the cambridge housing model guide v 2.7 171111
TRANSCRIPT
A Guide to
The Cambridge Housing
Model
November 2011
Author: Martin Hughes
CAMBRIDGE
ARCHITECTURAL
RESEARCH
LIMITED
Cambridge Architectural Research 1
Cambridge Architectural Research 2
Table of Contents
1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................3
2. Inputs ..............................................................................................................................................7
3. Calculations ....................................................................................................................................9
4. Assumptions .................................................................................................................................12
5. Outputs .........................................................................................................................................13
6. Administration..............................................................................................................................13
7. Post processing: Modelling Gap ..................................................................................................13
8. Using the Model ...........................................................................................................................14
Annex A – Housing Data.......................................................................................................................17
Annex B - Outputs ................................................................................................................................20
Annex C - Assumptions.........................................................................................................................22
Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................28
Cambridge Architectural Research 3
1. Introduction
The Cambridge Housing Model (CHM) is a domestic energy model for Great Britain and the United
Kingdom. The model is used to generate estimates of energy use for the Department of Energy and
Climate Change (DECC) Housing Energy Fact File (HEFF) and the associated Energy Consumption in
the UK (ECUK) Domestic data tables, replacing the use of the Building Research Establishment
Housing Model for Energy Studies (BREHOMES).
The primary source of input data for the CHM is the English Housing Survey (EHS). In the 2009
dataset the EHS provides data on 16,150 representative English dwellings (cases). Each of these
cases represents a quantity of dwellings in England - that is a weighting, such that their sum is equal
to the total number of dwellings in England (22.3 million in 2009). The CHM reads in the EHS
dwelling for each case and performs building physics calculations to determine energy consumption
and associated CO2 emissions, by use and by fuel type. Multiplying the energy use and CO2 emissions
by the associated weighting and summing across all cases gives total values for England. Using
appropriate England–to–GB and GB-to-UK scaling factors based on the number of dwellings in
England, GB and the UK, the approximate GB and UK energy use and CO2 emission totals can be
calculated. The CHM has further been updated to include data from the Scottish House Condition
Survey (SHCS), leading to a more accurate picture of GB homes. The 2008 SHCS provides data on just
under 9,400 representative dwellings, representing over 2.3 million dwellings in Scotland. The input
data into the CHM from the SHCS has been designed to match the form of the EHS input data, so the
CHM deals with the SHCS data in the same way it deals with EHS data. Readers should note that the
version of the model circulated with this document contains only EHS data, although we will publish
the CHM with both English and Scottish input data in early 2012.
The model is built in Microsoft Excel. Calculations are principally performed directly within
worksheets. Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros are used to feed data for each representative
dwelling through the model, and to record the results. The calculations used in the CHM are
principally based on the SAP 20091 worksheet, modified to include appliances and cooking energy
use. We recognise that the SAP methodology is a standardised approach for calculating the energy
performance of specific dwellings, intended primarily for checking compliance with Part L of the
Building Regulations rather than estimating actual energy consumption across the whole stock, but
SAP 2009 is the latest interpretation of the most widely-tested and widely-used framework for
assessing energy use in UK homes: BREDEM2.
1 Department of Energy & Climate Change (2010) SAP 2009: The Government’s Standard Assessment
Procedure for Energy Rating of Dwellings. 2009 edition, revised October 2010. Watford: Building Research
Establishment. 2 Anderson B R et al. (2002) BREDEM-8 model description 2001 update - with corrections, Watford: BRE.
Cambridge Architectural Research 4
The model consists of 8 worksheets: 6 principal sheets used for inputs, calculations, data,
assumptions and outputs, and 2 secondary sheets for administrative use and information:
Figure 1: Worksheets in the Cambridge Housing Model
Outputs are presented for each case, and at the total national level for energy use in England, by
applying weightings and summing. These national totals are adjusted to account for vacant
dwellings, such that calculated energy use figures for properties with zero occupants are re-scaled to
10% of their calculated value (those calculated values are based on a SAP calculation of the number
of occupants). Scaling to UK or GB totals must be carried out by the user.
To assist the user we have used coloured shading of cells within the model to signify inputs,
calculations, assumptions and outputs. It should be noted that this is for guidance only as the
distinction between inputs, calculations and assumptions can be blurred.
The EHS and SHCS collect large amounts of information on each of their 25,000 cases. We use some
of this data for input to the CHM. Prior to inputting this data into our model in the Housing Data
sheet, we first select the relevant datasets from the EHS & SHCS, “clean” it and run it through
Converters – one for the EHS data and one for SHCS. The “cleaning” process removes any obviously
inconsistent values from the datasets. A record of all “cleaned” values is maintained. This data is
then run through our Converters3. Some of the survey data is appropriate for use in its original form
however this is not the case for all of the data. In order to generate the required input Housing Data
some data needs to be interpreted, some combined, and some default assumptions need to be
made. A detailed description of the conversion process for EHS data will be circulated separately to
this document. Once the Housing Data has been generated it can be copied from the Converter and
pasted directly into the Housing Data sheet. The user may also input Climate Data as appropriate -
see the Inputs section below for further details.
The B Physics Parameters sheet contains a large number of variables and assumptions, primarily
taken from or based on SAP 2009. The Building Physics Model then uses the information from
3 The Converters do not form part of CAR’s work for DECC.
About the
Model
Housing Data Climate Data B Physics
Parameters
Building
Physics Model
B Physics
Outputs
Data &
Assumptions
Version History
Inputs Assumptions Calculations Outputs
Cambridge Architectural Research 5
Housing Data, Climate Data and B Physics Parameters to perform the model calculations –
principally based on the SAP 2009 worksheet calculations. The model can either be run for a single
case or for all cases listed in Housing Data. In either situation the results are output to B Physics
Outputs.
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2. Inputs
Housing Data
The principal input to the model is the data contained within the worksheet Housing Data. This
sheet contains one row for each case, with columns representing descriptive data for that case –
such as the dwelling ID (house code), the weighting for this dwelling, the type of dwelling, the
dwelling age band, numbers of occupants, building dimensional data, information on the heating
and hot water systems, levels of insulation and glazing, and so on. A full list of the information
contained in the Housing Data sheet is shown in Annex A.
The input data can be pasted directly into the Housing Data sheet from row 7 onwards. The
appropriate data must be placed in the corresponding column for each case. Rows 4 and 5 in this
sheet are headers for each column.
There are a number of active cells within this worksheet.
• Cell A5 counts the number of cases (16,150 for the 2009 EHS data). The default for this cell is to
COUNT(A7:A60000), however if more than 60,000 cases are to be used then this COUNT should
be extended as appropriate.
• Cell B5 sums the number of dwellings – that is the weighting for each case. This sum gives the
total population of dwellings considered in the model (22.3 million for the EHS data, the total
number of English dwellings). The default for this cell is to SUM(B7:B60000), however if more
than 60,000 cases are to be used then this SUM should be extended as appropriate.
• The second row is used to identify the data associated with a single case code, for use when only
a single case run is performed, by entering the appropriate house code from the list of input
Housing Data into the appropriate cell at the top of Building Physics Model and pressing Enter.
This row is automatically populated when the user presses this button.
The top row is inactive, but is used by the macro that loops through the Housing Data when
performing a full model run of all of the Housing Data. This row is automatically populated when the
user presses the Run Calculation button at the top of Building Physics Model.
Climate Data
Climate Data contains a number of inputs and also a number of calculations. The three key pieces of
input climate data are:
• Monthly External Temperature (oC) by region
• Monthly Average Wind Speed (m/s) by region
• Monthly Average Horizontal Solar Radiation (W/m2) by region
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As a default we have used data that we believe is appropriate here, however the informed user may
wish to overwrite this data with their own. There are also several additional pieces of climate data
that the informed user may wish to input:
• Latitudes (o North) for each region
• Monthly Solar Declination (o)
• Solar Hot Water Collector Setting - Tilt of collector and Orientation: user selections from a drop-
down menu
• Ratio of Monthly Solar Radiation to Annual Average Solar Radiation for a series of collector tilts:
horizontal, 30 o
, 45 o
, 60 o
and vertical.
However we would emphasise that only an informed user should change any of this information, if
they believe that they have more relevant data. Readers should note that changes to any of the
above data will be applied to all cases in any given model run.
The top of the Climate Data sheet contains a summary of the climate data used for the currently
referenced case. In addition, towards the middle and end of the sheet are a number of calculations
in accordance with SAP 2009, which are referenced.
B Physics Parameters
Within B Physics Parameters there are a number of user-selection inputs which the informed user
can vary. We would emphasise that only an informed user should consider changing these values.
Also it should be noted that typically these user-selected values will be applied to all cases in any
given model run. Below is a list of the user-selection inputs:
• Window U-value (W/m2K) - SAP Table 6e: Curtain Effect factor.
• Wall U-value (W/m2K): England and Wales (semi-exposed*) - SAP Table S6: Thermal resistance of
unheated space (Ru).
• Hot Water Usage Calculation - Dwelling is designed to achieve a water use target of ≤125 litres
per person per day (all water use, hot and cold): User selection Yes or No re-scales the “Base
Rate” and “Per person” values.
• Hot Water Storage Loss: Temperature Factor - SAP Table 2b: Cylinder Thermostat Factor.
• Internal Heat Gain Type - Heat Gain Setting: user selection from a drop-down menu.
• Fuel Costs: Domestic Hot Water (DHW) System Electricity Price: High-rate Fraction.
• Fuel Costs: Secondary Heating System Electricity Price: High-rate Fraction.
• Fuel Costs: Mechanical Ventilation System Electricity Price: High-rate Fraction.
• Fuel Costs: Other Electricity Uses Electricity Price: High-rate Fraction.
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• Effective Air Change Rate Calculation Parameters: there are a series of user selections from a
drop-down menu.
Building Physics Model
There is a single input option in Building Physics Model relating to running the model for a single
case: the user needs to enter the appropriate House Code in the section “Calculation for a single
house”, prior to pressing the button Enter.
3. Calculations
The calculations undertaken in the model are primarily based on the SAP 2009 worksheet and other
associated SAP calculations. References to all SAP calculations are shown in the model in the format
[Ref]. The majority of model calculations are undertaken in Building Physics Model. Other
calculations are also made in Climate Data and B Physics Parameters. SAP 2009 should be referred
to for further details of these calculations.
As the focus for SAP is ‘regulated’ energy use (comprising space and water heating, fixed lighting,
ventilation and pumps), calculations for determining the energy use and associated CO2 emissions
for electrical appliances and cooking are not explicitly stated in SAP 2009. These features are
therefore additionally considered in the CHM, based on BREDEM 8 and SAP as follows:
• Electrical Appliances calculations are as per the appliances energy use [L11] - [L12] SAP 2009
calculations which form part of section (5) Internal Gains calculations. (Note that within SAP
these calculations are only used as part of the internal gains calculations.)
• For the cooking calculation we have used the equations in section 5 of BREDEM 8, but with some
adjustments. In the model, we provide two options of cooking systems: (1) Gas hob and electric
oven and (2) electric cooker.
We assume dwellings that use gas for main heating and/or Domestic Hot Water (DHW) would
use gas for cooking, otherwise electric cooker is applied.
In BREDEM 8 Table 5.1, there are cooking fuel use and the associated gains for various cooking
systems. However, in SAP 2009 Table 5 there is only one equation for the calculation of internal
heat gains for cooking. In order to derive the equations for different cooking systems to be used
in the CHM, we compared the SAP 2009 typical gains equation with the BREDEM 8 gains
equations:
• SAP 2009 - Typical gains: 35+7N
• BREDEM 8 - Gas hob and electric oven: 59.7+12N
• BREDEM 8 - Electric cooker: 48.5+9.7N
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Here N is the number of occupants. It should be noted that SAP 2009 gives a lower gains than
BREDEM. This reflects the improved efficiency in cooking systems in the last decade, and
changes in household cooking trends. Working out the reduction factors by dividing the BREDEM
8 constants by SAP 2009 constants:
• For Gas hob and electric oven: 59.7/35=1.71; 12/7=1.71
• For Electric cooker: 48.5/35=1.39; 9.7/7=1.39
So the SAP 09 internal gain equation can be expressed as BREDEM 8 divided by 1.71 for gas
cooker and BREDEM 8 divided by 1.39 for electric cooker. We have applied the same reduction
factors in the cooking fuel calculations in the new model, which results in the constants you see
in the B Physics Parameters sheet:
• For gas hob and electric oven:
o BREDEM 8: 1.49+0.3N (gas) becomes 0.87+0.18N
o BREDEM 8: 0.85+0.17(electricity) becomes 0.50+0.10N
• For electric cooker:
o BREDEM 8: 1.70+0.34N becomes 1.22+0.24N
Furthermore, as the SAP methodology is a standardised approach for calculating the energy
performance of individual dwellings and not specifically intended for calculating household energy
use at a national (e.g. England) or UK level, a series of modifications have been made to the original
SAP worksheet calculations. The key changes are:
• Demand temperature and heating regimes – a default demand temperature of 19oC is assumed
for the living area for all dwellings, as opposed to 21oC in SAP. The rest of dwellings’ demand
temperatures are based on the SAP calculations, but using the 19oC living area demand
temperature. The SAP heating regimes have been retained. It is recognised that demand
temperatures and heating regimes vary considerably between households however there is
limited recent data on either of these parameters4. The 19
oC living area demand temperature
and the SAP heating regimes are used here as a simple proxy to typical user behaviour.
• Climate data - monthly external temperature (oC), monthly average wind speed (m/s), and
monthly average horizontal solar radiation (W/m2) - is applied at a regional level, as opposed to
the national level in SAP. England is divided into the nine old Government Office Regions (GORs).
• For monthly external temperatures, data is used for the specific year under consideration: in the
current version of the model 2009 external temperature data is used. This is as opposed to SAP
values, which are averaged over decades.
• The number of occupants in each representative dwelling is taken from the EHS data. This is as
opposed to the SAP methodology where a calculation is used to approximate the number of
4 There is some limited data suggesting an average living area demand temperature close to 19
oC: Kane, T.,
Firth, S.K., Allinson, D., Irvine, K.N., Lomas, K.J. 2011. Understanding occupant heating practices in UK
dwellings. World Renewables Energy Congress 2011; Energy End-Use Efficiency Issues.
Cambridge Architectural Research 11
occupants, based on dwelling floor area. However for representative dwellings identified as
having no occupants in the EHS, the CHM does use the SAP occupancy calculation.
• For representative dwellings identified as having no occupants in the EHS it is assumed that the
dwelling is vacant. In the 2009 EHS data this corresponds to more than 1 million vacant dwellings
in England. For the CHM calculation of national/GB total energy, the consumption for vacant
properties (based on the default SAP calculation for number of occupants) is reduced so that it is
only 10% of the originally calculated energy consumption value. This calculation is performed
post-processing, and is a simple approximation to account for reduced energy use in vacant
dwellings, second homes, etc.
• The levels of heat loss due to party walls and thermal bridge have been reduced to 25% of the
SAP calculated values for pre 2003 dwellings. This reflects the much greater significance of
thermal bridges and party walls in better-insulated modern homes, which has been incorporated
into the SAP calculation. It was felt that homes constructed before 2003, with poorer thermal
performance, are less sensitive to thermal bridges and party wall losses.
• Wall u-values for filled cavity walls have been amended from the original SAP Table S6 values so
that they are now 0.65 for homes built before 1983 (SAP dwelling age categories 1 to 6
inclusive). This reflects research commissioned by the Energy Saving Trust which found that
cavity wall insulation achieves an average of 38% less than the expected improvement in
thermal resistance (Doran & Carr, 2008).
It should be recognised that because of these differences any SAP-like ratings calculated in the CHM
are not equivalent to SAP ratings, which use a Standardised Assessment Procedure. To make this
clear, these calculated values are called ‘CHM values/ratings’ in the CHM building physics calculation
and output worksheets.
We welcome feedback on these changes to the SAP asssumptions.
In addition to the worksheets the model also contains three macros:
• Workbook_Open(): This generates the pop-up box that greets the user when first opening the
model, stating that this is the Cambridge Housing Model and showing the version number. The
version number is referenced from the worksheet Version History – see below for further
details.
• SimulateSingleHouse(): This is linked to the Enter button at the top of Building Physics Model,
and runs the calculation for a single case when the appropriate House Code is entered (note that
the code must be one of the codes listed in Housing Data). The subroutine sets the variable
SingleHouseCode in cell A2 of Housing Data, to be equal to the variable SingleHouseCodeInput
input by the user into the House Code box under the heading “Calculation for a single house
(enter House Code below)” at the top of Building Physics Model. This automatically populates
the remaining cells in row 2 of Housing Data. This range is named SingleHousingDataInput. The
corresponding range in row 1 of Housing Data is HousingDataInput and the macro sets
HousingDataInput to be equal to SingleHousingDataInput – that is row 1 of Housing Data is
populated with the input Housing Data for user-selected House Code. By default the Building
Physics calculations in the model are set to look to row 1 of Housing Data as the default input
Cambridge Architectural Research 12
data setting, therefore the model is automatically populated with the correct input data and the
calculations are automatically performed. Row 1 of B Physics Outputs automatically looks to the
appropriate cells in the calculation sheets for the model outputs. Therefore the outputs for the
single case selected can be found here.
• SimulateEntireStock(): This is linked to the Run Calculation button at the top of Building Physics
Model, and runs the calculation for all cases listed in Housing Data. The macro operates in a
similar way to SimulateSingleHouse(), except that here the macro must loop through all of the
House Codes in Housing Data. Starting at row 7 in Housing Data, this row is copied and pasted
into row 1. As before, the values in row 1 automatically populate the calculations within the
model, and the outputs are automatically generated and reported in row 1 of B Physics Outputs.
This macro now copies the information in row 1 of B Physics Outputs and pastes it into row 7 of
the same sheet. By looping through the full set of Housing Data in this way (next moving to row
8, then row 9 and so on until the final entry), outputs are generated for all cases and recorded in
B Physics Outputs. The macro also includes a “percentage complete” message in the Excel status
bar, showing the real-time percentage of the model run that is complete, and at the end of the
run outputs an information box stating the model run time. Finally the macro performs “sum
product” calculations to generate total energy use figures, adjusted for vacant dwellings.
4. Assumptions
The vast majority of assumptions used in the model are taken from SAP 2009 and are explicitly
expressed within the B Physics Parameters and B Physics Model worksheets. SAP 2009 should be
consulted for further details. However a number of additional assumptions are made in the CHM,
and these are stated in Data & Assumptions and are also presented in Annex C here.
Data & Assumptions
This sheet contains details of the data used in the model, any non-SAP 2009 calculations, and also
any assumptions that are not explicitly expressed within the model and/or referenced to SAP 2009
or related sources.
The bottom half of Data & Assumptions also contains a list of the named variables & ranges used in
the model. Named variables & ranges have been used in a number of places, rather than simple cell
referencing, because names can be used to aid the ease of understanding for the user. In addition
the list of named variables & ranges is hyperlinked to help identify what a specific name relates to.
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5. Outputs
All model outputs are contained within the sheet B Physics Outputs, and are listed in Annex B here.
The primary outputs are energy consumption by use and by fuel type, and the associated CO2
emissions by use and by fuel type, for each of the cases. In order to generate totals for each subset
of the English population of dwellings associated with a single case, relevant values must be
multiplied by the dwelling weighting (which is an input in Housing Data but is also restated in B
Physics Outputs). The total energy use and CO2 emissions for England (say) is the sum of all of these
EHS weighted values. To approximate GB or UK energy use and emissions these figures can be
multiplied by appropriate England-to-GB or GB-to-UK scaling factors. The user must do scaling to GB
or UK totals.
Total national level energy use figures for England are calculated here, post-processing of the
individual representative dwelling calculations. This is achieved by applying weightings and
summing. Here these totals are adjusted to account for vacant dwellings, such that calculated energy
use figures for properties with zero occupants are re-scaled to 10% of their calculated value (where
calculated values are based on a SAP estimate of the number of occupants).
6. Administration
The remaining “administrative” worksheets are:
• About the Model: The model opens onto this sheet. There is a brief introductory description of
the model, a simple design flow diagram, hyperlinks to each of the worksheets, a more detailed
description and a colour key relating to inputs, calculations, assumptions and outputs in the
model.
• Version History: This is a list of the versions of the model that have been generated over time.
The user will note that the current version number is boxed, and is defined as the named
variable CHM_Version. This should always be the case for the current version, as it is this version
number that is used in the information box that pops up when the user first opens the model.
We suggest that to retain this protocol, if the user generates a new version of the model, a line
should be inserted above the “current” version, details of the “current “version copied to this
blank line, and the details of the newly current version of the model written over the top of the
information in the bottom line.
7. Post processing: Modelling Gap
The CHM is used to generate domestic energy consumption figures for GB and the UK, which are
reported in the HEFF and the associated ECUK domestic data tables. Here energy consumption is
Cambridge Architectural Research 14
reported by end-use and by fuel type. The Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES) publishes country-
wide totals of actual energy consumption broken down by sector, including totals for domestic
energy consumption by fuel use. Therefore model outputs can be compared to the DUKES data.
In order to report results in the HEFF and ECUK data tables, it is desirable to align the modelled CHM
estimates with the measured DUKES data. To generate the breakdowns reported in the HEFF and
ECUK, CHM-to-DUKES adjustment factors are calculated at the fuel type level and applied to the
CHM estimates. In this way a breakdown of UK domestic energy consumption by fuel and end-use is
generated that aligns with the 2009 DUKES energy consumption figures by fuel.
8. Using the Model
When you first open the model you will be prompted to enable the macros, which you must do. You
will then see an information box informing you that this is the Cambridge Housing Model and telling
you the version – click OK. The model will now be open in About the Model.
If the model is already populated with appropriate data then you may simply proceed to the top of
Building Physics Model and run the model – either for all cases by pressing the button Run
Calculation, or for a single case by entering the appropriate House Code and pressing Enter.
Cambridge Architectural Research 15
If all cases are run the status bar of the model will show the model progress, and at the end a pop-up
box will advise the user of the run time. Results will be output to B Physics Outputs from row 7
onwards. For a single case the run time should be almost instantaneous and the results will be
output to row 1 of B Physics Outputs.
You should remember that all outputs (with the exception of the adjusted, total energy use figures)
relate to the relevant case only, and that outputs must be multiplied by the appropriate weightings
(also stated in B Physics Outputs) in order to generate outputs for the full population of dwellings.
If the model is not already populated with appropriate data then you must paste the correct data
into the relevant worksheets. Most obviously this involves Housing Data, from rows 7 onwards. Note
Cambridge Architectural Research 16
that the columns relate to the specific type of information that is required (e.g. House code,
weighting, dwelling type, age, etc.). Our Converter automatically generates data in the correct
format.
If other data is to be changed, e.g. Climate Data, you must overwrite the existing data, taking care
not to change anything else.
See earlier notes for details of other possible user inputs. However we reiterate that only the
informed user should make further changes to the data or assumptions currently used in the model.
Cambridge Architectural Research 17
Annex A – Housing Data
Below is a list of information contained within the Housing Data sheet. Each piece of information
relates to a column in the worksheet.
Housing Code
Number of Dwelling
SAP Age band
Tenure Type
Dwelling Type
Occupant - Adult
Occupant - Children
Region
Basement Area
Basement Storey Height
GF Area
GF Storey Height
1F Floor Area
1F Storey Height
2F Floor Area
2F Storey Height
3F Floor Area
3F Storey Height
Room in roof Area
Room in roof Storey Height
Chimneys - Main heating
Chimneys - Secondary heating
Chimneys - Other
Open flues - Main heating
Open flues - Secondary heating
Open flues - Other
Intermittent fans
Passive vents
Flueless gas fire
Structural Infiltration
Floor Infiltration
Draught Lobby
Windows and doors draught stripped
Sides sheltered
Ventilation System
Door Area
Door U-value
Windows 1 Type
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Windows 1 Area
Windows 1 Frame
Windows 1 Overshading
Windows 1 Orientation
Windows 2 Type
Windows 2 Area
Windows 2 Frame
Windows 2 Overshading
Windows 2 Orientation
Roof Window Type
Roof Window Area
Roof Window Frame
Roof Window Orientation
Basement Floor Construction
Basement Floor Heat Loss Area
Basement Floor Exposed Perimeter
GF Construction
GF Heat Loss Area
GF Exposed Perimeter
Exposed Floor Construction
Exposed Floor Heat Loss Area
Living area fraction
Basement Wall Construction
Basement Wall Area
External Wall Construction
External Wall Area
Semi-exposed Wall Construction
Semi-exposed Wall Area
Roof Construction
Loft Insulation
Roof Area
Room in roof Construction
Room in roof Heat Loss Envelope Area
Party Wall Construction
Party Wall Area
Party Floor Construction
Party Floor Area
Party Ceiling Construction
Party Ceiling Area
Internal Wall Construction
Internal Wall Area
Internal Floor Construction
Internal Floor Area
Internal Ceiling Construction
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Internal Ceiling Area
DHW System
DHW Boiler with Central Heating
DHW Electric System Type
DHW Electric System Tariff
DHW - Community Heating Tariff
DHW - Community Heating Fuel Type
DHW - Community Heating CHP Fraction
DHW - Community Heating CHP Fuel
DHW System Efficiency
DHW Cylinder Volume
Cylinder Insulation Type
Cylinder insulation Thickness
Primary Pipework Insulation
Cylinderstat
Solar DHW
Solar DHW in Cylinder
Solar DHW Storage
Main Heating System
Main Heating - Electric Tariff
Main Heating - Community Heating Tariff
Main Heating - Community Heating Fuel Type
Main Heating - Community Heating CHP Fraction
Main Heating - Community Heating CHP Fuel
Main Heating - Heater Flue
Main Heating - Oil Pump Location
Main Heating - Heat Emitter
Main Heating Efficiency
Main Heating Control - Programmer
Main Heating Control - Room Thermostat
Main Heating Control - TRVs
Secondary Heating System
Low Energy Lighting
EHS Age band
Wall Thickness
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Annex B - Outputs
Below is a list of outputs contained within the B Physics Output sheet. Each output relates to a
column in the worksheet.
Housing Code
Dwelling Type
Number of Dwelling
Total Energy excluding Appliances & Cooking
Total Energy excluding Space Cooling
Energy Rate (CHM)
Total CO2 excluding Appliances & Cooking
Total CO2 excluding Space Cooling
CO2 Rate (CHM)
Total Primary Energy excluding Appliances & Cooking
Total Primary Energy excluding Space Cooling
CHM 2009 Rating
CHM 2009 Rating Band
CHM 2009 EI Rating
CHM 2009 EI Rating Band
Dwelling Heat Loss
Mean Internal Temp
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Gas
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Oil
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Solid
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Biomass
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Electricity
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Renewable
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Space Heating - main
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Space Heating - secondary
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Water Heating
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Space Cooling
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Lighting
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Electrical Appliances
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Cooking
Energy Consumption (kWh/year): Pumps and fans
CO2 Emission (kgCO2/year): Gas
CO2 Emission (kgCO2/year): Oil
CO2 Emission (kgCO2/year): Solid
CO2 Emission (kgCO2/year): Biomass
CO2 Emission (kgCO2/year): Electricity
CO2 Emission (kgCO2/year): Space Heating - main
CO2 Emission (kgCO2/year): Space Heating - secondary
Cambridge Architectural Research 21
CO2 Emission (kgCO2/year): Water Heating
CO2 Emission (kgCO2/year): Space Cooling
CO2 Emission (kgCO2/year): Lighting
CO2 Emission (kgCO2/year): Electrical Appliances
CO2 Emission (kgCO2/year): Cooking
CO2 Emission (kgCO2/year): Pumps and fans
Cambridge Architectural Research 22
Annex C - Assumptions
Most assumptions used in the model are taken from SAP 2009 and are explicitly expressed within
the B Physics Parameters and B Physics Model worksheets. Readers should consult SAP 2009 for
further details. However a number of additional assumptions are made in the CHM and a number of
changes have been made from the original SAP formulations, all of which is stated in Data &
Assumptions and repeated here. All assumptions should be considered in the context of SAP 2009
and the worksheets in the CHM.
The user may note several references to a "CHM Rating" (short for "Cambridge Housing Model
Rating") or "CHM" energy or CO2 calculated values, in the titles in B Physics Output and in sections 9
- 13 inclusive in Building Physics Model. Here the CHM prefix is used to differentiate the value from
a corresponding SAP value. All such CHM values are calculated in a similar manner to the
corresponding SAP values, however there are some differences in our underlying Building Physics
calculations:
• Assume a default demand temperature of 19oC. It is recognised that demand temperatures and
heating regimes will vary between occupants and over time; this use of 19oC is a simple proxy for
realistic demand temperatures / heating regimes.
• Numbers of occupants are taken from the EHS data where this information is available; where
this is not available the SAP 2009 calculation is used.
• Where the EHS does not have a record of the number of occupants in a dwelling it is assumed
that the dwelling is vacant; in the 2009 EHS dataset there are more than 1 million vacant
dwellings. Here the energy consumption for vacant properties is reduced so that it is only 10% of
the originally calculated value. This calculation is performed post- processing and is only applied
to the total energy use calculations; reported outputs at the individual representative dwelling
level are for 100% of the originally calculated values.
• A regional breakdown of dwelling locations is used; this is specifically relevant in terms of
regional climate data.
• We use year-specific mean external temperatures; that is for, say, the 2009 EHS dataset the
associated external temperature data is also 2009.
• In Section 3 of Building Physics Model, "Heat Loss and Heat Loss Parameters", we have added
[29b] a "Semi-Exposed Wall" element and [30a] of a "Room in Roof" element.
• We have reduced the levels of heat loss due to party walls and thermal bridge for pre 2003
dwellings; dwelling from 2003 onwards remain unchanged, but for pre 2003 dwellings the party
wall heat loss is reduced to 25% of the calculated value.
• At DECC’s request, changed the Wall u-value for "Filled cavity / Cavity with insulation
(internal/external)" so that it is now 0.65 for representative dwelling of SAP dwelling age
categories 1 to 6 inclusive; this applies to the Scotland data table, as well as the England & Wales
table.
• We have added an additional wall category, "Metal Frame"; the parameters for this category are
based on the following assumptions: SAP ages 1-3: framed, single galvanised steel + cavity +
plasterboard; SAP ages 4-5: framed, single galvanised steel with 25mm EPS; SAP ages 6-8:
framed, single galvanised steel with 50mm EPS; this is based on Szokolay Steven V. (2004)
Introduction to architectural science: The basis of sustainable design. Oxford, UK: Architectural
Cambridge Architectural Research 23
Press, p.253 (Data sheet D.1.3); for SAP ages 9-11: data follows SAP Table S6 'System build (as
built)' (Type 12).
In addition we have used the following assumptions:
• After [8] it is stated "if pressurisation test has been carried out or is intended, proceed to [17],
otherwise continue from [9] to [16]." Here it is assumed that NO pressurisation test has
been/will be carried out, therefore [9] to [16] are calculated here. (Note: at some future point
when the year of construction is included in the EHS data, the calculation will be adapted to
include further assessment of homes built after 2005.)
• [17] relates to air permeability if a pressurisation test has been done, and value [18] relates to
[17]. However here we assume that no pressurisation test has been done, therefore [17] is
omitted, and [18] = [16] as stated in SAP 2009.
• [23b] is calculated “if exhaust air heat pump using Appendix N” (using equation [N4]). Here it is
assumed that this is NOT the case, therefore “otherwise” is assumed, and [23b] = [23a].
• [25] can be calculated “If Appendix Q applies in relation to air change rate, the effective air
change rate is calculated via Appendix Q instead”. Appendix Q “provides a method to enable the
SAP calculation to make use of the characteristics of technologies that are not included in the
published SAP specification. This procedure may only be used for technologies whose
characteristics have been independently assessed and which are described on the web page
www.bre.co.uk/sap2009.” It is assumed that this is NOT the case here, and so [25] Effective air
change rate is calculated using [24].
• In the calculation of [36], Thermal bridges, it is assumed that “details of thermal bridging are not
known”.
• For calculation [43], there is the option to “reduce the annual average hot water consumption
by 5% if the dwelling is designed to achieve a water use target of not more than 125 litres per
person per day (all water use, hot and cold).” Here, in B Physics Parameters we have included a
user-specification box which allows the user to change the response to this question between
“No” (NO 5% reduction) or “Yes”. The calculation is amended automatically when the user
makes this choice. Note that our default setting is “No”, and that furthermore this choice applies
to all dwellings in the model run.
• In the SAP 2009 worksheet, in the assessment of water storage loss ( [47] – [49] or [50] – [54])
we have assumed that the manufacturer’s declared loss factor is NOT known – and hence
calculate [50] – [54]. This further means that [55] is equal to [54].
• In the calculation of [51], if the DHW System is a Combi or there is no cylinder, the storage loss
factor [51] is assumed to be 0.
• In the calculation of [52], Volume factor, from Table 2a the calculation VF = (120/Vc)1/3 is used –
point (2) of the notes for the table – rather than a value from the table.
Cambridge Architectural Research 24
• In the calculation of value [53] using SAP 2009 Table 2b, the notes for Table 2b include the use of
a value to multiply the Temperature Factor by, for calculations involving (a), (b). Here we assume
(a): “Multiply Temperature Factor by 1.3 if a cylinder thermostat is absent.” However the user
has the ability to change this to (b) in the “Cylinder Thermostat Factor” box in our calculations
in the B Physics Parameters.
• In the calculation of [61] we assume the use of Table 3a, NOT 3b nor 3c; within Table 3a we
further assume that the instantaneous combi type is WITHOUT keep-hot facility.
• In the calculation of value [63], we use Appendix H NOT Appendix G.
• In the SAP 09 worksheet, in the calculation of value [63] we use default collector parameters
from Table H1 of SAP 2009, assuming the collector is "flat plate, glazed".
• In Climate Data, for the Solar Hot Water Collector Setting we have enabled a user input to
change the setting from amongst a selection in a drop-down box. However we have used a
default setting of Tilt: 30 deg, Orientation: South. This setting is used in the determination of the
“Ratio of Monthly Solar Radiation to Annual Average Solar Radiation”, also in Climate Data. This
is further used in the calculation of [63]. Note that this Solar Hot Water Collector setting applies
to all cases in a given model run.
• In the SAP 2009 Appendix H calculation [H6], (which we use to calculate [H7] in Building Physics
Model, which is further used to calculate [H17] and [63]), we have assumed the selection
“Modest: 20% - 60% of sky blocked by obstacles” from Table H4.
• In the SAP 2009 worksheet, relating to section 5 Internal gains, in Table 5 there is a choice: (A)
Typical gains or (B) Reduced gains. In B Physics Parameters we have enabled a user-selection for
this "Heat Gains Setting". Our default choice is (A) typical, however the user can switch this
selection. Note that this setting applies to all cases in a given model run.
• In the calculation of [70], using Table 5a: if Ventilation System Type = 2 we assume a specific fan
power = 0.8 litre/s, whereas if Ventilation System Type = 5 we assume specific fan power = 2
litre/s.
• The 9 regions used in the EHS are the 9 English Government Office Regions (GORs); in extending
our consideration to the SHCS we also consider 3 Scottish GORs.
• Where regional data has been mapped from the SAP 2009 regional breakdown to our GOR-
based regional breakdown, the mapping is as follows: Region 1 (North East) - Borders; Region 2
(Yorkshire and the Humber) - North East; Region 3 (North West) - West Pennines and North
West; Region 4 (East Midlands) - East Pennines; Region 5 (West Midlands) - Midland; Region 6
(South West) - South, South West and Severn; Region 7 (East of England) - East Anglia; Region 8
(South East) - Thames and South East; Region 9 (London) - Thames ; Region 10 (Western
Scotland) - West Scotland; Region 11 (Eastern Scotland)- East Scotland; Region 12 (Northern
Scotland) - North East Scotland & North West Scotland.
Cambridge Architectural Research 25
• In Climate Data, the Monthly Average Horizontal Solar Radiation (W/m2) data comes from
BREDEM-8 Table D13 (which uses the same regional breakdown as SAP 2009 - and has therefore
been mapped to our GOR-based breakdown as above).
• In the calculation of [74] to [82] inclusive, in SAP 2009 a calculation is made for each “applicable
orientation”. Here we have already identified the orientations for Window 1, Window 2, and the
Rooflight (in the input Housing Data) – therefore we just apply the calculation for these 3 cases.
Much of the orientation calculations is undertaken in Climate Data.
• For the calculation of [103] gains (space cooling), SAP 2009 states that for solar gains use the
applicable weather region based on Table 10, rather than the non-regional Table 6a. However in
both instances we use our own regional weather data as specified in Climate Data.
• For the calculation of [105], leading to [107], assume that the cooled area fraction is equal to the
living area fraction - which is a Housing Data input.
• For the calculation of [203] - [205]: Assume there is NO "second main system", therefore
[204]=[202] and [203]=[205]=[207]=[213]=0.
• In SAP 09, for the calculation of the adjusted values for [206] and [216], we have only considered
two scenarios for this adjustment: (i) Condensing boiler with under-floor heating: we assume
this is the case if the main heating system is gas, if the DHW system in NOT with the boiler, and if
there is under-floor heating; and (ii) No thermostat control of room temperature: we assume
this is the case if this is NOT a Community Heating System and there is NOT a room thermostat -
and for space heating if there is a boiler, and for DHW if it is a non-combi boiler. This is because
the other elements in Table 4c (load compensator, weather compensator…) are not covered by
our input data, and similarly for control system, we don't have information about boiler
interlock.
• For the calculation of [208], we use data from "Table_SecondaryHeatingEfficiency" in B Physics
Parameters; this data is based on Table 4a as follows: (2) for "Gas Fire" we assume the "Gas fire
or wall heater, balanced flue" natural gas option; (3) for "Gas Coal effect fire" we assume the
"Flush fitting live fuel effect gas fire, open fronted" NOT fan assisted, natural gas option; (5) for
"Open fire" we assume an average of the "open fire in grate" and "open fire with back boiler",
natural gas options.
• For the calculation of [303], the SAP 2009 worksheet gives you the opportunity to specify up to
four heat sources in addition to the community CHP. Here we have allowed for just a single
additional heat source, therefore our calculations go up to [303b] rather than [303e], and
similarly for up to [304b], [307b] and [310b].
• In SAP 09, for the calculation of values [305] and [305a] using
"Table_CommunitySystemChargingMethodFactor", we have used Table 4c, including inferring
some values: for 'room thermostat and TRVs' assume values for 'TRVs', and if
'programmer+thermostat+TRVs' assume values for 'programmer+TRVs'.
• For the calculation of [306], the values we use from Table 12c are an average of the distribution
factors for different heat distribution systems.
Cambridge Architectural Research 26
• For the calculation of [217], see our table "Table_MainHeatingEfficiencySummer" for the
efficiencies taken from SAP Table 4b.
• For the calculation of [230a] and [330a] using our "Table_VentilationSystemElectricity" using
Tables 4f and 4g, we have made the following assumptions: for Mechanical - positive input
ventilation from outside and Mechanical - whole house extract ventilation assume specific fan
power = 0.8 litre/s; for Mechanical - balanced whole house ventilation with or without heat
recovery assume specific fan power = 2 litre/s and air throughput = 0.5 ach.
• For the calculation of [230f], it is assumed that there is no keep-hot facility; therefore [230f]=0.
• For the calculation of [230g] and [330g], it is assumed that the solar water heating pump is
electrically powered.
• In our calculation of Cooking Use, after [232] and [332] in Building Physics Model, assume "Gas
hob and electric oven" if main heating/ DHW system uses gas, otherwise assume "Electric
cooker and oven'".
• We have not considered Energy saving/generation technologies SAP calculations [233] - [235]
inclusive, or [333] or [334]; subsequently we have also not considered the "Appendix Q items"
which are repeated throughout the SAP worksheet.
• For the calculation of [311], SAP states "If DHW by immersion or instantaneous heater within
dwelling" - we assume this is the case if this is NOT Community heating, and only if the DHW
system is an electric boiler or "other electric".
• In our table "Fuel Costs: Main Heating Gas, Oil and Solid Systems": our figures for Solid boiler
house coal / anthracite is an average of the constituent figures in Table 12; also our figures for a
Biomass boiler assume Wood pellets (bulk supply for main heating) from Table 12.
• In our table "Fuel Costs: Secondary Heating Gas, Oil and Solid Systems": our figures for open fire
assume Manufactured smokeless fuel from Table 12a.
• In SAP 09, for the calculation of value [247], for 'Other electric' systems (i.e. not single or dual
immersion), assume high rate fraction = 0.7 if 7-hour tariff and 0.4 if 10-hour tariff - based on
the data in Table 12a.
• In our table "Fuel Costs: Main Heating System Electricity Price" we assume the following, based
on SAP Table 12a: (i) for "Electric boiler", Off-peak tariff (Economy 7) assume a high rate fraction
of 0.9, Off-peak tariff (Economy 10) assume a high rate fraction of 0.5; (ii) for "Electric storage",
Off-peak tariff (Economy 7) assume a high rate fraction of 0.2, Off-peak tariff (Economy 10)
assume a high rate fraction of 0.5; (iii) for "Electric room heater", Off-peak tariff (Economy 7)
assume a high rate fraction of 1.0, Off-peak tariff (Economy 10) assume a high rate fraction of
0.5; (iv) for "Warm air - electric", "Ground source heat pump" and "Air source heat pump"
assume the standard tariff.
• For Space Cooling calculations it is assumed that space cooling is electric powered.
• For [361] CommunityHeatingCHP_ElectricalEfficiency, we assume a value of 30%.
Cambridge Architectural Research 27
• For [362] CommunityHeatingCHP_HeatEfficiency, we assume a value of 50%.
• Note that we assume that there is no CO2 emission associated with Community heating scheme:
Water heating by immersion heater or instantaneous heater [375].
• In Climate Data, the latitude and Monthly Average Horizontal Solar Radiation (W/m2) data for
Northern Scotland (here Region 12) is based on data from SAP Table 10 and BREDEM 8
respectively, assuming North East Scotland.
• Age Band Mapping: SAP age bands are used to lookup values in SAP tables, such as wall U values.
However several of the EHS age bands map onto 2 different SAP age bands, for example EHS age
band 4 covers the period 1919 to 1944 inclusive, whilst the SAP age bands 2 and 3 cover the
periods 1900 to 1929 and 1930 to 1949 inclusive, respectively. To identify the appropriate values
from SAP tables, in instances where the known EHS band relates to 2 SAP age bands, the
proportion of the EHS age band that lies within each of the corresponding 2 SAP age bands is
determined, based on the number of years in an individual EHS age band that falls into each of
the 2 SAP age bands. Values from the SAP tables corresponding to both SAP age bands are
identified, and a new value is calculated proportionally based on the two SAP values and the
proportions of the two SAP age bands relating to the single EHS age band. For example, for a
representative dwelling with EHS age band 4, and appropriate values from a SAP table of 1.0 for
SAP age band 2 and 2.0 for SAP age band 3, the used value is calculated as (0.4231 x 1.0) +
(0.5796 x 2.0). See table "AgeMapTable" in B Physics Parameters.
• For Appendix P: Assessment of Internal Temperature in Summer (these calculations are not
integral to SAP and do not affect the calculated SAP rating or CO2 emissions) we have enabled a
user-selection drop down menu in B Physics Parameters for Cross ventilation, Window opening,
Curtain and blinds, and Overhangs depth; but as a default we have selected choices of 2 - Not
Possible, 3 - Windows open half the time, 4 - Dark-coloured curtain or roller blind, and 1 - No
overhang shading, respectively.
Cambridge Architectural Research 28
Abbreviations
BRE Building Research Establishment
BREDEM Building Research Establishment Domestic Energy Model
BREHOMES Building Research Establishment Housing Model for Energy Studies
CAR Cambridge Architectural Research
CHM Cambridge Housing Model
DECC Department of Energy & Climate Change
DHW Domestic Hot Water
DUKES Digest of UK Energy Statistics
ECUK Energy Consumption in the UK
EHS English Housing Survey
GB Great Britain
GOR Government Office Region
HEFF Housing Energy Fact File
HQ Head Quarters
RdSAP Reduced SAP
SAP Standard Assessment Procedure
SHCS Scottish House Condition Survey
UK United Kingdom
VBA Visual Basic for Applications