THE THE REFORMATIONREFORMATION

Problems with the Catholic Problems with the Catholic ChurchChurch

Worldliness of the popesWorldliness of the popes

Priests and monks were Priests and monks were poorly educatedpoorly educated

Some priests had wives Some priests had wives and childrenand children

People expected higher People expected higher standards of conduct and standards of conduct and learning from the clergylearning from the clergy

“…“…the luxury and pomp the luxury and pomp of our court is too of our court is too great…”great…”– Pope Pius II 1464Pope Pius II 1464

SAVONAROLASAVONAROLA

1490…called for 1490…called for reform in Florencereform in Florence

1494…helped 1494…helped overthrow the overthrow the MediciMedici

1494-1498 ruled 1494-1498 ruled FlorenceFlorence

““bonfire of the bonfire of the vanities” 1497vanities” 1497

MARTIN LUTHERMARTIN LUTHER1484-15461484-1546

INDULGENCESINDULGENCES

“…“…when the coin in the coffer rings, the when the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory springs…” Johan soul from Purgatory springs…” Johan Tetzel Tetzel

October 31, 1517October 31, 1517

The 95 ThesesThe 95 Theses Formal statements attacking the “pardon Formal statements attacking the “pardon

merchants’merchants’

Began the Began the REFORMATIONREFORMATION

Luther’s Ideas

1. salvation by faith alone

2. the Bible is the only authority in Christian

life

3. priesthood of all believers

THE CONSEQUENCES…THE CONSEQUENCES…

Luther was excommunicated by Leo X in 1520Luther was excommunicated by Leo X in 1520 Summoned by Holy Roman Emperor Charles Summoned by Holy Roman Emperor Charles Diet of Worms declared Luther an outlaw and a Diet of Worms declared Luther an outlaw and a

hereticheretic

THE REFORMATION IN THE REFORMATION IN ENGLANDENGLAND

THOMAS MORE 1478-1535

UTOPIA

• MORE’S BOOK THAT ANSWERED THE QUESTION… “how might a truly good society be organized?”

• …A NEAR PERFECT SOCIETY BASED ON MERCY AND REASON…

HENRY VIIIHENRY VIII

King given title King given title “defender of the “defender of the faith” in 1519 by faith” in 1519 by Pope Leo X after Pope Leo X after his defense of the his defense of the 7 sacraments7 sacraments

THE MARRIAGE OF HENRY VIII THE MARRIAGE OF HENRY VIII AND CATHERINE OF ARAGONAND CATHERINE OF ARAGON1509: married by special dispensation1509: married by special dispensation– Canon law and biblical prohibitionsCanon law and biblical prohibitions

1527: only one surviving child, Mary1527: only one surviving child, Mary

Henry’s concern over political consequences of leaving a Henry’s concern over political consequences of leaving a woman in charge…need for a male heirwoman in charge…need for a male heir

The lady anne…1527The lady anne…1527

Le DivorceLe Divorce

1527: Henry fell for Anne Boleyn1527: Henry fell for Anne Boleyn

Needed an annulmentNeeded an annulment

Catherine’s nephew was Charles V, HRECatherine’s nephew was Charles V, HRE

Cardinal Wolsey failed to secure annulment…he Cardinal Wolsey failed to secure annulment…he was fired in 1529was fired in 1529

Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell became Henry’s closest advisors…let’s declare became Henry’s closest advisors…let’s declare the king supreme in English spiritual affairs….the king supreme in English spiritual affairs….

The Reformation Parliament The Reformation Parliament 1529-15361529-1536

Passed legislation that reined in the clergyPassed legislation that reined in the clergy

Established precedent that the monarch Established precedent that the monarch must consult/work with Parliament when must consult/work with Parliament when making religious changesmaking religious changes

January 1531: Henry recognized as head January 1531: Henry recognized as head of the church in Englandof the church in England

1532: Submission of the clergy1532: Submission of the clergy

THE WEDDING…JANUARY 1533THE WEDDING…JANUARY 1533

THE ACT OF SUCCESSIONTHE ACT OF SUCCESSION

15341534

Made the children of Anne and Henry Made the children of Anne and Henry legitimate heirs to the English thronelegitimate heirs to the English throne

THE ACT OF SUPREMACYTHE ACT OF SUPREMACY

15341534

Declared Henry “the only supreme head in Declared Henry “the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England.”earth of the Church of England.”

THE ANGLICAN CHURCH THE ANGLICAN CHURCH UNDER HENRYUNDER HENRY

ConservativeConservative

Enforced celibacy, transubstantiation (bread Enforced celibacy, transubstantiation (bread and wine into body and blood), confession, and wine into body and blood), confession, and denied the cup to the laity under the Six and denied the cup to the laity under the Six Articles of 1539Articles of 1539

Only mild concessions to Protestant ideas…Only mild concessions to Protestant ideas…

Great Bible(1539) mandated in every parish in Great Bible(1539) mandated in every parish in EnglishEnglish

THOMAS MORETHOMAS MORE

THE WIVES OF HENRY VIIITHE WIVES OF HENRY VIII

Catherine– Divorced/ Catherine– Divorced/ annulledannulled

Anne Boleyn--BeheadedAnne Boleyn--Beheaded

Jane Seymour-- Died from Jane Seymour-- Died from child-birth to Henry’s only child-birth to Henry’s only sonson

Anne of Cleves– Divorced/ Anne of Cleves– Divorced/ annulledannulled

Kathryn Howard– Kathryn Howard– BeheadedBeheaded

Katherine Parr outlived Katherine Parr outlived HenryHenry

CalvinismCalvinism

PredestinationPredestination The electThe elect 1541– set up a theocracy in Geneva, 1541– set up a theocracy in Geneva,

SwitzerlandSwitzerland 5 Pastors5 Pastors Teachers to instruct populaceTeachers to instruct populace 12 elders to “oversee the life of everyone”12 elders to “oversee the life of everyone” Deacons for church services to sick and elderlyDeacons for church services to sick and elderly

This was against Luther who preached This was against Luther who preached obedience to earthly rulers.obedience to earthly rulers.

Calvinist BeliefsCalvinist Beliefs

PredestinationPredestination If you are an “Elect” you will behave that If you are an “Elect” you will behave that

wayway Morality within Geneva is MOST importantMorality within Geneva is MOST important

Geneva became a home for refugees from Geneva became a home for refugees from other parts of Europe (1/3 of pop. Refugees)other parts of Europe (1/3 of pop. Refugees)

““Woman’s Paradise”, men punished for Woman’s Paradise”, men punished for beating wivesbeating wives

Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg

Emperor Charles had been focused on Emperor Charles had been focused on Spain, military, and non-Empirical issuesSpain, military, and non-Empirical issues

1552 lost to Protestant Armies1552 lost to Protestant Armies

Gave religious freedoms and made Gave religious freedoms and made division of Christendom permanentdivision of Christendom permanent

Did not apply to Calvanists who led Did not apply to Calvanists who led revolutions throughout 2revolutions throughout 2ndnd half of 16 half of 16thth c. c.

The Catholic or Counter- The Catholic or Counter- ReformationReformation

Ignatius started the monastic order of the Ignatius started the monastic order of the JesuitsJesuits

Jesuits who emphasized absolute Jesuits who emphasized absolute discipline had 3 goals:discipline had 3 goals:Set up the best schoolsSet up the best schoolsConvert non-Christians to CatholicismConvert non-Christians to CatholicismPrevent spread of ProtestantismPrevent spread of Protestantism

Ignatius and the Jesuits were the Ignatius and the Jesuits were the conscience of the reforming Popesconscience of the reforming Popes

Reforming PopesReforming Popes

Pope Paul IIIPope Paul III Investigated abuses such as simony & Investigated abuses such as simony &

indulgencesindulgencesCalled Council of Trent:Called Council of Trent:

Pope’s interpretation of Bible is finalPope’s interpretation of Bible is finalSaved by both Faith and Good Works (not Faith Saved by both Faith and Good Works (not Faith

alone)alone)

Pope Paul IVPope Paul IV Index of Forbidden BooksIndex of Forbidden Books were to be burned were to be burned