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Vol.: , Issue: , Con. Issue:10 5 108

Shree Swaminarayan Gurukul Hyderabad( Branch of Rajkot Gurukul )

Chevella Road, Moinabad Mandal, R.R. Dist.,

Hyderabad - 500 075, AP, India

Ph: +91 8413 235288/89, 40 32932481, 94903 88277

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Science behind Indian festivals

– Darshak Bhatt (Ex.Stu. of Gurukul Hyderabad)

he year 2009 has been

dec lared by the United

Nations as the International

Year of Astronomy. The declaration is in

honour of the first ever astronomical use

of telescope by Galileo exactly 400 years

ago. The telescope changed the human

perception of their natural environment

for all times to come. Telescope and

microscope permitted human beings to

see things which were not part of every

day experience. Astronomy today is a

child of high technology. The Universe has

been reduced to a mere ensemble of

objects which we study with a view to

discovering laws of nature and testing our

theories.

But the sky was not always like

that. In the ancient past sky was viewed

with awe and respect. Attempts were

made to discover patterns in it so that its

wrath could be averted and its goodwill

earned. Till relatively recent times, the

driving force for human interest in the

study of the Cosmos has been fear; first

the fear of the celestial gods and then the

fear of the waters. Onwards from the

15th century when European sailors took

to oceanic navigation, they only had stars

for company and guidance, the study of

which therefore became a matter of life

and death. Curiosity- driven astronomy is

thus only a few centuries old.

Our interest this evening is in that

p h a s e o f h u m a n c u l t u r e w h e n

propitiating the celestial gods and

n e go t i at i n g w i t h t h e m fo r t h e i r

benevolence were matters of the highest

priority. A clear distinction was made

between what was auspicious (shubh)

and what was inauspicious ( ashubh), and

the shubh times were assiduously worked

out. This ritualistic sophistication was an

extension of a very practical need, that is

to keep track of the passage of time. Time

was cyclic; the Moon went through its

phases and seasons changed and

returned. But time passed and never

returned. Understanding the complexity

of time and pondering over its nature

constituted the earliest philosophical and

intellectual exercise undertaken by

human beings.

Such a study has a contemporary

significance also, because many of our

extant cultural and social practices are a

continuation of the times long gone by.

Paradoxically while these days we are

very knowledgeable about the celestial

objects and the Universe as a whole, we

know much less about the tapestry of the

visible sky than our ancestors did. Today

when we want to know what time of the

year it is, we look at the calendar. When

we want to know what time of the day it

is, we look at the clock. We often forget

that there was a time when you had to

turn to the sky to know the time.

Let us look at our watches and

clocks and construct a simple clock . This

clock will have only one hand (sui) instead

of two or three. It does have a dial, but

vDrqcj&2009

8

only with a single mark or digit, say at the

location of 12.When the hand is in front

of the digit, the counting starts. When the

hand returns to the digi, we say that one

unit of time has passed. (In your real

watch the time elapsed will be 12 hours.)

We have two famous natural

clocks. In the first case, the Moon is the

clock hand and the Sun the digit on the

dial. When the Moon is in front of the

Sun, it is New Moon (Amavasya). When

the Moon returns to the Sun, a month

has passed. When the Moon is opposite

the Sun, it is full Moon, or Poornima.

Since these days the word month is used

independently of the Moon, we can use

the term lunar month or better still

lunation. A lunation is the period from

one Amavasya to the next, or what is the

same thing, from one Poornima to the

next. A lunation comprises about 29 and

a half days.

In the second natural clock, the

Sun itself acts as the clock hand. There is

no obvious dial digit now. We have to

create an imaginary one. The Sun appears

to go around the Earth. This path is called

the ecliptic. Any point on the ecliptic can

be taken to be the dial digit provided we

remember that we must return to the

very same point. There are four

important points on the ecliptic: (i)Spring

equinox (20-21 March) when day and

night are equal;(ii) Summer Solstice ( 20-

21 June) when the day is the longest; (iii)

Autumn Equinox (22-23 September)

when day and night are again equal; and

(iv) Winter Solstice (21-22 December)

when the night is the longest. Note that

these dates are for the present epoch

and the northern hemisphere. In the

southern hemisphere dates remain the

same but seasons are reversed. (In the

past these points or colures as they are

called, occurred at latter and latter dates,

owing to a phenomenon known as

Precession of the Equinoxes. Spring

Equinox and Winter Solstice are the two

most common starting points for tracking

the Sun’s apparent orbit. The Sun takes

about 365 and a quarter days from say

one Spring Equinox to the next.

Let us now look at the most

commonly used calendar in the world.

According to it if today is 28th February

2009.This calendar is so popular that on 1

January we wish one another Happy New

Year as if it was THE new year. We forget

that there are many other calendars in

the world which start their new year on

other days. This calendar is some times

called the Christian calendar. It is

however better to use a neutral term like

Gregorian calendar after Pope Gregory

who reformed it. This calendar has a very

accurate year length. In it the year has

either 365 or 366 days. Although January,

February, etc., are called months they

have nothing to do with the Moon. That is

why the month can have 28, 29, 30 or 31

days.

In this calendar to keep track of

the passage of time we must actually

c o u n t t h e n u m b e r o f d ay s . F o r

convenience the year is sub-divided into

12 months, but their length is arbitrary.

We could have had a month of 36 days if

we so wished. As far as the Gregorian

calendar is concerned, the Moon is totally

irrelevant. Even if the Moon did not exist

the calendar would function in exactly the

same way as now. Gregorian calendar is

(purely) a solar calendar.

We can construct a solar calendar

in another way, where the month is still

decoupled fro the moon but now has

astronomical significance. Divide the

ecliptic into 12 equal parts. Each is called

a zodiacal sign or rashi. Sun’s entry into a

GREGORIAN CALENDAR

9

rashi is called Samkranti. The solar year

would then comprise 12 Samkranti

months.

There is a good reason why a solar

year has 12 months even if these months

are independent of the Moon. Seasons

return with the solar year (365 days).

During this period there occur 12

lunations (that is 12 Amavasya’s or

Poornima’s)

The problem with solar year is that

the new month and therefore the new

year begins Chori Chori Chupke Chupke.

The fact that the word month comes from

the Moon tells us that originally the

Moon was the month-maker. We can

indeed construct a calendar which

dispenses with the Sun as the clock hand

and instead utilizes the Moon. The Sun of

course remains in the picture as the digit

on the dial.

Hijri calendar is a purely lunar

calendar. Muslim festivals are fixed

according to it. The year uniformly

consists of 12 lunations adding up to 354

days. The Hijri year is decoupled from the

Sun. That is why Muslim festivals

systematically slide through seasons.

The Gregorian and the Hijri

calendars achieve their simplicity by using

either the Sun or the Moon as the colck

hand. The Vikrami calendar on the other

hand insists on employing both. That is

why it is complex and can be very

confusing to a layperson.

Like the Hijri calendar the Vikrami

calendar also has a lunar month, which

begins with (the ending moment of)

Amavasya. But while the Hijri year

consists uniformly of 12 lunations, the

Vikrami calendar some times makes the

year of 13 lunations. The festivals

therefore show deviation from seasons

HIJRI CALENDAR

VIKRAMI CALENDAR

but it will always be less than a lunation

(29 days). Christmas falls on a fixed day of

the Gregorian calendar ; Eid can come any

time in a year while Divali falls within a

narrow range of days.

The solar reference point for the

Vikrami calendar is the Spring Equinox,

which currently occurs on 20-21 March.

But the Vikrami calendar nominally

considers 14 April to be the Spring

Equinox. The first month of the Vikrami

year must begin before this date, on New

Moon. As already noted the year can

consist of 12 or 13 lunations. There is a

prescription for doing so. Also note that

even when the year has 13 months there

are only 12 month names. A name will

therefore have to be repeated.

Vikrami calendar is a twin-track

calendar. It keeps track of the Samkranti’s

as well as Amavasya’s and Poornima’s.

Samkranti’s are the more important

because they are directly related to

s e a s o n s . N o r m a l l y b e t w e e n t w o

Samkranti ’s there would occur an

Amavasya. Some times it happens that

between two neighbouring Samkranti’s

there are two Amavasya’s instead of one.

We then count the lunar month twice; the

first one is called Adhik Masa, pronounce

Maas (extra month). Conventionally

celebrations are reserved for the latter

one, which includes a Samkranti . On very

rare occasions there will be no Amavasya

between two Samkranti’s . This month is

then deleted as Kshaya Masa (decayed

month). A Vikrami year cannot have less

than 12 months. If one month is deleted,

some other must be repeated.

- Continue in next Issue

vDrqcj&2009

10

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vkt xq:dqy gSnjkckn ls ‘kkL=h Jh ‘kqdoYyHknklth Lokeh] ‘kkL=h Jh d`”.kpj.knklthLokeh ,oa Jh fuR;Lo:inklth Lokeh us d.kkZVd ds eq[;ea=h Jh ;sfM~M;qjIik ls eqykdkryh A xq:dqy dh ‘kS{kf.kd] lkekftd vkSj vk/;kfRed izo`fŸk;ksa ls Kkr gksdj ,oa d.kkZVdjkT; ds xqycxkZ ‘kgj esa gksusokyh xq:dqy dh uwru ‘kk[kk ls voxr gksdj os vfrizHkkfor gq, A

Open National Taekwondo Competition

N. Phalguni Feather Weight Tushar Patel

Wealter Weight

fn- 28 flrEcj] 2009

fn- 3] 4 vDrqcj] 2009

fn- 14 flrEcj] 2009

fn- 29 vDrqcj] 2009

vDrqcj&2009

12

Ajay Chaudari Hyderabad Ice Cream Utsav

Mukesh K. Hyderabad Ice Cream Utsav

Ghanshyam Maharaj Hyderabad Dosa

Ghanshyam Maharaj Hyderabad Samosa

Dharmik Kara Uganda Birthday Cake

E. Manish Karimnagar Birthday Cake

Bhojan Prasad in Gurukul Hyderabad

Jk//k ioZ

ck< vljxzLr esa lgk;

Hkkjrh; lkaLd`frd ijaijk vuqlkj Hkknzin ekg esa lHkh yksx vius fir`vksa dks Jk//k viZ.kdjrs gS A Lokfeukjk;.k laiznk; dh ijaijk vuqlkj Hkxoku Lokfeukjk;.k ds Jk//k dksHkfDrHkko ls euk;k tkrk gS A 14 flrEcj dks Jk//kioZ euk;k x;k A vusd izdkj ds O;atuksadk Hkxoku dks Hkksx yxk;k x;k A fo’ks”k lRlaxlHkk dk vk;kstu gqvk A ftlesa larx.k }kjkJk//kioZ dh efgek letkb xbZ A i’pkr~ larx.k }kjk lHkh Nk=ksa dks izHkq izlkn izkIr gqvk A

vkt nloha d{kk ds Nk=ksaus vius f’k{kdksa ds lkFk rhu fnolh; ‘kS{kf.kd ;k=k esa eSlqj gksrsgq, dwxZ igqps A ;g lHkh ds fy, vk’p;Ztud vquHko Fkk A D;ksafd ;g ;k=k tksf[ke vkSjvkSj lkgfld gksus ds lkFk ‘kS{kf.kd Hkh Fkh A dwxZ ,d izkd`frd txg gS tks izd`fr dh lqjE;okfn;ksa ds e/; clk gS vkSj dkosjh ds ikuh ls Hkjiwj gS A dwxZ igkfM;k dksgjs ls vkPNkfnr gSvkSj NksVs&NksVs >juksa ls Hkjiwj gS A dwxZ vkt Hkh viuh BaMh gok] ?kus lnkcgkj cu vkSjehyksa QSys lqxaf/kr elkys] dkQh ds cxkuksa vkSj /kku ds [ksr ds dkj.k viuh iqjkuh igpkucuk, gq, gS A dwxZ dk vkSlr rkieku rsjg fMxzh lsfYl;l ls NCchl fMxzh lsfYl;l ds chpjgrk gS A igkMh Hkkxksa esa l=g ls vkSlr m¡pkb xsjg lkS lŸkj ehVj gS A bl txg esa dksMkok]dUuMk] ey;kye] fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth cksyh tkrh gS A lHkhus rkydkosjh] vksedkjsÜojk] ,csQkYl] edZjk QksVZ] nqckjs ,yhQSUV dSEi vkSj xksYMsu VsEiy dq’kyuxj dks ns[kk A frCcfr;uckS) fogkj ns[kus dk ekSdk feyk A rky dkosjh dkosjh unh dk mn~xe gS tks czãfcfj ioZr lsfudyrh gS A vksedkjsÜoj eafnj dksMxq jktk fyaxjktk us cuok;k Fkk A

vka/kzizns’k vkSj d.kkZVd esa vk;s ck< ls vljxzLr ckxydksV ftys ds f’kjcMxh vkSjuohyqgksys xk¡o esa xq:dqy csaxyksj ls larx.k }kjk thout:jh lkexzh nh xbZ A 340 ifjokjds 1400 O;fDr;ksa dks O;fDrxr dEcy] /kksrh] yqaxh] lkjh] pqMhnkj] diMs] pkoy] fcLdhVvkfn oLrqvksa dk forj.k fd;k x;k A ,oa xq:dqy gSnjkckn dh vksj ls vka/kzizns’k ds duqZyftys esa pkoy] czsM ,oa diMs dk forj.k fd;k x;k A

“kS{kf.kd eqykdkr & dwxZ

fn- 14 flrEcj] 2009

fn- 28 ls 1 vDrqcj] 2009

fn- 12 vDrqcj] 2009

xq:dqy csaxyksj