concrete spiral Inside, the concrete spiral staircase rising through staircase rising through the 22 metre-high glass the 22 metre-high glass atrium is inspired by atrium is inspired by Dalí's fascination with the Dalí's fascination with the double helix of DNA.double helix of DNA.
http://travel.uk.msn.com/inspiration/city/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=156542352
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Lotus-shaped Lotus-shaped ArtScience ArtScience Museum Museum
SingaporeSingaporeA steel and glass lotus A steel and glass lotus flower sits atop the flower sits atop the impressive ArtScience impressive ArtScience Museum in Singapore. The Museum in Singapore. The complex has over 4,600 complex has over 4,600 square metres of galleries square metres of galleries set on a 4,000 square set on a 4,000 square metre lily 'pond'. The metre lily 'pond'. The structure has 10 fingers, structure has 10 fingers, the tallest of which is 60 the tallest of which is 60 metres high. metres high.
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QUAD visual art gallery, QUAD visual art gallery, Derby, UKDerby, UK
This vividly lit-up steel This vividly lit-up steel and glass cube with and glass cube with spindly pillar legs spindly pillar legs beneath it is the beneath it is the brainchild of architects brainchild of architects Feilden Clegg Bradley. Set Feilden Clegg Bradley. Set in the heart of Derby, the in the heart of Derby, the gallery is part of an arts gallery is part of an arts complex that includes a complex that includes a cinema, cafe and cinema, cafe and workshop space for workshop space for anyone to come and anyone to come and engage in making art. It engage in making art. It opened in 2008 and the opened in 2008 and the design is modern design is modern architecture at its best, architecture at its best, somehow making steel somehow making steel and glass look welcoming and glass look welcoming and accessible.and accessible.
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Museo Soumaya, Mexico Museo Soumaya, Mexico City, MexicoCity, Mexico
From some angles, this From some angles, this new art gallery in new art gallery in Mexico City looks like Mexico City looks like the hull of the Titanic as the hull of the Titanic as it soars above you with it soars above you with curved nautical lines. curved nautical lines. Designed by Mexican Designed by Mexican architects Fernando architects Fernando Romero and Mauricio Romero and Mauricio Ceballos gives visitors a Ceballos gives visitors a chance to admire the chance to admire the hexagonal aluminium hexagonal aluminium modules on the outside modules on the outside of the building. of the building.
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City of Arts and Sciences, City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia, SpainValencia, Spain
Designed by Santiago Designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela, Calatrava and Félix Candela, the City of Arts and Sciences the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia finished in 2005. in Valencia finished in 2005. An alien cityscape, the An alien cityscape, the complex is an ambitious complex is an ambitious series of buildings that series of buildings that houses an open-air houses an open-air oceanographic park and an oceanographic park and an Imax cinema, planetarium Imax cinema, planetarium and laserium, to say nothing and laserium, to say nothing of the opera house, towers of the opera house, towers and plazas. The and plazas. The oceanographic aquarium is oceanographic aquarium is the largest in Europe at the largest in Europe at 110,000 square metres and 110,000 square metres and contains 42 million litres of contains 42 million litres of water (equivalent to 15 water (equivalent to 15 Olympic swimming pools).Olympic swimming pools).
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Guggenheim Bilbao, Bilbao, Guggenheim Bilbao, Bilbao, SpainSpain
The futuristic titanium The futuristic titanium shavings of the shavings of the Guggenheim Bilbao Guggenheim Bilbao building reflect light and building reflect light and rise up like a fantastical rise up like a fantastical oasis. Designed by Frank oasis. Designed by Frank O Gehry, at the O Gehry, at the building's heart is a building's heart is a central atrium threaded central atrium threaded with suspended with suspended walkways that allow you walkways that allow you access to the museum's access to the museum's three galleries. The three galleries. The impressive design was impressive design was done using the aid of done using the aid of computer technology computer technology originally used in the originally used in the aerospace industry.aerospace industry.
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Art Gallery of Ontario, Art Gallery of Ontario, CanadaCanada
Frank O Gehry is responsible Frank O Gehry is responsible for the redesign of the AGO, for the redesign of the AGO, the key feature of which is a the key feature of which is a hulking glass and wood hulking glass and wood facade that runs for 182 facade that runs for 182 metres along the street on metres along the street on which it sits and rises 21 which it sits and rises 21 metres high. The city's metres high. The city's weather is reflected on that weather is reflected on that enormous glass ceiling. enormous glass ceiling. Check out the protruding Check out the protruding curly pig's tail of a staircase curly pig's tail of a staircase in the south wing, set within in the south wing, set within a four-storey tinted glass a four-storey tinted glass and titanium front and titanium front overlooking Grange Park.overlooking Grange Park.
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Jewish Museum, Berlin, Jewish Museum, Berlin, GermanyGermany
Even before it’s opening in 2001, Even before it’s opening in 2001, this crazy doodle of a building by this crazy doodle of a building by Daniel Libeskind was drawing Daniel Libeskind was drawing visitors. Coated in zinc, the visitors. Coated in zinc, the building will change colour as building will change colour as the material oxidises over the the material oxidises over the years. The building itself has years. The building itself has many symbolic features many symbolic features including The Voids; five including The Voids; five cavernous spaces running cavernous spaces running vertically through the new vertically through the new building with walls of bare building with walls of bare concrete.concrete.
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The New Acropolis, Athens, The New Acropolis, Athens, Greece Greece
The US and Greek The US and Greek architectural teams had architectural teams had clearly taken some of their clearly taken some of their inspiration from classical inspiration from classical Greek architecture but with Greek architecture but with very modern sensibilities. very modern sensibilities. Looking like an impossible-to-Looking like an impossible-to-crack Rubix cube, the crack Rubix cube, the museum houses a vast museum houses a vast permanent collection of permanent collection of artefacts found at the site of artefacts found at the site of the Acropolis. Inside the the Acropolis. Inside the glass-floored gallery is glass-floored gallery is transparent in places so transparent in places so visitors can see excavations visitors can see excavations below.below.
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MAXXI art gallery, Rome, MAXXI art gallery, Rome, ItalyItaly
Zaha Hadid building has been Zaha Hadid building has been described as 'tyrannical' in the described as 'tyrannical' in the way it supersedes the art it way it supersedes the art it contains (curators aren't even contains (curators aren't even allowed to mount artwork to allowed to mount artwork to the walls, relying instead on the walls, relying instead on suspended partitions). Indeed suspended partitions). Indeed the white concrete and black the white concrete and black walkways of the interior look walkways of the interior look like they'd be enough of a like they'd be enough of a spectacle without all the 21st-spectacle without all the 21st-century art the Romans intend century art the Romans intend to fill the labyrinthine space to fill the labyrinthine space withwith
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Niterói Contemporary Art Niterói Contemporary Art MuseumMuseum
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rio de Janeiro, Brazil This flying saucer-This flying saucer-
like building was like building was ddesigned by ddesigned by Oscar Niemeyer, Oscar Niemeyer, has a diameter of has a diameter of 50 metres and 50 metres and three floors within three floors within its main structure. its main structure. Set atop a cliff with Set atop a cliff with a beach below and a beach below and a 817 square a 817 square metre reflecting metre reflecting pool on its base. pool on its base.
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Riverside, Glasgow, Riverside, Glasgow, Scotland Scotland
When it opens in a couple of When it opens in a couple of months, this Zaha Hadid-months, this Zaha Hadid-designed building on designed building on Glasgow's harbour will Glasgow's harbour will showcase its spectacular showcase its spectacular roof, which has no internal roof, which has no internal supports - it is held up by its supports - it is held up by its own weight and complex own weight and complex zig-zag construction alone. zig-zag construction alone. From the air it looks like a From the air it looks like a sports logo, a masculine sports logo, a masculine design befitting a transport design befitting a transport museum museum