Antanas  Mockus    corpovisionarios.org  

Bogota  started  by  changing  so8ware      

Managing  urban  problems  with  art-­‐inspired  ac=ons    and  a  fresh  understanding  of  ci=zenship  

•  The  most  valuable  good  will  be  human’s  paying  aBen=on  to  humans.  Thank  you.  

•  Urban  infrastructure  has  become  the  most  visible  and  the  most  invisible  human  crea=on.  

•  Smooth  flows  get  more  and  more  intertwined  and  op=mized  for  the  long  term.    

•  Seoul’s  infrastructure  works  so  smoothly  that  you  can  forget  it  or  just  enjoy  it.  

•  Seoul’s  infrastructure  shouts  to  be  seen  like  the  future  single  human.  

•  The  essence  of  Seoul’s  miracle:  social  and  ins=tu=onal  innova=on.  

Pre-­‐thoughts  

Bogota Flirtatious

“If you cannot change your hardware at least change

your software”

*

What mechanism do you obey the most? What mechanism do others obey the most? Challenge: to harmonize them

Regulatory Mechanisms

Fear of legal sanction

or moral obligation to obey the law

Admiration for the law

Fear of guilt

or moral obligation to follow personal moral

criteria

Moral self-gratification

Fear of social rejection

Trust Reputation

Social recognition

Legal norms Moral norms Social norms

Trust Reputation

Social recognition

Social norms

Regulatory Mechanisms

Fear of legal sanction

or moral obligation to obey the law

Admiration for the law

Fear of guilt

or moral obligation to follow personal moral

criteria

Moral self-gratification

Fear of social rejection

Legal norms Moral norms

Goals of Citizenship Culture

To harmonize law, moral and culture

To neutralize “shortcut culture”

7

Examples of illegal and legal urban behavior in harmony or tension with morals and culture

If the only way to preserve life is by lying in a public document

Rape

To overpay taxes

Seller offers to reduce the bill of the amount of the tax if no receipt is issued and he does not feel guilt neither shame

Taxi driver does not greet the passenger

Use reasonable quantity of water

Illegal city growth (usually it does not produce neither guilt nor shame)

Bribing a traffic police officer in Bogotá circa1994 to avoid a just ticket.

Car Parking on public sidewalks in Bogotá in 1994

Public officer imposes arbitrarely small delay on paperwork of his responsability

Traffic interruption associated with street protest

Deliberate ignorance of etiquette for making someone feel better

Citizenship is “the right to have rights” (H. Arendt)

But also the “duty of recognizing duties” (A. M.)

We are not born as citizens, we become citizens by…

•  Being treated as a citizen •  Trying to act as a citizen •  Letting others interpret one’s actions as manifestations of

citizenship

Forming citizens

Basic set of shared rules to take advantage of (and enjoy) the cultural and moral diversity of the City

Cultural regulation of interactions between citizens and between citizens and state officials

Objectives : more… •  voluntary compliance with norms •  citizens peacefully making others comply with norms •  peaceful resolution of conflicts with help of a shared

vision of the City •  communication (expression and interpretation) among

citizens through arts, culture, recreation and sports

“Citizenship Culture” in Bogotá 1995-7 2001-3

Sub-art = Art without the pretentions of being art

Refresh, make unfamiliar the familiar

Create public through the invitation to judge (building a common sense in the direction of a public sphere)

Consciousness of the arbitrary of social constructions.

Offer role models, inspire other practices.

*Doris Sommer, Cultural agents, Harvard

Viktor Shklovsky

•  Things are continuously getting grey •  Art gives back colors (not necessarily the

same) •  Elaboration of forms obliges to stop-by, to

slow down perception •  You rediscover the old thing under a new

light, or you discover a new thing under the old light: you’re estranged

•  Grey is unsustainable Shklovsky, V. (2012 [1917]). “Art as Technique”. Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays. L.T. Lemon,

M. J. Reis and G. S. Morson (Eds.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Cultural agency features learned from art

•  Refresh, make unfamiliar the familiar •  Promote judgment and creating publics •  Announce possible harmonies •  Offer ‘role models’ . •  Make conscious the arbitrary of social

constructions. •  Motivate, inspire other practices (close or not) •  Cultural ressources are recontextualized

Examples of sub-art in Bogotá 1995-7, 2001-3

Mobility Citizen’s cards Mimes regulating car and pedestrian traffic The “Zebra” Knights: taxi drivers that respected three rules… Cross-like stars on roads where pedestrians were killed

Collective action Water voluntary saving as response to water shortage 63.000 voluntary tax-payers Disarmament

Life is sacred “Carrot law” Alcohol restriction after 1 am to save lives. Bullet proof jacket The “Supercívico”

Mobility

Mimes instead of Traffic Police in a small part of Central Bogotá succeeded in enforcing the use of zebra crosswalk

Citizen’s Cards

11.6 12.7

15

18.3

20.3 18.8 18.8 18.4

16.7 15.3

14.7 13.8 12.6 12.1 11.8 11.9

21.3

24.4 23.3

24.1 24.3

22.3

15.6 15.1 14.2

13.2

11.6 10.7

8.6 9.9

8.2 8

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Num

ber o

f dea

ths

per 1

00,0

00 in

habi

tant

s

Colombia

Bogotá

Seatbelts, citizens cards, mimes

“Carrot” law (alcohol restriction) and elimination of transit police

Better pre-hospital care

Signaling of places where pedestrians died because

of traffic accidents

Deaths in traffic accidents

Examples of sub-art in Bogotá 1995-7, 2001-3

Mobility Citizen’s cards Mimes regulating car and pedestrian traffic The “Zebra” Knights: taxi drivers that respected three rules… Cross-like stars on roads where pedestrians were killed

Collective action Water voluntary saving as response to water shortage 63.000 voluntary tax-payers Disarmament

Life is sacred “Carrot law” Alcohol restriction after 1 am to save lives. Bullet proof jacket The “Supercívico”

•  Water savings •  Zebra’s Knights •  Disarmament •  Voluntary tax “110% with Bogotá”

Collective Actions

n

Net benefit /person

A B C

O

Number of persons cooperating

First movers

29m3 →20m3 l14m3

In the face of a water supply crisis, we discarded mandatory rationing in favor of voluntary reduction of consumption. The commitment to voluntary reduce consumption was sustained, despite an initial increase in consumption.

Fuente: Tesorería Distrital. Cálculos: Secretaría de Hacienda - Dirección Distrital de Impuestos.

Results: City’s Tax Revenues

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

200 million dollars per year

750 million dollars per

year

+ additional 700 million dollars:

Sales of 50% of Energy company

´s shares

Destruction of guns voluntarily returned

Desarme voluntario

Cooperation of government and citizenry for shared delight and learning

Examples of sub-art in Bogotá 1995-7, 2001-3

Mobility Citizen’s cards Mimes regulating car and pedestrian traffic The “Zebra” Knights: taxi drivers that respected three rules… Cross-like stars on roads where pedestrians were killed

Collective action Water voluntary saving as response to water shortage 63.000 voluntary tax-payers Disarmament

Life is sacred “Carrot law” Alcohol restriction after 1 am to save lives. Bullet proof jacket The “Supercívico”

“Life is Sacred”

Intervention in the central cemetery. Bogotá, Colombia.

Because threats from the FARC guerrilla, I wore for nine months a bullet-proof-white jacket with a heart-shaped hole placed over the heart.

Possible meanings: to depict, to challenge, to seduce, invitation to seduce instead of frightening, an open narrative (“And now what will happen?”)

“Carrot Law”

Carrot Law: Night clubs curfew to save lives.

SuperCívico

Homicide rate dropped, from 80 per 100.000 inhabitants in 1993 to 22 per 100.000 inhabitants in 2004.

0

10

20

30

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50

60

70

80

90

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Colombia (S/B) Bogotá

Reduction in homicides (partially attributed to cultura ciudadana)

Colombia without Bogota

Bogota

* Fuente: Colombia - Policía Nacional, Bogotá - Medicina Legal

Some results •  Two homicide rate reductions by 1/3 in two non-

consecutive three year periods. •  Reduction of the rate of people killed in traffic

accidents (from 24 to 8 per 100000). •  Water demand management approach used to

afford water supply crisis. •  Patronage-based clientelistic relationships

interrupted •  Reduction of tax evasion (voluntary tax and new

incomes warranted)

Build on what was built

1995-1997, 1998-2000, 2001-2003: intertwining

Citizenship Culture + improvements Mayor Peñalosa, physical improvements (not only):

–  Sidewalks (we all share the condition of pedestrians) –  A new model of Transportation based on BMT + biking +

restrictions on car use (40% peak hours, day without car democratically approved)

–  Public space defense / egalitarianism –  Construction of 4 huge libraries and 20 mega-schools in

very poor neighborhoods. Investment of resources obtained by selling half of energy

company.

Before

After

En 1999 se decidió intervenir una de las zonas más peligrosas del centro de Bogotá (delincuencia y consumo y tráfico de estupefacientes) Para esto se demolieron las casas que se ubicaban en el sector y se construyó en este lugar el parque Tercer Milenio. 12.000 personas fueron reubicadas El único edificio

Urban Renewal: El Cartucho 1989

2007

1998

2006

Social innovation: art inspired promotion of law obedience

Fostering collective action to change specific social norms proved to be a way to enhance legal compliance. It helped to make of legal obedience a general social norm.

Learning to manage, managing to learn

Could a similar approach work in face of suicides?

South Korea Lithuania Uruguay Brazil Colombia

Suicide rate per 100,000

31.7 31.6 15.8 4.8 4.9

Homicide rate per 100,000

2.6 6.6 5.9 21.0 31.4

Source : Medicina Legal, UNODC, WHO

Seoul Bogotá

Suicide rate per 100,000 26.9 3.0

Homicide rate per 100,000 2.38 16.1

Source : Medicina Legal, UNODC, WHO

0; 67

0; 22

0.1; 60

0.9; 3.2

1.6; 22

2.3; 52

3; 1.05

3.8; 49

3.94; 3.8

4; 15

4.6; 22

4.9; 35

5.2; 1.1 5.7; 3.9 5.8; 2.1 6.1; 0.9 6.6; 1.2

6.8; 71

6.8; 19

7.2; 13

7.8; 5.9 7.9; 5.5

7.9; 1.17

8; 11

8.5; 0.93

8.6; 4.1 9.2; 1.28 9.5; 0.86

10.1; 2.3 10.2; 1.3 10.3; 1.74 10.3; 1.7 10.3; 0.38 10.6; 2.8 10.6; 1.01

11.1; 5 11.3; 2.3 11.3; 0 11.4; 0.6 11.6; 1.81 11.6; 1.35 11.8; 1.8

12; 43

12.3; 5.5

12.4; 1.94 12.8; 0.55

13.2; 5.8

13.2; 2.2 15; 1.67 15.1; 0.71 15.2; 1.21

15.4; 34

15.8; 0.89

16.5; 7.1

17; 1.31 17.6; 1.82 18.3; 2.5 20.7; 4.8

21.6; 7.4

21.8; 1.38

22.6; 5.4

22.9; 21

23.5; 15

24.4; 1.02

25.3; 5.6

31; 2.3

31.5; 9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Venezuela  

USA

Honduras

Perú

República Dominicana

Colombia

Brasil

El Salvador

Jamaica

Guatemala

Tobago

South Africa

Haití Ecuador

México

Guayana

Rusia Nicaragua

Lituania

Corea del Sur Tailandia

Estonia Bielorusia

Hungría Finlandia Japón

Letonia

India 10,6: 2,8

China 6,6;12

Costa Rica Sri Lanka

Turquía Grecia

WORLD 14,5; 8,8

 

Homicide rate vs suicide rate (circa 2010)

Suicides

Hom

icid

es

0; 67

0; 22

0.1; 60

0.9; 3.2

1.6; 22

2.3; 52

3; 1.05

3.8; 49

3.94; 3.8

4; 15

4.6; 22

4.9; 35

5.2; 1.1 5.7; 3.9 5.8; 2.1 6.1; 0.9 6.6; 1.2

6.8; 71

6.8; 19

7.2; 13

7.8; 5.9 7.9; 5.5

7.9; 1.17

8; 11

8.5; 0.93

8.6; 4.1 9.2; 1.28 9.5; 0.86

10.1; 2.3 10.2; 1.3 10.3; 1.74 10.3; 1.7 10.3; 0.38 10.6; 2.8 10.6; 1.01

11.1; 5 11.3; 2.3 11.3; 0 11.4; 0.6 11.6; 1.81 11.6; 1.35 11.8; 1.8

12; 43

12.3; 5.5

12.4; 1.94 12.8; 0.55

13.2; 5.8

13.2; 2.2 15; 1.67 15.1; 0.71 15.2; 1.21

15.4; 34

15.8; 0.89

16.5; 7.1

17; 1.31 17.6; 1.82 18.3; 2.5 20.7; 4.8

21.6; 7.4

21.8; 1.38

22.6; 5.4

22.9; 21

23.5; 15

24.4; 1.02

25.3; 5.6

31; 2.3

31.5; 9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Venezuela  

USA

Honduras

Perú

República Dominicana

Colombia

Brasil

El Salvador

Jamaica

Guatemala

Tobago

South Africa

Haití Ecuador

México

Guayana

Rusia Nicaragua

Lituania

Corea del Sur Tailandia

Estonia Bielorusia

Hungría Finlandia Japón

Letonia

India 10,6: 2,8

China 6,6;12

Costa Rica Sri Lanka

Turquía Grecia

WORLD 14,5; 8,8

 

Homicide rate vs suicide rate (circa 2010)

Hom

icid

es

Suicides

Colombia South Korea

Population 47,050,000 50, 004, 441 Annual growth rate 1.18% 0.1 %

Surface (km2) 1.141.748 99 828

Density (people/km2) 41,2 500, 91 GDP per capita (USD) 6,685 23, 020 GDP Growth 4.30% -0.40 %

Life expectancy (years) 74.3 81.2 Fertility index (children / woman) 2.18 1.15

Infant mortality rate (per 1000) 16.9 4.24

Human Development Index (IDH 2012)

0.719/1.0 (rank : 92/186)

0.909/1.0 (rank : 12/186)

Source: www.populatiodata.net

A worldwide problem

For each 100 homicides there are 164 suicides

During the last 45 years suicides grew a 60%

South Korea Seoul Colombia Bogotá

Population 50,004,441 22,692,652 47,050,000 8,423,837

Suicide rate per 100,000

31.7 26.9 4.9 3.0

Homicide rate per 100,000

2.6 2.38 31.4 16.1 Source : Medicina Legal, UNODC, WHO

México Siglo XXI, 2010

SELF

EXP

RES

SIO

N

15,7

10,1 16,5 6,6

4.0

8,0

15,0 1,7

7,7

8,7

0,64

8,0

Hom

Suic

Más de 20 por 100.000 hab por año

3,2

The

Cul

tura

l Map

of t

he W

orld

circ

a 20

00 (

Wel

zel-I

ngle

hart)

Promote happiness and entrepreneurship Reduce or reorient politics Soften drive to achieve Strengthen traditional and self-expression values

Possible strategies against suicide for South Korea and

Lithuania

SELF

EXP

RES

SIO

N

Promote familism, health, leisure, importance of friends, life satisfaction, ecology, women’s emancipation and tolerance. Reorient freedom of choice.

Possible strategies against suicide for South Korea and

Lithuania

SELF

EXP

RES

SIO

N

Build upon health, leisure, importance of friends, life satisfaction, ecology, women’s emancipation and tolerance.

Possible strategies against suicide for

Uruguay

Promote happiness and entrepreneurship Soften drive to achieve Strengthen self-expression values

Possible strategies against suicide for

Uruguay

Citizenship Culture applied to suicide prevention

Strengthening social taboos against suicide. Building on prevalent values or, selectively, reorient some of them. Improving legislation and legal enforcement against third parties complicity or passivity in face of suicidal attempts. Making visible collective actions in favour of human life. Revoking the obligation of not smiling on IDs. Making and divulging mutual commitments to not suicide without previous notice and authorization.