RICK R. LEETCH

1 The Human Body: An Orientation

The Human Body – An OrientationThe Human Body – An Orientation

Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy

Large structures

Easily observable

Figure 14.4

Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy

Very small structures

Can only be viewed with a microscope

Figure 1.1

Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.2a

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Integumentary

Forms the external bodycovering

Protects deeper tissue frominjury

Synthesizes vitamin D

Location of nerve receptors

Figure 1.2b

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Skeletal

Protects and supportsbody organs

Provides muscleattachment for movement

Site of blood cellformation

Stores mineral

Figure 1.2c

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Muscular

Allows locomotion

Maintains posture

Produces heat

Figure 1.2d

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Nervous

Fast-acting controlsystem

Responds to internal andexternal change

Activates muscles andglands

Figure 1.2e

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Endocrine

Secretes regulatoryhormones

Growth

Reproduction

Metabolism

Figure 1.2f

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Cardiovascular

Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Wastes

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Lymphatic

Returns fluids to blood vessels

Disposes of debris

Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Respiratory

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Digestive

Breaks down food

Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

Eliminates indigestible material

Figure 1.2i

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Urinary

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Maintains acid – base balance

Regulates water and electrolytes

Figure 1.2j

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview Reproductive

Production of offspring

Figure 1.2k

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries

Movement

Locomotion

Movement of substances

Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes and react

Digestion

Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions Metabolism – chemical reactions within

the body

Production of energy

Making body structures

Excretion

Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions Reproduction

Production of future generation

Growth

Increasing of cell size and number

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs Nutrients

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Oxygen

Required for chemical reactions

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs Water

60–80% of body weight

Stable body temperature

HomeostasisHomeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal

environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

RICK R. LEETCH

1 Overview of Homeostasis

Figure 1.4

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural

and hormonal control systems

Receptor

Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

Sends information to control center

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis Control center

Determines set point

Analyzes information

Determines appropriate response

Effector

Provides a means for response to the stimulus

Feedback Mechanisms Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback

Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

Works like a household thermostat

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms Positive feedback

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

The Human Body: An Orientation

The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding

Exact terms are used for:

Position

Direction

Regions

Structures

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (cont)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAdqtJaLuMQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAdqtJaLuMQ

Body Landmarks Anterior

Figure 1.5a

Body Landmarks Posterior

Figure 1.5b

Body Planes

Figure 1.6

Body Cavities

Figure 1.7

Body Cavities

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Figure 1.8a

Abdominopelvic Major Organs

Figure 1.8c

Autopsy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6E6RselPZ0

Lab Video Directional terms, planes

Good

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYH2OAjDj8o

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUQETwclesg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhBRo1cMocA

Lab Video

Intro Anatomy 1 Dorsal Cavity

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYH2OAjDj8o

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZffxPpBjiA

Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.8b