The Enlightenment Spreads

•In the U.S., what city would you consider the “cultural and intellectual capital?”

New Ideas in Paris• In the 1700s, Paris was the cultural and intellectual capital.• Brightest minds of Europe met there in “salons.”

• Salons—social gatherings where philosophers, writers, scientists, etc., met to discuss new ideas. • Hosted by wealthy women

Encyclopedia• Salon hostesses would sponsor projects of the philosophes.• Denis Diderot—philosophe who created the Encyclopedia. (1751)

• Set of articles and essays by leading scholars

• Church and French government are offended by the Enlightenment ideas in the encyclopedia.• Ban it—but Diderot publishes it anyway.

• How do you think the Enlightenment would spread?

Enlightenment Spreads• Salons• Encyclopedia• Newspapers• Political songs

• The ideas about government and equality drew attention of a growing middle class, who could afford to buy books and support artists.

Changes in Art• Art in the 1600s and early 1700s was called baroque.

Baroque architecture

Changing Art

Neoclassical Art• Baroque Neoclassical art • “New Classical”• Borrowed from Greece/Rome• Simple, instead of grand and ornate

Changes in Music• Before Enlightenment: • Johann Sebastian Bach • George Friedrich Handel

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZTZRtRFkvk “Handel’s Messiah, by The Choir of King’s College, Cambridge.”

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juKolphjfds “Bach’s Organ Concerto in D, BWV 596”

Changes in Music• After Enlightenment:• Classical music emerges• Franz Joseph Haydn• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart• Ludwig van Beethoven

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rb0UmrCXxVA “The Best of Mozart”

Changes in Literature• The novel is created.• Plots• Suspense• Exploring characters’ thoughts/feelings• Everyday language

Enlightenment Ideas Also Changed Monarchs!• Enlightened despot—an absolute ruler who embraced Enlightenment

ideas and made reforms based on them.• Had two goals: 1) Wanted stronger country 2) Wanted a more

effective rule• Didn’t want to give up power

Frederick the Great• Frederick II—Prussia, 1740-1786• Religious freedom, improved education, reduced censorship• Abolished torture and reformed justice system

• Didn’t try to end serfdom

•Called himself “first servant of the state.”

Joseph II• Most radical reformer• Austria, 1780-1790• Legal reforms, freedom of the press, religion (even for Protestants,

Jews, etc.)• Abolished serfdom and made peasants paid in cash

• Reforms would not hold up after his death

Catherine the Great• Catherine II, Russia 1762-1796• Married the mentally unstable Peter. • Well educated. • Friends with Voltaire

• Wanted to allow religious toleration, and end torture and capital punishment. • Her commission on Russian law refused.

• She would put limited reforms in place.

Catherine Limits Freedoms• Her enlightened views changed after a serf uprising in 1773. • Pugachev’s Rebellion

• Before it, she wanted serfdom to end. • After it, gives nobles absolute power over the serfs.

Catherine Expands Russia• Catherine follows Peter the Great’s lead in looking for access to ports.• Gains access to Black Sea

• Expands empire into Poland• Splits up the country of Poland with Austria and Prussia in the “First Partition

of Poland” (1772)• More partitions in 1793 and 1795• Poland would lose status as independent country for 100+ years