suport curs gramatica sem 1 2011
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Suport curs gramatica sem 1 2011-2012
NOUNS THE PLURAL FORM
In general the plural form of nouns is formed by adding the letter -s.
pen – pensdog – dogsstudent – students
However words that end in –ch, -x, or –s will require an –es to form the plural.
dish – dishesmix – mixeskiss – kisses
Some nouns have irregular plural forms.
child –childrenwoman – womenman – menmouse – mice
Also there are a number of nouns that maintain their Greek or Latin form.
singular plural
analysis analyses
appendix appendixes/appendices
axis axes
basis bases
cactus cacti
criterion criteria
datum data
diagnosis diagnoses
index indexes/indices
medium media
oasis oases
octopus octopuses/octopi
phenomenon phenomena
syllabus syllabuses/syllabi
thesis theses
Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.
deer- deerfish – fishsheep- sheep
Note: Some nouns (like news, mathematics, economics) appear to be plural in form but take a singular verb.
This news is perfect.COUNT- NOUNS and MASS NOUNS
Count-nouns are the nouns that can be preceded by one (can be counted) and may have a plural form.one boy two boysone chair two chairsone foot two feet
Mass-nouns cannot be preceded by one (cannot be counted) and cannot have a plural form.bread plastic aluminum publicitymilk ice steel biologywater cloth glass history
Some mass-nouns can be pluralized when we use them to express a type:The waters of the Danube are polluted.The French are famous for their cheeses and their wines .
Many mass-nouns name abstractions (and are called abstract nouns):peace courage liberty anger progress culture
Note:Some abstract nouns do have in certain situations (usually with a change of meaning) a plural form:This position requires experience.He had a lot of unpleasant experience s as a police officer.
My work is boring.The work s of Leonardo impressed people for centuries.
Gender of Nouns
Gender has the same relation to nouns that sex has to individuals, but while there are only two sexes, there are four genders:
masculine - the masculine gender denotes all those of the male kind
feminine - the feminine gender all those of the female kind
neuter - the neuter gender denotes inanimate things or whatever is without life
common - common gender is applied to animate beings, the sex of which for the time being is indeterminable, such as fish, mouse, bird, etc
Sometimes things which are without life as we conceive it and which, properly speaking, belong to the neuter type of noun, are, by a figure of speech called
Personification, changed into either the masculine or feminine, as, for instance, we say of the sun, He is rising; of the moon, She is setting.
The English language, unlike most others, applies the distinction of
Masculine and Feminine only to the names of persons and animals: man,
woman; boy, girl; lion, lioness. Nouns which denote things without animal
life are said to be Neuter or of Neuter Gender
When the same name is used for male and female, it is said to be Common or of Common Gender : bird, fish, parent, sovereign, friend. There are three ways of indicating difference of Gender in Nouns:-
1. By adding a suffix -ess ex. lion - lioness2. By using compound words ex. boy-friend, landlord, he-wolf3. By distinct words ex. father-mother
Masculine and feminine gender
actor
author
bachelor
boy
bridegroom
brother
conductor
count
czar
dad
daddy
duke
emperor
actress
authoress
spinster
girl
bride
sister
conductress
countess
czarina
mum
mummy
duchess
empress
father
father-in-law
gentleman
giant
god
governor
grandfather
headmaster
heir
hero
host
hunter
husband
king
lad
landlord
lord
man
mother
mother-in-law
lady
giantess
goddess
matron
grandmother
headmistress
heiress
heroine
hostess
huntress
wife
queen
lass
landlady
lady
woman
manager
manservant
master
milkman
monk
Mr.
murderer
nephew
papa
poet
postmaster
prince
prophet
proprietor
shepherd
sir
son
son-in-law
manageress
maidservant
mistress
milkmaid
nun
Mrs.
murderess
niece
mama
poetess
postmistress
princess
prophetess
proprietress
shepherdess
madam
daughter
daughter-in-law
step-father
step-son
steward
sultan
uncle
waiter
wizard
step-mother
step-daughter
stewardess
sultana
aunt
waitress
witch
boar
buck
bull
bull-elephant
cock
cock-pigeon
dog
drake
sow
doe
cow
cow-elephant
hen
hen-pigeon
bitch
duck
bee
drone
fox
gander
he-bear
he-goat
he-wolf
leopard
lion
peacock
ram
stallion
tiger
tom-cat
turkey-cock
vixen
goose
she-bear
she-goat
she-wolf
leopardess
lioness
peahen
ewe
mare
tigress
tabby-cat
turkey-hen
THE VERB
The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and expresses actions, events, or states of being. The verb is (or is an essential part of) the predicate of a sentence. There are three properties which characterize verbs in English--tense, voice, and mood. In English the verb tenses express the time or relative time in which an action or condition occurs.
The voice of a verb, passive or active, expresses whether the action is being received by the subject or being done by the subject. In sentences written in active voice, the subject performs the action expressed in the verb; the subject acts. The man drives the car.
In sentences written in passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed in the verb . The car is driven by the man. The mood of a verb is the manner in which the action or condition is conceived or intended. In English there are three verb moods. Indicative, a verb stating an apparent fact or asking a question. This is the way verbs are normally used in English. Imperative, a verb stating a command or request. “Go away!” “Please leave!”
Subjunctive, a verb expressing a doubt, desire, supposition, or condition contrary to fact.
If I were you, I would drive more carefully I wish that his report were longer.
Verbs are also classified according to function. Action verbs show action or possession. Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs carry the action of a subject and apply it to an object. They tells us what the subject does to something else (object).
He bought a shirt.
She lost her wallet.
Intransitive verbs do not take an object; they express actions that do not require the subject’s doing something to something else.
He runs.
She dances.
Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, are used with other verbs to change the tense, voice, or condition of the verb. Conditional verbs are verbs conjugated with could, would, or should to show a possible condition. The principal parts of a verb are the four forms of the verb from which all forms of the verb can be made. In English the four principal parts are the present (or infinitive), the past tense, the past participle, and the present participle. Since the present participle is always formed the same way (add -ing), some lists of principal parts omit it. To make the past tense or past participle form of most verbs (regular verbs) we simply add “ed” at the end.
Past Tense: I walked home.
Past Participle: I have walked home.
Irregular verbs are not that simple. We sometimes need a dictionary to help us write the different forms of irregular verbs. (see appendix for a list of irregular verbs)
Past Tense: We saw the plane crash.
Past Participle: We have seen them.
Table of English Tenses
tenseAffirmative/Negative/
QuestionUse
Signal Words
Simple Present A: He speaks.N: He does not speak.Q: Does he speak?
action in the present
taking place once,
never or several
times
facts
actions taking place
one after another
action set by a
timetable or schedule
always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usuallyif sentences type I (If I talk, …)
Present Progressive A: He is speaking.N: He is not speaking.Q: Is he speaking?
action taking place
in the moment of
speaking
action taking place
only for a limited
period of time
action arranged for
the future
at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now
Simple Past A: He spoke.N: He did not speak.Q: Did he speak?
action in the past
taking place once,
never or several
times
actions taking place
one after another
action taking place in
the middle of another
action
yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Fridayif sentence type II (If I talked, …)
Past Progressive A: He was speaking.N: He was not speaking.Q: Was he speaking?
action going on at a
certain time in the
past
actions taking place
at the same time
action in the past that
is interrupted by
another action
when, while, as long as
Present Perfect Simple
A: He has spoken.N: He has not spoken.Q: Has he spoken?
putting emphasis on
the result
action that is still
going on
action that stopped
recently
finished action that
has an influence on
the present
action that has taken
place once, never or
several times before
the moment of
speaking
already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Present Perfect Progressive
A: He has been speaking.N: He has not been speaking.Q: Has he been speaking?
putting emphasis on
the course or
duration (not the
result)
action that recently
stopped or is still
going on
finished action that
influenced the
present
all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week
Past Perfect Simple A: He had spoken.N: He had not spoken.Q: Had he spoken?
action taking place
before a certain time
in the past
sometimes
interchangeable with
past perfect
progressive
putting emphasis
only on the fact (not
the duration)
already, just, never, not yet, once, until that dayif sentence type III (If I had talked, …)
Past Perfect Progressive
A: He had been speaking.N: He had not been speaking.Q: Had he been speaking?
action taking place
before a certain time
in the past
sometimes
interchangeable with
past perfect simple
putting emphasis on
the duration or
course of an action
for, since, the whole day, all day
Future I Simple A: He will speak.N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak?
action in the future
that cannot be
influenced
spontaneous decision
assumption with
regard to the future
in a year, next …, tomorrowIf-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, she will help you.)assumption: I think, probably, perhaps
Future I Simple A: He is going to speak.N: He is not going to speak. decision made for the
in one year, next week,
(going to)Q: Is he going to speak?
future
conclusion with
regard to the future
tomorrow
Future I Progressive A: He will be speaking.N: He will not be speaking.Q: Will he be speaking?
action that is going
on at a certain time
in the future
action that is sure to
happen in the near
future
in one year, next week, tomorrow
Future II Simple A: He will have spoken.N: He will not have spoken.Q: Will he have spoken?
action that will be
finished at a certain
time in the future
by Monday, in a week
Future II Progressive A: He will have been speaking.N: He will not have been speaking.Q: Will he have been speaking?
action taking place
before a certain time
in the future
putting emphasis on
the course of an
action
for …, the last couple of hours, all day long
LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE
to be was, were been
to bear bore borne, born
to beat beat beaten
to become became become
to begin began begun
to bend bent bent
to bite bit bitten
to blow blew blown
to break broke broken
to bring brought brought
to build built built
to burn burnt burnt
to burst burst burst
to buy bought bought
to catch caught caught
to choose chose chosen
to come came come
to cost cost cost
to creep crept crept
to cut cut cut
to deal dealt dealt
to dig dug dug
to do did done
to draw drew drawn
to dream dreamt dreamt
to drink drank drunk
to drive drove driven
to eat ate eaten
to fall fell fallen
to feed fed fed
to feel felt felt
to fight fought fought
to find found found
to fly flew flown
to forbid forbade forbidden
to forget forgot forgotten
to forgive forgave forgiven
to freeze froze frozen
to give gave given
to go went gone
to grow grew grown
to hang hung hung
to have had had
to hear heard heard
to hide hid hidden
to hit hit hit
to hold held held
to hurt hurt hurt
to keep kept kept
to kneel knelt knelt
to know knew known
to lay laid laid
to lead led led
to lean leant leant
to learn learnt, learned learnt, learned
to leave left left
to lend lent lent
to let let let
to lie lay lain
to lose lost lost
to make made made
to mean meant meant
to mow mowed mown
to meet met met
to pay paid paid
to put put put
to read read read
to ride rode ridden
to ring rang rung
to rise rose risen
to run ran run
to say said said
to see saw seen
to seek sought sought
to sell sold sold
to set set set
to sew sewed sewn
to shake shook shaken
to shine shone shone
to shoot shot shot
to show showed shown
to shrink shrank shrunk
to shut shut shut
to sing sang sung
to sink sank sunk
to sleep slept slept
to slide slid slid
to smell smelt smelt
to sow sowed sown
to speak spoke spoken
to spell spelt spelt
to spend spent spent
to spill spilt split
to spread spread spread
to stand stood stood
to stea1 stole stolen
to stick stuck stuck
to stride strode stridden
to strike struck struck
to strive strove striven
to swear swore sworn
to sweep swept swept
to swim swam swum
to take took taken
to teach taught taught
to tell told told
to think thought thought
to throw threw thrown
to understand understood understood