Scientific Revolution

Expermentation• Relied on Greek and Roman explanations• Renaissance thinkers started to question

these theories• Developed Scientific Method:

Sciences/Mathematics & Instruments

• Calculus, astronomy, physics, & anatomy = major discoveries

• Instruments - Barometer – measure air pressure - Microscope – investigate small objects - Telescope – see distant objects - Thermometer – temperature

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543)

• Astronomer• Heliocentric (sun – centered) model

of the solar system• Went against Aristotle’s & Ptolemy’s

geocentric (earth – centered) theory• Few believed his theory

Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)

• Developed laws of planetary motion - Elliptical orbits

Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642)

• Italian astronomer• Telescope• 1610 published findings• Church calls findings heresy - forced to recant his findings• Gravity and speed of fallen objects - all objects fall at same speed w/o air

friction

Isaac Newton (1643 – 1728)

• Laws of universal gravitation - Universe viewed as a large machine, operating according to certain rules

Anatomy• Andreas Vesalius, 1543 - Published several volumes

filled with descriptions and illustrations of body systems

• William Harvey, 1628 - Circulatory system and

importance of the heart

Biology - Chemistry

• Antoni Leeuwenhook - discovered bacteria using a

microscope• Study of Chemistry - composition of matter & how it

changes - elements being identified

Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650)

• All assumptions should be questioned• “I think therefore I am”• Discourse of Method, 1637 - Only certain things are true w/o facts to prove them• Use of reason --- rationalism

Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)

• Lots of Experimentation• Inductive thinking

- Specific observation to general assumptions

- Ex: Ice is cold, All ice is cold

Spread of Knowledge

Use the timeline “Major Steps in the Scientific Revolution” on page 626-627 to answer the following.

_____1. Who wrote “The Nature of the Sun and Earth”? A. Bacon B. Copernicus C. Coste Blanche

_____2. Who invented the microscope? A. Janssen B. Harvey C. Galileo

_____3. Who made their invention LAST? A. Torricelli B. Janssen C. Fahrenheit

_____4. How many years passed between the invention of the microscope and it’s use to find bacteria? A.150 B.160 C.174

_____5. What country did not establish a group dedicated to science study? A. France B. England C. America

_____6. Why did Galileo face an inquisition? A. He supported Copernicus’s theory B. He supported Bacon’s theory C. None

_____7. Who developed the Heliocentric theory? A. Copernicus B. Vesalius C. Bacon

_____8. Who invented the mercury thermometer? A. Fahrenheit B. Boyle C. Newton

_____9. What year did Newton publish his law of gravity? A. 1687 B. 1670 C. 1720

_____10. Who discovered how the human heart works? A. Descartes B. Torricelli C. Harvey

_____11. Who published their theory FIRST? A. Harvey B. Copernicus C. Janssen

_____12. Who did not publish a science related article? A. Galileo B. Descartes C. Torricelli

_____13. Who did not invent a new technology? A. Janssen B. Kepler C. Torricelli

_____14. Newton published the law of gravity? A. True B. False

_____15. Galileo was an author and an inventor? A. True B. False

Read the following passage and answer the related questions.

With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies [of Copernicus] and also every other error….contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert….anything that might cause a similar suspicion toward me.

Galileo Galilei as quoted in “The Discoverers”_____1. What suspicion is it he wants to prevent?

A. That he agrees with the church B. That he disagrees with the church C. That he is a god

_____2. Why is he apologizing?

A. Because he has said something contrary to the church B. Because he left the church C. He is dying

_____3. What does “contrary” mean?

A. Goes along with B. Agrees with C. Does not go along with

_____4. What does he promise NOT to do?

A. Say or do anything that goes against the church B. Believe in the church C. Join or forgive the church

_____5. What scientist did Galileo support that got him into trouble?

A. Copernicus B. Galilei C. Holy Church

_____6. What word was NOT used to describe Galileo’s feeling?

A. Detest B. Error C. Sad

_____7. What would this be considered?

A. An apology B. A poem C. A song

True or False

____________________8. Galileo is apologizing for his beliefs in this statement.

____________________9. Galileo promises to continue his research – even if it is contrary to the church.

____________________10. The Church liked with Galileo’s work.