shinya suzuki, fukuoka university, japan. sardinia 2009 household behavior on combustible waste...

Shinya Suzuki, Fukuoka University, Japan. Sardinia 2009Shinya Suzuki, Fukuoka University, Japan. Sardinia 2009

Household Behavior on Combustible Waste Household Behavior on Combustible Waste Set-outs under “Door-to-door” Collection Set-outs under “Door-to-door” Collection Method with “Pay-as-you-throw” systemMethod with “Pay-as-you-throw” system

Household Behavior on Combustible Waste Household Behavior on Combustible Waste Set-outs under “Door-to-door” Collection Set-outs under “Door-to-door” Collection Method with “Pay-as-you-throw” systemMethod with “Pay-as-you-throw” system

11

Shinya SuzukiShinya Suzuki, , Ayako Tachifuji, Yasushi MatsufujiAyako Tachifuji, Yasushi Matsufuji

Department of Civil Engineering, Fukuoka University8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180 JapanE-mail: [email protected]@fukuoka-u.ac.jp


1. Introduction1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions

1-1 Background in Japan1-1 Background in Japan1. Introduction1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions

1-1 Background in Japan1-1 Background in Japan1) Increasing number of municipalities

begun “chargecharge” for waste collection

- in many cases, “Pay-as-you-throwPay-as-you-throw” system

- by using specified waste bagspecified waste bag

1) Increasing number of municipalities begun “chargecharge” for waste collection

- in many cases, “Pay-as-you-throwPay-as-you-throw” system

- by using specified waste bagspecified waste bag

2) Some municipalities convert way of waste collection - from “station” collection (traditional method in Japan)

- to “door-to-door” collection

2) Some municipalities convert way of waste collection - from “station” collection (traditional method in Japan)

- to “door-to-door” collection

- specify common waste collection point for multiple households- unspecified people dispose of waste carelessly, which makes there dirty- too heavy for elderly people or physically-challenged people to bring waste

- specify common waste collection point for multiple households- unspecified people dispose of waste carelessly, which makes there dirty- too heavy for elderly people or physically-challenged people to bring waste

- Each household set out waste bag in front of entrance of housing- clarify waste generator’s responsibility, stimulate waste separation - anxiety on increase of cost of waste collection

- Each household set out waste bag in front of entrance of housing- clarify waste generator’s responsibility, stimulate waste separation - anxiety on increase of cost of waste collection

Specified waste bagSpecified waste bag

- in order to realize waste minimization effectively- in order to realize waste minimization effectively


1) Household behavior changed by introducing “pay-as-you-throw” system- reduced number of bagsnumber of bags, but not necessarily actual weightactual weight,

(Don Fullerton & Thomas Kinnaman (1996))Because,

2) Discouraged household from setting out waste bags, - to store them for longer periodslonger periods.

(George L., Van Houtven and Glenn E. Morris (2000))So,

3) WTP for curbside recycling service was highest, - while reduced garbage container sizecontainer size under quantity-based pricing

(Alok K. Bohara, Arthur J. Caplan, Therese Grijalva (2007))

1) Household behavior changed by introducing “pay-as-you-throw” system- reduced number of bagsnumber of bags, but not necessarily actual weightactual weight,

(Don Fullerton & Thomas Kinnaman (1996))Because,

2) Discouraged household from setting out waste bags, - to store them for longer periodslonger periods.

(George L., Van Houtven and Glenn E. Morris (2000))So,

3) WTP for curbside recycling service was highest, - while reduced garbage container sizecontainer size under quantity-based pricing

(Alok K. Bohara, Arthur J. Caplan, Therese Grijalva (2007))

5) From theoretical point of view, when storage capacity was relatively smallersmaller, households will set out more frequentlyfrequently.

(F. S. Wang, A.J. Richardson, and F.A. Roddick (1997))

5) From theoretical point of view, when storage capacity was relatively smallersmaller, households will set out more frequentlyfrequently.

(F. S. Wang, A.J. Richardson, and F.A. Roddick (1997))

4) Difference of waste collection system influenced convenience for residents to set out waste and lead to change behavior on waste set-outs

(Pilar L. Gonzalez-Torre, B. Adenso-Diaz, Alex Ruiz-Torres (2003))

4) Difference of waste collection system influenced convenience for residents to set out waste and lead to change behavior on waste set-outs

(Pilar L. Gonzalez-Torre, B. Adenso-Diaz, Alex Ruiz-Torres (2003))


1-2 1-2 in Previous Studies,in Previous Studies,1. Introduction1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions

1-2 1-2 in Previous Studies,in Previous Studies,



1-3 Objective1-3 Objective1. Introduction1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions

1-3 Objective1-3 ObjectiveIntroduction of “Pay-as-you-throw” system

- stimulates thorough waste separation and recycling- has effect on waste reduction

- change waste set-outs behavior dramatically

Introduction of “Pay-as-you-throw” system - stimulates thorough waste separation and recycling- has effect on waste reduction

- change waste set-outs behavior dramatically

For better management on waste collection,

To clarify characteristics on waste set-out behaviorwaste set-out behavior- under “door to doordoor to door” collection method - by using specified waste bagspecified waste bag

For better management on waste collection,

To clarify characteristics on waste set-out behaviorwaste set-out behavior- under “door to doordoor to door” collection method - by using specified waste bagspecified waste bag

How about influence on waste generation and collection?How about influence on waste generation and collection?

How they reduces waste set-outswaste set-outs? reduces wastewaste?How about relationship between waste set-outswaste set-outs and amount of wasteamount of waste?Are there more effective methodsmore effective methods to facilitate to reduce waste?

How they reduces waste set-outswaste set-outs? reduces wastewaste?How about relationship between waste set-outswaste set-outs and amount of wasteamount of waste?Are there more effective methodsmore effective methods to facilitate to reduce waste?


1. Introduction 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 3. Results and Discussion 4. 4. ConclusionsConclusions

2-1 Solid Waste Management 2-1 Solid Waste Management Fukuoka city, JapanFukuoka city, Japan

1. Introduction 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 3. Results and Discussion 4. 4. ConclusionsConclusions

2-1 Solid Waste Management 2-1 Solid Waste Management Fukuoka city, JapanFukuoka city, Japan

One district in “Fukuoka city”- 1,664 peoples- 673 households- 0.17 km2

- 9,8009,800 people/km2

Typical residential area in Japan.

One district in “Fukuoka city”- 1,664 peoples- 673 households- 0.17 km2

- 9,8009,800 people/km2

Typical residential area in Japan.

“Fukuoka cityFukuoka city”, 8th largest city, 1.4 million people,- for MSW, “pay-as-you-throwpay-as-you-throw” system, since Oct. 2005.

- 1) CombustiblesCombustibles, - 2) Incombustibles, - 3) recyclables “Glasses and PET bottles”, - 4) Bulky waste

“Fukuoka cityFukuoka city”, 8th largest city, 1.4 million people,- for MSW, “pay-as-you-throwpay-as-you-throw” system, since Oct. 2005.

- 1) CombustiblesCombustibles, - 2) Incombustibles, - 3) recyclables “Glasses and PET bottles”, - 4) Bulky waste

[Combustibles]- average 0.6 (kg/person/day)

- 90% of MSW, - 10% reduction

-Households can buy any capacitythey like in each 10 bags.

[Combustibles]- average 0.6 (kg/person/day)

- 90% of MSW, - 10% reduction

-Households can buy any capacitythey like in each 10 bags.

- 15 litters15 litters (15 yen/bag; 0.11 Euros)- 30 litters30 litters (30 yen/bag; 0.22 Euros)- 4545 litterslitters (45 yen/bag; 0.33 Euros)

- 15 litters15 litters (15 yen/bag; 0.11 Euros)- 30 litters30 litters (30 yen/bag; 0.22 Euros)- 4545 litterslitters (45 yen/bag; 0.33 Euros)

Collected twice a week - in night time- under “Door-to-door” collection

Collected twice a week - in night time- under “Door-to-door” collection


1. Introduction 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions

2-2 Analytical Methods2-2 Analytical Methods1. Introduction 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions

2-2 Analytical Methods2-2 Analytical Methods5050 sample households sample households - with a variety of household size

- used specified collection point - identified relationship between set out waste bagwaste bag and waste generatorwaste generator

5050 sample households sample households - with a variety of household size- used specified collection point

- identified relationship between set out waste bagwaste bag and waste generatorwaste generator

- enabled to confirm retention time retention time in each waste bag- Set-out frequencyfrequency- NumberNumber of waste bag- CapacityCapacity of waste bag- WeightWeight of waste bag

- enabled to confirm retention time retention time in each waste bag- Set-out frequencyfrequency- NumberNumber of waste bag- CapacityCapacity of waste bag- WeightWeight of waste bag

Actual measurement survey on amount of waste- to clarify actual status on waste set-outs- on March 7th 2006, March 10th, March 14th, March 17th, continuously

Actual measurement survey on amount of waste- to clarify actual status on waste set-outs- on March 7th 2006, March 10th, March 14th, March 17th, continuously

Sun. Mon. Tue. Wed. Thu. Fri. Sat.1ｓｔ ○ ○2nd ○ ○

- Density of waste bag- Density of waste bag


1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 4. Conclusions

3-1-1) Actual Status on Waste Set-out Pattern3-1-1) Actual Status on Waste Set-out Pattern1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 4. Conclusions

3-1-1) Actual Status on Waste Set-out Pattern3-1-1) Actual Status on Waste Set-out Pattern

Only halfhalf of households did not always set out waste !

Only halfhalf of households did not always set out waste !

Number Tue. Fri. Tue. Fri. of household

a) 27

b) 4

c) 4

d) 2

e) 2

f) 0

g) 1

h) 2

i) 2

j) 0

k) 2

l) 0

m) 0

n) 1

o) 0

p) 3

: Day disposed: Day not disposed

Mar. 7th Mar. 10thMar. 14thMar. 17th

Every time: 2727 households

3 times: 1212 households

2 times: 7 7 households

1 time: 11 household

- Tend to reduce set-out rate under “pay-as-you-throw” system in spite of convenience of “door-to-door” collection

- Tend to reduce set-out rate under “pay-as-you-throw” system in spite of convenience of “door-to-door” collection

Number of waste set-outs did not always depend on household size

- not have regularity for set out pattern of waste bag

Number of waste set-outs did not always depend on household size

- not have regularity for set out pattern of waste bag



3-1-2) Summation of Waste Set-out Pattern3-1-2) Summation of Waste Set-out Pattern1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 4. Conclusions

3-1-2) Summation of Waste Set-out Pattern3-1-2) Summation of Waste Set-out Pattern

Not every timeEvery time

Relationship between set-out frequency frequency and profile of waste bagprofile of waste bag- 70%70% of households used only 1 kind 1 kind of waste bag (many household !many household !)- Even though households less than 3 times,

used 45 litters45 litters of waste bag, not 30 or 15 litters of waste bag

Relationship between set-out frequency frequency and profile of waste bagprofile of waste bag- 70%70% of households used only 1 kind 1 kind of waste bag (many household !many household !)- Even though households less than 3 times,

used 45 litters45 litters of waste bag, not 30 or 15 litters of waste bag

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Every time or not

45 litter

30 (or 15) litter

More than 2 kinds

Capacity of waste bag

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Every time

Not every time



3-2-1) Density Distribution of Waste Bag3-2-1) Density Distribution of Waste Bag1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 4. Conclusions

3-2-1) Density Distribution of Waste Bag3-2-1) Density Distribution of Waste Bag

Density of waste bag(firstly introduced in this study)

- Wide distribution- Mode value: 0.08 - 0.10 (kg/L)

Density of waste bag(firstly introduced in this study)

- Wide distribution- Mode value: 0.08 - 0.10 (kg/L)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0

6

12

18

24

30

0.00

-0.0

20.

02-0

.04

0.04

-0.0

60.

06-0

.08

0.08

-0.1

00.

10-0

.12

0.12

-0.1

40.

14-0

.16

0.16

-0.1

80.

18-0

.20

0.20

-0.2

20.

22-0

.24

0.24

-0.2

60.

26-0

.28

0.28

-0.3

00.

30-0

.32

0.32

-0.3

40.

34-0

.36

0.36

-0.3

80.

34-0

.40

Density of waste bag (kg/L)

45 litter; n=114

7 days4 days3 dayscumulative frequency

Conventional “apparent density”(at pit incineration plant)- Mean value: 0.20 (kg/L)

Conventional “apparent density”(at pit incineration plant)- Mean value: 0.20 (kg/L)

Cumulative frequency- indicate 100% near 0.20 (kg/L)Cumulative frequency- indicate 100% near 0.20 (kg/L)

In fact, waste bag could be fulfilled with 0.200.20 (kg/L) of waste, but actually,

Many households felt waste bag “fullfull” around 0.08 - 0.100.08 - 0.10 (kg/L)

In fact, waste bag could be fulfilled with 0.200.20 (kg/L) of waste, but actually,

Many households felt waste bag “fullfull” around 0.08 - 0.100.08 - 0.10 (kg/L)

half value



3-2-2) Density3-2-2) Density simultaneously set out from each household simultaneously set out from each household


3-2-2) Density3-2-2) Density simultaneously set out from each household simultaneously set out from each household

Left part: already entered waste fullfull into 1st bag1st bag beforebefore collection dayprepared 2nd waste bag, set out 2 bags at the same collection day

Right part: a large amount of waste on each collection day, could not enter waste into 1 bag1 bag at the same time

Left part: already entered waste fullfull into 1st bag1st bag beforebefore collection dayprepared 2nd waste bag, set out 2 bags at the same collection day

Right part: a large amount of waste on each collection day, could not enter waste into 1 bag1 bag at the same time

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Mar

ch 1

4th

Mar

ch 7

th

Mar

ch 1

0th

Mar

ch 7

th

Mar

ch 1

4th

Mar

ch 1

7th

Mar

ch 7

th

Mar

ch 1

7th

Mar

ch 1

4th

Mar

ch 1

0th

Mar

ch 7

th

Mar

ch 1

4th

Mar

ch 1

0th

Mar

ch 1

4th

Mar

ch 1

7th

1-2 4-1 5-1 5-1 2-2 1-2 5-4 2-2 5-3 4-1 2-16 4-2 2-2 5-4 3-3

Den

sity

of was

te b

ag (kg

/L)

Household and disposed day

Average1st2nd



3-3-1) 5 Categories of Waste Set-outs3-3-1) 5 Categories of Waste Set-outs1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 4. Conclusions

3-3-1) 5 Categories of Waste Set-outs3-3-1) 5 Categories of Waste Set-outs

Number of Number of Mar. 7th Mar. 10th Mar. 14th Mar. 10thset-outs household 45L 30L 15L 45L 30L 15L 45L 30L 15L 45L 30L 15L4 times 9 1 3 2 2

2 3 2 22 1 1 11 1 1 22 2 1 11 1 3 12 2 4 31 1 2 12 1 2 1

3 times 3 6 3 22 1 13 1 2

2 times 1 2 4

CATEGORY 1)CATEGORY 1): 45 liters of bag only, : 45 liters of bag only, more than 2 bags at least 1 timemore than 2 bags at least 1 time

CATEGORY 2)CATEGORY 2): More than 2 kinds of bag, : More than 2 kinds of bag, more than 2 bags at least 1 timemore than 2 bags at least 1 time

4 times 7 1 1 1 1 11 2 1 1

1 2 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 2 13 1 2 1 1 13 1 1 2 1 1

3 times 3 2 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

Even such households set out waste bags less than 3 times.

Even such households set out waste bags less than 3 times.

Daily change of amount of waste was so large

- many households were forced to make adjustment each collection day.

Daily change of amount of waste was so large

- many households were forced to make adjustment each collection day.

A large amount of waste A large amount of waste



3-3-2) 5 Categories of Waste Set-outs3-3-2) 5 Categories of Waste Set-outs1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 4. Conclusions

3-3-2) 5 Categories of Waste Set-outs3-3-2) 5 Categories of Waste Set-outsNumber of Number of Mar. 7th Mar. 10th Mar. 14th Mar. 10th

set-outs household 45L 30L 15L 45L 30L 15L 45L 30L 15L 45L 30L 15L4 times 6 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 1

3 times 3 1 1 11 1 11 1 1

2 times 3 1 11 1

1 1

CATEGORY 3)CATEGORY 3): 45 litters of bag only, 1 bag every time: 45 litters of bag only, 1 bag every time

4 times 2 1 1 1 11 1 1 1

3 times 2 1 1 11 1 1

2 times 2 1 11 1

4 times 3 1 1 1 11 1 1 1

1 1 1 13 times 1 1 1 12 times 1 1 11 times 1 1

CATEGORY 4)CATEGORY 4): More than 2 kinds of bag, 1 bag every time: More than 2 kinds of bag, 1 bag every time

CATEGORY 5)CATEGORY 5): 30 litters or 15 litters of bag only, : 30 litters or 15 litters of bag only, 1 bag every time1 bag every time

Relatively small amount of waste

Relatively small amount of waste

- decided capacity of waste bag in advance

- kept from setting our waste bag while smaller amount of waste

- decided capacity of waste bag in advance

- kept from setting our waste bag while smaller amount of waste

CATEGORY 4): perhaps they decided capacity on each collection day?

CATEGORY 4): perhaps they decided capacity on each collection day?



3-4-1) Unit Amount of Waste 3-4-1) Unit Amount of Waste and 5 Categoriesand 5 Categories


3-4-1) Unit Amount of Waste 3-4-1) Unit Amount of Waste and 5 Categoriesand 5 Categories

Households decided capacity of waste bag - according to amountamount of waste generated from long time experience

- not from average value but from maximum value- tend to decide larger capacity of waste bag

Households decided capacity of waste bag - according to amountamount of waste generated from long time experience

- not from average value but from maximum value- tend to decide larger capacity of waste bag

Maximum value: quite differentMinimum value: similar

Maximum value: quite differentMinimum value: similar

Those who use only smaller capacity of waste bag were limited

Those who use only smaller capacity of waste bag were limited

C-1)45 L

>2 bags

C-3)45 L1 bag

C-2)2 kinds>2 bags

C-4)2 kinds1 bag

C-5)30 or 15 L

1 bag


C-2)> 2 kinds, > 2 bags

(20%)

C-5)30 or 15 litter, 1 bag

(15%)

C-1)45 litter, > 2 bags

(25% ofhouseholds)

C-3)45 litter, 1 bag

(25%)

C-4)> 2 kinds, 1 bag

(15%)


3-4-2) Estimated Way of Using Waste Bag3-4-2) Estimated Way of Using Waste Bag1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 4. Conclusions

3-4-2) Estimated Way of Using Waste Bag3-4-2) Estimated Way of Using Waste Bag

For example, C-2): more than 2 kinds of waste bag,

maximum amount of waste

-larger than capacity of one 45 littercapacity of one 45 litter,

-smaller than capacity of two 45 litterscapacity of two 45 litters,

For example, C-2): more than 2 kinds of waste bag,

maximum amount of waste

-larger than capacity of one 45 littercapacity of one 45 litter,

-smaller than capacity of two 45 litterscapacity of two 45 litters,

They decided to use more than two kinds of capacity.

They decided to use more than two kinds of capacity.

Capacity: 30 or 15 LCapacity: 30 or 15 L

Capacity: 45 LCapacity: 45 L

Mor

e th

an 2

bag

sM

ore

than

2 b

ags

1 b

ag1

bag



3-4-3) Set-out Rate3-4-3) Set-out Rate1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions 4. Conclusions

3-4-3) Set-out Rate3-4-3) Set-out RateC-1) C-2) C-3) C-4) C-5) Total

45 litter > 2 kinds 45 litter > 2 kinds 30 litter> 2 bags > 2 bags 1bag 1 bag or 15 litter

1 bag

Mar. 7th 84.6% 90.0% 83.3% 83.3% 83.3% 85.1%Mar. 10th 84.6% 100.0% 83.3% 66.7% 66.7% 83.0%Mar. 14th 92.3% 90.0% 66.7% 66.7% 100.0% 83.0%Mar. 17th 100.0% 90.0% 91.7% 83.3% 50.0% 87.2%Average 90.4% 92.5% 81.3% 75.0% 75.0% 84.6%

All households tended to keep from setting out waste bag - in order to fulfill such waste bag under “pay-as-you-throw” system- tended to decide larger capacity of waste bag than average amount of waste

All households tended to keep from setting out waste bag - in order to fulfill such waste bag under “pay-as-you-throw” system- tended to decide larger capacity of waste bag than average amount of waste

Set-out rates of C-4) and C-5) were lower than those of the other categoriesSet-out rates of C-4) and C-5) were lower than those of the other categories

The largerlarger the storage capacity was like 45 litters of waste bag, the more frequentlyfrequently households set out waste bagThe largerlarger the storage capacity was like 45 litters of waste bag, the more frequentlyfrequently households set out waste bag


1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions4. Conclusions

4-1 Conclusions4-1 Conclusions 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions4. Conclusions

4-1 Conclusions4-1 Conclusions

Household behavior on waste set-outsActual condition survey in one district in Fukuoka city, Japan

Household behavior on waste set-outsActual condition survey in one district in Fukuoka city, Japan

High proportion of households used 45 litters of waste bag- Many households reduced waste set-out frequency

- from adjustment of amount of waste- kept from setting out waste bag until density full

(until 0.08 - 0.10 (kg/L))

High proportion of households used 45 litters of waste bag- Many households reduced waste set-out frequency

- from adjustment of amount of waste- kept from setting out waste bag until density full

(until 0.08 - 0.10 (kg/L))

Only half of households did not always set out waste bagOnly half of households did not always set out waste bag

- decided capacity of waste bag in advance - based on amount grasped from long time experience

- tended to decide larger capacity of waste bag- households who use smaller capacity were few

- decided capacity of waste bag in advance - based on amount grasped from long time experience

- tended to decide larger capacity of waste bag- households who use smaller capacity were few


1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions4. Conclusions

4-2 Conclusions4-2 Conclusions 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results and Discussion 4. Conclusions4. Conclusions

4-2 Conclusions4-2 Conclusions

Though, “pay-as-you-throw” system decreased set-out rate for every households,

- Which did not always mean success of drastic waste reduction

- Only households who had a quite small amount of waste used smaller capacity of waste bag.

Though, “pay-as-you-throw” system decreased set-out rate for every households,

- Which did not always mean success of drastic waste reduction

- Only households who had a quite small amount of waste used smaller capacity of waste bag.

In order to reduce both In order to reduce both waste amountwaste amount and and set-out frequencyset-out frequency- important to consider reduction of - important to consider reduction of peakpeak amount of waste with amount of waste with

- promotion of the - promotion of the 3Rs3Rs((ReduceReduce, , ReuseReuse, , RecycleRecycle))- under “- under “pay-as-you-throwpay-as-you-throw” system” system

In order to reduce both In order to reduce both waste amountwaste amount and and set-out frequencyset-out frequency- important to consider reduction of - important to consider reduction of peakpeak amount of waste with amount of waste with

- promotion of the - promotion of the 3Rs3Rs((ReduceReduce, , ReuseReuse, , RecycleRecycle))- under “- under “pay-as-you-throwpay-as-you-throw” system” system

- effect on effect on volume reductionvolume reduction- improvement of improvement of collection efficiencycollection efficiency

- effect on effect on volume reductionvolume reduction- improvement of improvement of collection efficiencycollection efficiency

- reduced both - reduced both amount of wasteamount of waste and and set out rateset out rate- reduced both - reduced both amount of wasteamount of waste and and set out rateset out rate


Thank you very much for your attention !Thank you very much for your attention !

shinya suzuki, fukuoka university, japan. sardinia 2009 household behavior on combustible waste...

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