ESCUELA:

PONENTE:

BIMESTRE:

SYNTAX

CICLO:

INGLES

I BIMESTRE

Dra. Rosario Burneo

ABRIL – AGOSTO 2007

LANGUAGE

languge is a social, cultural and psychological phenomenon that serves the purpose of communication among human beings

LINGUISTICS

Linguistics can be defined as the study of human language in all its manifestations.

Linguistics focuses on different aspects of the language, such as:Word formation and inflection; (Morphology); Sounds (Phonology).Structure (Syntax).Meaning (Semantics), and The relationship between language use and society (Pragmatics).

UNIT ONE: BASIC SENTENCE STRUCTURES

• Lexical categories are word based: noun, verb, adjective.

• Phrasal categories are phrase-based: noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, etc.

Linguistic PhenomenaThese phenomena support the fact that human

languages are category-based

• Anaphora is a linguistic phenomenon referring to entities mentioned before in the same sentence or discourse:

Mary likes her new job. Students and teachers feel tired.

Linguistic Phenomena

Coordination uses conjunctions to join words or phrases belonging to the same category:

Teachers and students are attending a lecture

• Recursion enables speakers to make use of a finite set of rules to generate an infinite number of sentences.

Mike, who is a doctor, lives next door.

LINGUISTIC PHENOMENA

• Intrusión refers to the insertion of parenthetical expressions like “I guess”, “certainly”, usually” and others.

Core Sentence Patterns

Core sentence patterns are basic strings of words that express meaning

and have an associated structural description called Base Phrase Marker.

Core Sentence Patterns A Base Phrase Marker is a tree diagram used to show the structure of

phrases, clauses and sentences in a graphic way.

The Five Core Patterns

• ONE: S = NP + VP intransitive + (Adv.P) Mike walks slowly Elizabeth runs

• TWO: S = NP + VP linking + NP George became a doctor S = NP + VP linking + Adj. Phrase Mr. Johnson looks tired

Core Patterns

• THREE: • It is built around one-place transitive verbs.

S = NP+VP one-place trans+ NP Robert washed his car

Core Patterns

•FOUR: This pattern has two versions:

1.S = NP + VP transitive +NP + NP + (Adv.P) Rose gave him an interesting book- This structure takes two objects, a DO and an IO.- I bought a car for my son yesterday.

OBJECTS

• DIRECT OBJECT Mike bought a new car• INDIRECT OBJECT Mike gave me a book• OBJECT OF PREPOSITION (also called Oblique object) Mike bought a book for me

Core Patterns

• FIVE: This pattern is built around the verb BE. S = NP + VP be + NP Martha is a teacher S = NP + VP be + Adj.P Martha is smart S = NP + VP be + Adv.P Martha is in the classroom

UNIT TWO: ENGLISH PHRASE STRUCTURES

•Constituents can be lexical (words) or phrasal (phrases). •Words form phrases: This new house det. Adj. noun•Phrases form clauses: This new house is beautiful NP PV

The Noun Phrase

• Three different types of noun phrases can be distinguished: 1. Anaphor: reciprocal and reflexive:

Mike and Ann love each other Linda cut herself

The Noun Phrase

2. Pronominal refers to personal pronouns. Lupe believes that she is beautiful.

3. Lexical noun phrases include all other noun phrases. The students Marco Reyes

PRONOUNS

• Personal Pronouns: - Nominative pronouns function as subjects - Accusative pronouns function as objects of verbs (me, us) - Dative pronouns function as objects of prepositions (for me, ) - Genitive pronouns indicate possession (mine, yours, etc.)

Reflexive Pronouns

• Reflexive Pronouns refer back to the subject of the clause they are in. They have anaphoric reference.

• Reflexive pronouns can function as: Direct object: I cut myself. Indirect object: Tom bought himself a car. Object of preposition: May lives by herself

Demonstratives

They may function as both, pronouns and determiners.• As pronouns: That is my book• As determiners: That book is mine

Functions of Noun Phrases

• A noun phrase is a string of words headed by a noun and which expresses meaning.

• According to its external syntax, a noun phrase may function as a subject, as an object and as a complement:

Those boys play tennis very well My friend sold his old car He is a dentist

Types of Noun Phrases

• Elementary noun phrases may consist of proper nouns and pronouns.

You came yesterday (Nominative NP) Mike gave me a book (Accusative NP) Mike is in his company (Genitive NP) Robert likes to hunt (Proper NP)

Types of Noun Phrases

• Noun phrases have nouns as their heads. A head noun is the word that dictates the internal structure of the phrase.

• Proper nouns Carlos is very smart• Common noun phrases Cats are beautiful

Types of Noun Phrases

1. Elementary noun phrases introduced by determiners: This cat The moon2. Elementary noun phrases introduced by genitives: Mike’s car Your house3. Noun phrases introduced by quantity words: Some workers Much water

Types of Noun Phrases

• Partitive Noun Phrases can be:1. Introduced by quantity words: Some of his money2. Introduced by measure words: One pound of sugar3. Introduced by the words ALL and BOTH: Rose met all her classmates. Rose met all of her classmates. Both students attended that class. Both of the students attended that class.

THE VERB: Tense, aspect and Modality

Tense communicates information about the time in which an action or event happens.

• Present tense• Past tense• Future tense (uses periphrastic expressions). These are extra words as

WILL.

Aspect

• Aspect indicates the way an action or event is seen or experienced. It can be ongoing or resultant.

• The progressive aspect is ongoing. María is washing her car.• The Perfect aspect is resultant. Experts have predicted a new crisis.

Modality

Mood refers to the purpose of a sentence. It can be:• Indicative for statements• Interrogative for questions• Imperative for commands• Subjunctive for wishesI wish I were a doctor• Conditional for possibility, certainty, obligation, necessity, promise

o threat This book might become a best seller

Action and Belief Modalities

• The Action (or deontic) modality involves language and potential action. It is used to make promises, to order, or to place an obligation.

No smoking (order) I promise to help you (promise) Can you help me? (request)• The Belief (or epistemic) modality involves possibility, certainty, and

necessity. I suppose that the children are hungry. It might rain tonight

The Internal and External Syntax of Phrases

• Internal Syntax refers to the way words are put together to form phrases or clauses.

• External syntax refers to the function constituents (as phrases) might perform in a sentence or clause.

• Head words dictate the internal syntax of phrases. For example, a noun is the head word of a noun phrase; a verb is the head word of a VP, etc.

Subcategorization

• Subcategorization refers to the complement properties of individual words.

• Each word has a set of syntactic features h indicating the context in which it can be inserted.

Ken broke the window –Brake: V + NP We heard the boys asking questions– Hear: V + NP + VP (present participle) Catty put the pen on the desk– Put: V + NP + PP

Noun Phrases as Complements

• NPs can function as subjects, objects and complements.

In complement position, they function as arguments and as predicates.

• As arguments they indicate that the subject plays certain role: My friend killed a lion

• As predicates, they provide information about the subject (person or thing mentioned earlier in the sentence). Mike is a soldier

Complements

• Infinitives as verb phrase complements: That bird seems to be sick• Infinitives as complements of adjectives: We are eager to travel to Europe.• Infinitives as complement of nouns: The plan to save wild life is important.

LIFE IS 10% OF WHAT HAPPENS TO YOU, AND 90% OF HOW YOU RESPOND TO IT

THANK YOUGod bless you