INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS FOR THE FUTURE

DSc Lecture at Debrecen University

Professor Derek Clements –CroomeUniversity Reading

November 29th 2013www.derekcroome.com

CAN INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS PROVIDE ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING OF BUILDINGS ?

Garrison Keillor

It was luxuries like air conditioning that brought down the Roman Empire. With air conditioning their windows were shut, they couldn't hear the barbarians coming.

TerminologySustainable Intelligent Buildings and Cities

Digital (Cyber) Intel

SentientQuality of Life Liveability

Green

ICT Web-Based (e services)

Sensory

EnvironmentalSocialSmart

Nature

Environmental-Socio-Economic Value

LESSONS FROM HISTORY

Behling 1996

THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE IGLOO

Wind towers in Yazd, Iran to ventilate houses, are also constructed to cool underground cisterns.

Ice House at Kerman Iran. Ice formed during frosty winter nights in the shallow channels protected from the sun’s rays by the high wall. Its packed between layers of straw in the mud-brick dome.

Michell 1978

Indonesia

Velinga M, Oxford Brookes University

The J.M Tjibaou Cultural Center (Museum of Noumea) designed by Renzo Piano (Winner of 1998 Pritzker prize), is a harmonious alliance of modern and traditional Kanak architecture. Traditional thatch huts, native to the Kanak people, inspired the design.

Piano learnt from local culture, buildings and nature.Tall thin curved laminated iroko wood ribbed structures supported by steel ties resist cyclones and earthquakes. The ribs have horizontal slats which allow passive environmental control to occur. The slats open and close according to wind strength and direction and admit air to a cavity which is linked to the glazed façade of the museum.

section

Melet 1999

Occupant

Observer / passer by

External environment

Building

Internal environment

Buildings, Environment & People

Integration

People

Product(System

s)

Process

the brief; the need for well  structured

procedures;the importance of human and

social criteria; effective team working all driven by

holistic and creative thinking

Principles of Integrated System Design 

Elliot (2009) and The Royal Academy of Engineering

Crystal Building London

Sustainable Design Adds Value

Sustainability---- Risk or Opportunity?– Can you afford to be sustainable?– (Perceived) higher build cost

Can you afford not to be sustainable?– Taxes– Penalties– Rising prices– A changing environment– Occupier awareness– Increasing legislation– Shareholder pressure– New investment opportunities– Capital value - ‘two tier market’

Hirigoyen J., 2009, Trends in responsible property, Jones Lang LaSalle

LEED Rated Buildings

cost 6% more to build; have occupancy rates over 4%

higher;command 2-6% higher rents; save 10-50% in energy

consumption;decreased operating costs; increased building value 10% in

2008 Hirigoyen (2009) ;Bernstein and Russo (2010)

Reduced energy consumptionLower utility billsLower emissions Lower capital costs from increased

equipment lifeDecreased unplanned downtimeLower risk of equipment failureReduction in overtime labour costs

Smart Benefits

e on 2010

PEOPLE

Environmental Design Affects Well-Being of People

Low carbon buildings can be unsustainable if the human needs are neglected

Healthier buildings are automatically low carbon

but not all low carbon buildings are healthy workplaces

Overheated buildings are wasteful, uncomfortable and lower productivity

Each deg C rise is about 8% in energy terms in UK

Air Quality and Temperature Equally Important

Emphasise Well-being and Freshness rather than Comfort

Improved People Performance in Green Buildings?

Sickness Absence is reducedNatural light and ventilation increase

accuracy, concentration .health and well-being ,happiness, attitudes...

Productivity gains of up to 6-16% often cited

Journal Property Management /Rocky Mountain Institute/Pennsylvania Power and LightSarah Daly, 2010, Heath Avery Architects

Saves Energy

Care of People

Leaner and FresherEnvironments

Greener

Environments Conducive to Health and Well-being

A fresh thermal environment

Ventilation rates to provide fresh air with good  distribution and acceptable levels of CO2

Good natural lighting

Minimal lighting glare from within and external to the space

Spatial planning and settings to suit various types of working

Ergonomic work places so as to minimise muscular-skeletal disorders

Minimum pollution from external sources including noise

Whole Life Value Cost Ratios

Design & Construction (X)

Facilities Management (Y)

Utilisation (Z)

Z >> Y > X e.g. 80 : 8 : 1

Wu & Clements-Croome, 2004

PROCESSES

the connectivity of the supply chain processes from brief to disposal;

sustainability, using BREEAM or another sustainability assessment tool at each phase of the building life cycle; and

Whole-life Business Model to Attain Performance

function, performance and value, using Building Quality Assessment and the Design Quality Indicator for example, to make a quality  assessment and

post occupancy evaluation so

that long term feedback is obtained by measuring factors which relate to the occupant, the systems and the building.

LESSONS FROM NATURE

Characteristics of Nature

runs on sunlight; uses only the energy it needs; fits form to function; recycles; rewards cooperation; banks on diversity; demands local expertise; realises the power of limits. 

Benyus (2002)

Biomimetics

The abstraction of good design from Nature

Biophilia – How we Connect with Nature

What is Biophilia?

First described by Erich Fromm in the 1960’s, Biophilia, simply put, is the Love of Life, or Living Systems.

American Biologist Edward O. Wilson went further with the ‘Biophilia hypothesis’ in the mid 1980’s, that we don’t just love all things in the natural world, but we are genetically connected to them. As humans we have a deep desire to connect with nature whenever possible.

Our subconscious desire to be close to nature in our everyday lives continues even in the workplace.

The Artificial Leaf

Research groups have been trying to create artificial leafs to try and mimic natural processes. Dan Nocero then at MIT now at Harvard had success in 2011.

An Artificial Leaf splits water to produce oxygen and hydrogen, use hydrogen either as a fuel or to reduce carbon dioxide to produce organic fuels.Royal Society of Chemistry, Harnessing Light: Solar Energy for a Low Carbon Future,2008

Biomimetics, Design and Intelligent Buildings

BOTH ORGANISMS AND BUILDINGS HAVE TO SURVIVE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENTS

– ADAPTATION (Shape, Materials, Structures,…),MODULATION

– SENSING, ACTUATION (Passive, Active)– INTELLIGENCE (Choices, Responses)– ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading

The Fish (Peix) at Vila OlimpicaBarcelona 1989-1992 by Gehry

H. Aldersey-William , Zoomorphic 2004, (Lawrence King)

Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin, USA, 1994-2001 by Santiago Calatrava is like a Bird

Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre by Norman Foster like an Armadillo

Organic Architecture

Organic architecture promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design. Sympathetic and integrated into its site so that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition.

Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright

Animal and Human Technologies

Spider’s webs, devices for catching food;

Spider’s web in detail hardened forms of

viscous thready masses.

Otto –Rasch 2001

Bubble and net formation in a living cell (radiolaria)

We mimic Nature, but have yet to come up with anything to match its technical and aesthetic ingenuity, its ability to adapt to its environment and change over time.

Nothing beats a spider's web or for example the human skin.

Back to the Nature in the Urban Jungle, The Times, 26.8.2010 p.16

SPIDERS WEBS

Bower birds collect and arrange by size brightly coloured objects with which to lure the females and stimulate a sexual response.

Reed Hut Weather Shelter

More highly developed building technology for

woven reed hut.

Primeval House

Primeval House

Cerci organs (about 2mm long) carry about 2000 hair-type sense organs each act as:

air-flow sensorschemical sensorsacceleration sensorsdeformation sensorscontact sensors

WOOD CRICKET (15 mm long)

Integrated Sensing

Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading

Digital Botanic Architecture

The idea is not to make buildings look like botanic organisms. It is to interlace Nature and architecture enabling the design of hybridized, biological structures. The overall aim is to create new architectural typologies incorporating natural attributes ordered in performance, materials, mechanics, communications, and form.

Dollens 2009

The Podhotel copies leaves and pods from a flower stalk, the leaves being transformed into solar and shading panels and the pods being prefabricated rooms.

Dennis Dollens Grows Architecture: Podhotels and Spiral Bridges,06.05.07 www.treehugger.com

Magnetic or Compass termitaries near Darwin , Australia..

Attenborough, D, 2005,Life in the undergrowth, BBC Books p.228

Compass termites in Australia Evolved

orientation of termitary for preferred maximum temperature level of about 320C

Von Frisch 1975

The Ultima Tower - a Human Termite Nest by Eugene Tsui

Eastgate Office Building in Harare Zimbabwe inspired by termites nest

Biomimetics: Early Examples

Giant Water lilies – Kew Gardens-inspires the rib vaults at Crystal Palace Crystal Palace

1851Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading

Fractal topology of extruded leaf wax

Physical principle = Surface tension affected by wax

Droplet collects particles and clean leaf

Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading

Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism. Its name is a hybrid word, originating from the Greek bios for "living" and the Latin lumen "light". Bioluminescence is a naturally occurring form of chemiluminescence where energy is released by a chemical reaction in the form of light emission

BIOLUMINESCENT TREES

  Fireflies, anglerfish, other creatures and some mushrooms glow due to bioluminescense

Alberto Estévez’s Bioluminescent Tree

Experiments in bio-illumination with implications for architecture, industrial and environmental design.Dollens, 2005,Design Biomimetics: An Inquiry and Proposal for Architecture and Industrial

Design

Digital Walls

Gilder .J, Clements-Croome .D .J, 2010, Bio inspired Intelligent Design for the Future of Buildings

Digital Walls with Embedded Sensors

Dye sensitised solar cellswith titanium oxide layers

on a surface with light absorbing dye molecules

adsorbed on surface which can generate electricity

Gilder’s proposed photovoltaic cell over the membrane absorbing sunrays from all

directions inspired by Moths Eye

Microscopic view of a schematic membrane with impregnations on its outer surface created for increasing

its exposed surface area.

A virtual analysis of the model for this project showing the encapsulated routeings of the heating and cooling network within the base material of the structure.

Gilder .J, Clements-Croome .D .J, 2010, Bio inspired Intelligent Design for the Future of Buildings

Lessons from Nature

Although human ingenuity makes various inventions it will never discover inventions more beautiful, appropriate and more direct than in Nature because in her nothing is lacking and nothing is superfluous.

Leonardo Da Vinci

INNOVATION

Source: Joseph Jacobsen, Organizational and Individual Innovation Diffusion Global Innovation Outlook 2004, IBM, p.6

Technology Hype Cycle

Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle

New technologies are over hyped by the media and businesses.

A hype cycle is a graphic representation of the maturity, adoption and business application of specific technologies.

Technology Hype Cycle - 2009

Source http://www.gartner.com/

Pressures of Climate Change

Increasing CO2 levels

Increasing World Population

The power of the sun, 2010, Sullzer Technical Review,1 page 20

Solar Charging Clothing

Portable solar chargers like the U-Powered solar charger from Kiwi Choice are a handy way to keep mobile devices like smartphones, cameras and media players topped up with electricity while on the go. GO Solar Power comprises a range of clothing items that feature pockets to house solar panels to charge up mobile electronic devices.

Bacteria Heal Cracks in Walls

Researchers have designed bacteria that can produce a special glue to knit together cracks in concrete structures.

Fujitsu Converts Heat and Light into Electricity with a Single Device

Fujitsu Laboratories today announced a two-in-one energy harvesting device that can convert both light and heat into electricity. With no electrical wiring or batteries to replace, Fujitsu says that this sort of device can be manufactured from organic materials keeping costs to a minimum

3D-printed Sand Microclimates to Cool Public Places

Taking a leaf from traditional Islamic architecture that dealt with the harsh desert climate with Mashrabiyas – a projecting latticework window that provides shade from the hot sun while allowing cool air from the street to flow through – London-based design firm PostlerFeruson has designed a kind of three dimensional Mashrabiya that can cool the immediate area in an energy-free way

PAUSE

Nanotechnology and New Materials

Intelligent facades Self Cleaning concrete Self Healing concrete Low carbon concrete (Novacem) Lightweight stronger concrete with

nanotubes Plastic electronics Low energy lighting

Some Developments

SENSORY WORLD

Embedded Sensors in Buildings, Equipment and Clothing

Occupants lifestyle affect energy consumption

Embedded sensors help increase occupant’s awareness and help them to save money and society save energy

MotionHeat flux

TemperatureGalvanic skin response

Heart rateCO2 partial pressure

Blood CO2

Brain rhythmsMood and stress

Sensors Measure

HUMAN SENSORY INTERFACES

Body MovementsBody Electricity

Gesture RecognitionPersonalisation

M-Dress by Adam Chang works with a standard SIM card. When the dress rings, you raise your hand to your head to answer the call.

http://www.thestar.com/living/Fashion/article/529211

jumpsuit with built-in iPod control and pocket

The Hug Shirt™ is a Bluetooth accessory for Java

enabled mobile phones

KineticDress is a Victorian inspired

evening gown reactive to the wearer’s

activities and mood.

Mystique (the shape shifter): dress changes shape and length during the course of an evening

Accessory Nerve is a Bluetooth mono-sleeve accessory for mobile phones that changes pattern (creating pleats on the fabric) when a user receives phone calls

Embedded Theater) is a system that allows to interactively navigate audio-augmented environments and create mobile storytelling experiences

Fibres could Generate Electricity from Body Motion

Trousers generate enough electricity to power a portable electronic device or to charge a mobile phone.

Each fibre consist of millions of zinc-oxide nanowires grown onto longer strands of Kevlar.

A fabric made of the material could generate 80 mWm-2

Physics World Vol 21, No 3 March 08

Greening

Advantages of Greening

Cooling Effect Increased Insulation Aesthetics Increased Recreation Areas Reduced Heat Island Effect

Aldingbourne Nurseries

InnovationsPROCESSES Whole Life Value From Planning to Recycling Logistic support Analysis Sustainability Rating Tools Soft Landings Framework Optimisation Processes Network Science for Systems Interactions

InnovationsPEOPLE Biophilia Well-being Studies Personalisation Environment and Work Performance Information overload Spaces for working

InnovationsPRODUCTS/SYSTEMS Wireless Sensor Networks/Wi-Fi Chips Body Sensitive Architecture Cloud Computing Networked Worlds Low Power Lighting Renewables and Energy Water Use Waste Systems Nano Robots Smart Facades Biomimetic Architecture

Case Studies

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent Callebaut

http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

These Lilypads are constructed with a titanium dioxide skin to absorb CO2

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent Callebaut

http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

Titanium Dioxide skin to absorb CO2 2 seater electric pod cars Biodiesel/electric buses guided by

embedded road magnets Footstep energy Wind turbines using air movement Hydrogen from an Algae Park Tidal power from wind from passing car Solar energy from paint containing

solar nanoparticles

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent

Callebaut Solar energy from paint containing solar

nanoparticles Clear water from desalination Robotic maintenance Bubble Houses Phase change materials give temperature

regulation Hydroponic farms Plant water from sewage filtered via zebra

mussels 10 storey concrete tower with embedded

photovoltaics Geothermal wells for heating/coolinghttp://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

The Arab World Institute in Paris Institut du Monde

Arabe (IMA)By Jean Nouvel

1981-1987

His first nationally recognised project. Received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture 1987-1989.

Helped him to win the 1988 Grand Prix d’Architecture.

This grid elevation contain 240 units16000 moving parts

Works like a lens of a camera a mosaic-patterned

block

a jewel a precious clockwork mechanism

- Maintenance

- Power

- Heat

MashrabyyaDelicate exterior element

Cooling water

Shading

Filtration air from dust

Privacy

Has several uses such as

curtain, air conditioner and refrigerator

The unique use of high-tech photosensitive mechanical devices made this building famous in 1987.

Nowadays its still widely known and hasn’t lost its futuristic impression but

the facade system no longer works.

  Van Poucke on 31/ 01/ 2011, under History, Technology : Kinetic Architecture.net

MATERIALS and SURFACE TREATMENTS

Plants and Air Purity Areca Palm converts CO2 to O2-- need 4 shoulder

height plants per person

Mother-in-Laws Tongue converts CO2 to O2 during the night-- need 6-8 waist high plants per person

Money Plant absorbs formaldehyde and VOCs

Plants can increase blood oxygen levels and decrease building sickness symptons like eye irritations, headaches; asthma; respiratory and lung problems

Research carried out by Kamal Meattle , CEO ,Paharpur Business centre & Software Technology Incubator Park in New Delhi

UV PCO

Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO) or Photocatylisis is the opposite of photosynthesis.

PCO is a natural process whereby Ultra Violet light energy reacts with the mineral Titanium Dioxide (TiO2), triggering a chemical process that safely and instantly oxidizes or breaks up organic matter at a molecular level.

As a catalyst, TiO2 continues to work and is not consumed in the process.

www.pureti.co.uk

PURETi treated surfaces work with nature to purify air quality including:

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Smog incorporating NOx and organic Particulate Matter.

Odours from methane – such as tobacco smoke, human and agricultural waste.

Methane / Formaldehyde

Indoors on windows and lighting

Outdoors on building exteriors, hardscapes, asphalt and concrete.

Improving Air Quality

www.pureti.co.uk

PURETi helps restore and maintain a healthy living and working environments.Clinically proven to reduce the riskof infection, allergies and disease

Indoors on windows and lighting

Outdoors on building exteriors, hardscapes, asphalt and concrete.

Health and Wellbeing

www.pureti.co.uk

Type 2 Approved Type 2 Medical Device

Beautiful architecture and design can be protected and easily maintained.Entire streetscapes, from buildings to signposts, road markings to advertising billboards, can be kept cleaner for longer, ensuring greater efficiency.

Protecting Aesthetics

www.pureti.co.uk

Solar

Not Treated

Treated

PURETI UV-PCO IS THE ANSWER!One Application Works for 3-5 Years!

Uses Light to Clean – Not Chemicals!

Cuts Maintenance Cost and Time by >50%NON COATED

Soiling de-rates PV solar 4%/25% Thermal Solar by upto 50%

PURETi reduces soiling reducing cleaning costs (50%) improving output.

PURETi is also known to have huge impacts on output in extreme temperatures.

www.pureti.co.uk

Smog Eating Architecture

Dives in Misericordia (Rome) by US Architect Richard Meier.

Structure and sails were constructed using photocatalytic / active cement. TiO2 was employed not only to keep the building white but also reduce air pollution.

www.pureti.co.uk

Il Duomo – Milan, ItalyIl Duomo – Milan, ItalyTrial controlled by Professor Claudia L. Bianchi; University. of Milan, Chemistry Department.

Trial of4 areas of the recently cleaned Duomo – 2 sculptured reliefs located at the base, a wall set in the middle section and roof panels.

www.pureti.co.uk

Phase Change Materials

The RACUS® ceiling tile incorporates a bio-based phase change material which captures and stores excess heat gains from within the building which reduces the need for air conditioning.

The phase change material is a composition of vegetable oils and fatty acids which are microencapsulated within an acrylic polymer shell that are embedded within the ceiling tile.“

"RACUS® stands for Reducing Air Conditioning Units and Systems.

Microencapsulated Bio-based PCM

VEGETABLE OIL & FATTY ACID

PCM CORE

ACRYLIC POLYMER SHELL

28262420

18

Infra-red Thermal Imaging

19°CRoom Temp.with RACUS®

20°C22°C24°C22°C

20°C

Room Temp. without RACUS®

24°C

"As the room temperature begins to reach 24°C, the phase change material, which starts off in a solid state, begins to melt within the shell and absorbs the excess latent heat from the surrounding environment throughout the day.

As the room temperature cools to below 20°C, the phase change materials slowly begins to solidify and release the stored latent heat back into the building. It performs through a natural passive process continually day after day, year after year.“

GROUND SOURCE COOLING

Underground Thermal Energy Storage; The

Principle UTES is a system which utilises Interseasonal Heat Transfer (IHT). This involves the storage of excess energy

from summer for use in winter heating applications, and the storage of cooling potential from winter

for free cooling in summer.

•Cool Store •

Warm Store

Cooling Buildings

Warming Buildings

Heat Gain

Heat Losses

Free Cooling

Heat Pump

ATES - Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage

Environmental Aspects of Masdar City

Keith Calder of Norman Foster and

Partners

Environmental Design Response │ March 2012

90% recycled aluminium facade reflecting light

Indirect light bounced into apartment

Highly insulated fully sealed façade

GRC elements and mashrabiya screens provide protection from direct sunlight

Undulated balconies provide privacy and shading

GRC with low thermal mass Fast responsive system cooling down very quickly to reduce heat gain

Residential Façade – Concept and Performance

Environmental Design Response │ March 2012

Student Accommodation – Façade DesignSolar Screens

Low Thermal Mass

Patterned screens provide privacy

control

Ventilated Cavity

Double skin avoids convection gain

Recycled Aluminium

Reflects light to street

High thermal conductivity -

cools down quickly

Highly Insulated

U-Value

0.19 W/m2K

Highly Sealed

3m3/m2/hr

Environmental Design Response │ March 2012

ETFE cushions filter direct sunlight and mirror finish foil reflects the light into the public realm

Windows located where required for views and daylight

Highly insulated and fully sealed façade

Lightweight ETFE cushions absorb energy to avoid heat radiating back into the street

Passive shading devices to eliminate direct solar gain

Indirect lightbounced into research spaces

Laboratory Facade – Concept and Performance

Environmental Design Response │ March 2012

Laboratory – Facade DesignSolar Shading

Glare free daylight and solar control

Positioned to maintain views

out

ETFE cushions

Low Thermal Mass

Lightweight

Non-stick coating

Lightweight Frame

Air gap for heat buffer

Reflective Foil

Light to narrow streets

Heat rejection layer

Highly Insulated

U-Value

0.19 W/m2K

Highly Sealed

3m3/m2/hr

Environmental Design Response │ March 2012

Laboratory Façade – Prototype Offsite Testing

CWCT Test Methods for Curtain Walling

CWTC = Centre for Window and Cladding Technology

• Air Infiltration test• Static water pressure test• Dynamic water pressure test• Wind serviceability test

(deflections)• Wind safety load test

(strength)• Hose test

Environmental Design Response │ March 2012

Abu Dhabi – Typical Street

Radiant temperature 52°C39°C Air temperature

Abu Dhabi is not very successful at controlling microclimate. As seen in the images , the temperatures sensed and surface temperatures are well above the traditional thermal comfort range. There are various reasons for this.

Environmental Design Response │ March 2012

Abu Dhabi – Typical Street

Asphalt57°C

Radiant temperature 52°C39°C Air temperature

Building38°C

20°C 50°C

Presence of cars as heat sources and ubiquitous presence of asphalts lead to ground surface temperatures above 50 deg C. We measured 51.6 C at midday in September. They would be possibly higher in mid summer months!

Environmental Design Response │ March 2012

Courtyard - Pool of Coolness

Environmental Design Response │ March 2012

Courtyard- Pool of Coolness

20°C 50°C

Dry ground (shade)33°C

Wet ground (shade)27°C

Environmental Design Response │ March 2012

Street ComparisonHamdan Street, Central Abu Dhabi

Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

Environmental Design Response │ March 2012

Street Comparison

20°C 50°C

39°C Air temperature

Ground Surface Temperature57°C

Radiant Temperature37°C

Ground Surface Temperature33°C

Radiant Temperature52°C

The Camels Nose

To keep sand from blowing into their noses, camels can shut their nostrils.

When there is no sand blowing in the wind, a camel can open its nostrils (A) and breathe through its nose.

When the wind starts to whip up the sand, the camel just closes its nose (B).

http://www.allsinai.info/sites/fauna/camel.htm

The camel's nose acts as both a humidifier and a dehumidifier with every breathing cycle.

The hot, dry air that is inhaled passes over the large area of moist membrane. This air is immediately humidified by picking up moisture from the nose and cooled in the process,. This cooler air passes to the lungs and remains at approximately body temperature.

When it is exhaled, it is cooled even further by passing over the same nasal membranes, this time by a process of dehumidifying instead of humidifying. The nasal membranes are coated with a special water-absorbing substance that extracts the moisture from the air like the cooling coils of a dehumidifier.

A net savings of 68 percent in the water usually lost through respiration occurs just between the cooling and drying phases of the breathing cycle.

Vertical garden cities and buildings

EDIBLE ARCHITECTURE

DNA-inspired twisting Agora Garden underway in Taipei City by Vincent Callebaut

Asian Cairns in Shenzhen by Vincent Callebaut 2013

Six buildings on 70 acres produce their own food and generate energy using PV solar and axial wind turbines.

Each ‘pebble’ can be for different uses. Orchards, vegetables and gardens are planted within and outside the buildings

Cybertecture Egg-Shaped Building

Cybertecture New form Architecture

James Law Cybertecture Designs

Technosphere

The Capital The Vasukamal (The Fountain Head)

Cybertecture Egg-Shaped Building

Profile:Location: Mumbai, IndiaPurpose: Office Building

Completion date: End of 2010Organization: James Law Cybertecture company

Cybertecture Egg-Shaped Building

Intelligent building Management System

-Use of control and automation

services

-Achieve the best interior and exterior building performance

-Responding to the occupants’ satisfaction regarding to the building performance

Cybertecture Egg-Shaped Building

shape of the building visual sense

intangible materials

High space flexibility

Cybertecture Egg-Shaped Building

Sky Gardens-Structure used to protect the building, by enabling sun shading and providinga refreshing atmosphereto the building. - Use of solar PV and windturbine system at the

rooftop

Cybertecture Egg-Shaped Building

Intelligent glass facade system-approximately 15% less surface area than

conventional buildings

-glass panels Solar gain

Heat gain -Stress mitigation

- Stress mitigation

Cybertecture Egg-Shaped Building

Indoor comfort- “Best space to work

in” J.L. Cybertecture- ‘Cybertecture

Health’ provides Interactive

featuresPresents people’s

health statistics such as blood

pressure and weight

CARBON POSITIVE BUILDINGS

Arificial Leaf can generate hydrogen

Dan Nocera at Harvard

Hydrogen Production in Leaves

Artificial Leaf Mechanism Using Sunlight and

Water

Hydrogen Producing Façade

A Water Wall with Artificial Leaves Immersed Within

Sunlight Radiates Causing Reaction

Hydrogen Produced

Hydrogen Producing Artificial Leaf Facade

Recommendations

Tenets for Intelligent Buildings

Plan and design with an Integrated Team so that clients, consultants, contractors, facilities managers all develop a commitment to the project and want to fulfil the environmental, social and economic aims.

Systems  and holistic thinking are key.

Assess the impacts of the buildings on occupants and communities nearby.

Occupants  behaviour has a large effect on the consumption of energy and water so try to increase awareness of occupants to the impact of their actions on resources.

Aim to increase the built asset value for the organisation

Understand users perceptions: understand the physical and psychological well-being.

Design for Flexible and agile space

Provide Individual control of environmental conditions

Use smart metering  but wireless sensor technology becoming applicable in building operation for personal use by consumers. 

Develop data management systems  

to give feedback on the performance of spaces in the building.

Understand the interaction between the building, systems and the occupants

Commission pre-occupancy and post-occupancy evaluation are vital.

Use a whole life value approach to 

ensure quality and whole life costs  considered.

Aim for simplicity  rather than complexity in operation.

Think about well-being and freshness besides comfort and

consider all the senses and how air, view, daylight, sound, colour ,greenery and space affect us in the workplace.

Connectivity is important for

Interoperability not only between the systems and the building but also between the occupant and the building

Design for flexibility and adaptability

Think of an Intelligent Building as an organism  responding to human and environmental needs but also one that needs to “breathe” through the facade between the external and internal environments.

The façade transfers light, solar radiation, air, noise, and moisture but also links occupants to the outside world so intelligent or smart facades allow these aspects to be controlled in a way which is functional but also

Design environment to be enjoyable to those working and living inside the building.

Balance efficiency with effectiveness. An air supply system for example can

deliver the “right” amount of air to a space and be deemed efficient but may not be effective in the space because it has no impact on the breathing zone where the people are.

Plan facilities management so the building is cared for

Design beyond the expectations defined in Regulations.

Keep abreast of relevant fields of knowledge and innovation.

Learn from other sectors and disciplines

Develop an integrated approach to education to meet sustainable agenda

FUTURES Carbon negative buildings like

artificial leaf hydrogen generating facades also

algae biofuel facades Green living facades Applications of biomimetics Smart materials for reactive

facades;embedded sensors, nanotubes , graphene

Application of nanotechnologies Robotics for prefabrication, cleaning,

maintenance and site assembly

FUTURES Robotics for prefabrication, cleaning,

maintenance and site assembly Fully integrated interoperable

systems Buildings into smart grid system Wireless Sensor Technology linking

climate, building, systems and occupants

Innovation with respect for passive low technology

New culture of value, systems and holistic thinking and vision

Bio Intelligent Quotient building by Arup/Splitterwerk £4.8m 3 years

129 Algae louvred tanks SE/SW facadesAlgae +nutrients+CO2+sunlight

Algae harvested and processed for biogas

Also shades buildingSolar heat used too

BIQ Algae Powered Building Hamburg

2013

BIQ Algae Powered Building Hamburg 2013

GRAPHENE

Carbon atomic scale honeycomb lattice

Lightest strongest and stiffest substance known

Can self repair Many applications

GRAPHENE LAYER

WHAT WE CALL THE BEGINNING IS OFTEN THE

END

AND TO MAKE AN END IS TO MAKE A BEGINNING

THE END IS WHERE WE START FROM

T.S.ELIOT-- FOUR QUARTETS-- LITTLE GIDDING