the richborough hoard of 'radiates', 1931 / by harold mattingly and w.p.d. stebbing

8/20/2019 The Richborough hoard of 'radiates', 1931 / by Harold Mattingly and W.P.D. Stebbing

1/155

NUMISMATIC

NOTES

AND

MONOGRAPHS

No.

80

THE RICHBOROUGH

HOARD

OF RADIATES, 1931

By Harold Mattingly

and

W. P. D. Stebbing

The

American

Numismatic

Society

Broadway at 156th Street

New

York

1938

This content downloaded from 83.85.134.3 on Tue, 02 Feb 2016 10:27:05 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions


2/155


3/155

NUMISMATIC

NOTES AND

MONOGRAPHS



4/155

Numismatic otes

and Monographs

is devoted oessays nd treatisesn sub-

jects

relating

to

coins,

paper money,

medals and decorations

nd is uniform

with

Hispanic

Notes

and

Monographs

publishedby

the

Hispanic Society

of

America,

nd with

Indian Notes

and

Monographs

ssued

y

theMuseum

fthe

American

ndian

Heye

Foundation.

Publication

Committee

Agnes

Baldwin

Brett,

Chairman

Stephen

H.

P.

Pell

Thomas

.

M

bbott

Editorial

Staff

Sydney

hilip

Noe,

Editor

SawyerMcA.Mosser,Associateditor



5/155

COPYRIGHT

938

BY

THE MERICAN

UMISMATIC

OCIETY

THENTELLIGENCERRINTINGO.

LANCASTER,

A.



6/155


7/155

THE RICHBOROUGH

HOARD

OF

'RADIATES,'

1931

BY HAROLD

MATTINGLY

and

W. P. D. STEBBING

The

American

umismatic

ociety

BROADWAY

T

56TH

TREET

NEW ORK

I938



8/155


9/155

THE

RICHBOROUGH

HOARD

OF

'RADIATES,'

1931

By Harold Mattingly

and

W.

P. D.

Stebbing

The hoard f 875bronze oins, fvaryingizes

and

weights,

hichwe

have here o

describe,

as

found

n

September

st,

1931,

t

a

levelwithin

he

Romanfort

f

Richborough,

hich

as

beendated

to the

ame

ge

as thewalls.

Thesewere

robably

erected ithin

he

years

A. D.

275and

296.

The evidence

f hefinder

s to the ffecthat he

coins,

hough

ound

n

a

mass,

were

naccompanied

by any

trace

f

purse,

ox or other ontainernd

showed o

sign

f

having

een

ecreted

n

a hole

n

a

wall

or n thatch.1

The

corrosionf some f

the

coins nd traces fwood-fibre?) on them uggest

possible

urial

n a box

with

ron

ands.

The site

on

which

hecoins

were ound eems o

have carried

hut,

with

foundation

ourse o

its

walls

f

arge ough

ieces

f

Folkstonetone. The

coins

ay

near

n

angle

of this

foundation,

s

they

might

f buried nder

hearth.

The

general

evel

of he ite

has

yielded ottery

f

ate hird

o

fourth

century

ate.

We

begin

by

a

general

ummary

f

the

hoard

followed

y

more

etailed

escriptions:

SUMMARY

A.

REGULAR.

Gallienus

1

POSTUMUS

1

A

ate

th

entury

oard,

ound

y

Mr.

tebbing

owards

he

centre

f

he

ort

n

1926,

ad

een

husoncealed.

I



10/155

2 THE

RICHBOROUGH

HOARD

VlCTORINUS

2

Claudius I

1

Tetricus

1

7

Tetricus I 4

Allectus

1

Con

tantiu II

(or

Constans)

1

Theodosius

2

Arcadius

1

Uncertain

heodosian

1

22

B.

IRREGULAR.*

Imitationsf

Known

Radiate

Types.

Consecratio

eagle)

5

Consecratio

altar)

21

Felicitas 1

Fides

Militum

10

Fortuna

2

Hilar

t

s

2

Invictus

21

Laetitia

6

Mars

1

Pax

branch

nd

ceptre)

26

Pax

uncertain)

1

Pax

(branch

nd

cornucopiae)

5

Pietas

Augg. priestly

mblems)

40

Pietas

sacrificing)

5

Providentia 2

Salus

10

Spes

22

Victory

o

r

1

Victory

'comes

vgg.'

ype)

6

Virtus

3

190

*

Fromhis

ointn,

he

rrangement

s

by

everse

ypes.



11/155

OF

'RADIATES,'

1931

3

Various

Figure

Types.

Standing

ront

'male')

17

Standing

ront

'female')

6

Standingront,ead . 'male') 9

Standingront,

ead

.

'female')

4

Standingront,

ead

.

'male')

8

Standingront,

ead

.

'female')

4

Standing

.

'male')

20

Standing

.

'female')

14

Advancing

.

'male')

21

Advancing

.

'female')

3

Standing

.

'male')

25

Standing

.

'female')

119

Advancing

.

'male')

9

Advancing. 'female') 4Seated

1

264

Various.

Animals

8

Birds

3

Temples.

3

Miscellaneous

4

Crosses,

tc

5

Patterns

20

Notable

bverses

8

~~5ĪTwoFigureTypes.

'Fel.

Temp.

eparatio'

model

7

'Gloria

Romanorvm'

odel

12

Various

to r

8

Various

to

1

3

Various

o

front

6

36

Total

f

ll

classes

563



12/155

4

THE

RICHBOROUGH

HOARD

There remain

312

coins,

which were

either

illegible

r,

t

least,

eemed

o add

nothing

o

those

here

escribed, aking p

a

grand

otal

f

875.

The

coins,

when

ound,

ere

n

the

whole

n

very

fair ondition.

They

were

mainly

oose,but,

n a

few

ases,

were tuck

ogether

n

two's

nd

three's.

The ncrustation

aried rom

soft,

arthy

overing

to

a

hard

nodular xide

f

ron,

ither

n

patches

r

covering

he whole urface.

In

some

cases both

faces fthe

coinhad

been orroded

in

others,

here

were

uggestions

f

possible

urning y

fire.

All,

without

xception,

were

struck,

not

cast.

The

flans ary nthicknessrom aper-likelakes oan

average

radiate'

ize;

they

re

often

rregular

n

shape

nd

occasionally

ave

one

or more

rojecting

knobs f

metal

n

the

dge.

Extensive

lipping

as

in

a few ases

produced

omething

ike

triangular

shape.

The die

is sometimes

orrectly

djusted

o

the

flan,

ometimest

fails to findroom

on

it.

Apart

from

his

occasional

ailure f

adjustment,

the

striking

as

fairly

ell

done.

In

some

cases

there

s

a

border

f

dots,

hat

may

degenerate

nto

various

arrangements

f

strokes,

n

others,

no

bordert all. The coins

ary

nsizefrom35to 85

inches

9

to

22

mm);

n

weight,

rom .8

gr.

o

69.5

gr.

.31-4.5

gm).

An

interesting

eature

f

the hoard

s the

occur-

rence

f

die-identities,

ither n

both ides

or one

only.

The same

obverse nd

reverse

ies

occur

n

Nos.

104 nd

105;

65 nd

266;

281,

82

nd

292;

307



13/155

OF

'RADIATES,'

1931

5

and

308;

407

and

412;

413 and

414A;

77,

508 and

509;

478 and

479:

the

sameobverse ies occur n

Nos. 414and 414a; thesamereverseies on Nos.178 nd

179;

Nos.

307,

308 and

309;

537and 538.

These dentities

re not

numerous

nough

o

suggest

that

our

mass

of

coinage

had comedirect

rom

single

mint;

hey

re

sufficiently

umerouso con-

vince s that

we

are not

dealing

with chance

mass

of

oin

drift

n the

market.

We

shall onsiderater

what his

may

mean.

The

greatmajority

f

he

oins ear

neitherame

of

Emperor

orfeatures

o

identify

ne;

but

not n-

frequent

xceptions

ccur nd

we

are

reminded

t

one pointor another, y legendor portrait,f

Gallienus,

Nos.

163,

172),

Claudius

I,

(Nos.

23

ff,

166, 184,

346),

Quintillus

Nos.

160, 316,

453),

Tacitus,

Nos.

206,

359),

Probus,

Nos.

245, 465,

492,

522,

550),

Postumus,

Nos.

69,

298,

350, 396,

406,

553),

Victorinus,

Nos.

187,

237, 357,

360),

Carausius,

No. 451).

Far commonestre the

ug-

gestions

fTetricus

(Nos.

51,

53,

85, 114, 93, 12,

430,

461,

etc.)

and

of

Tetricus

I,

with

youthful

features,

Nos.

77,

102, 163,

312, 401,

421,

etc.).

Examples

f

head

to left

ccur,

ut

they

re

even

rarerhan n theoriginaleries.The range fthe

imitation,

hen,

s over he

period

f xtremeebase-

ment,

rom

ircaA. D.

258

to 274

and,

ess

nten-

sively,

ver he

radiates

f

the reformf

Aurelian,

circaA.

D.

274-296. There s more

iversity,

hen,

in the

bverses

han s usual n

hoards

f barbarous

radiates.'

In some

cases,

there

s

something

n-



14/155

6 THE

RICHBOROUGH

HOARD

definably

lien

n

the ookofthe

head

hardly

ny-

thing

utthe

adiation

emindss of Roman

oin.

The reverse

ypes re,

n

some

ases, opied

with

considerable

idelity

rom rd

entury

odels; ut,

even

where he

riginal

ype

s

preserved,

he

egend

is seldom lear.

Exceptions

hat

prove

he ule

may

be seen

in

consecratio

(Nos.

24

ff),

hilaritas

(No.

62),

PAX

Nos.

99,

119,

195),

PES

Nos.

181,

198),

VIRTUS

No.

173).

A

remarkableeature

f

the reverse

ypes

s that

many

of them

produce

variations

n the

standing

igures

f their

3rd

century

riginals,

o markeds to

appear

eliberate

rather

han accidental

r

careless.

Occasionally,

thedirectionf theoriginal ype s reversed,s,

for

xample,

ol invictus to

right,

nstead

f to

left

Nos.

83

ff).

In

so far as

the reverses

opy

definite

riginals,

he

divergence

rom he normal

may

be

studiedunderour careful

lassification,

assisted

y

the Plates.

The

large

lass

f oins ot

to

be associated

with

pecificriginals

as

been

r-

ranged

n

formal

roups,standing

ront/

right'

r

'left,'

figures ndraped'

r

draped.'

It

may

ulti-

mately

e

possible,

ith he id of

further

oards,

o

trace

he

riginal

f

many ypes

t

present

ysteri-

ous. That therehould e mistakesnourdescrip-

tions

fobscurend

hithertonknown

ypes

s nev-

itable.

May

the scholar

f

thefuture ho orrects

such

errors

udge

us not too

unkindly

The mostnotable eature f our

hoardremains

still to be mentioned.

t includes

l)

a

series

f

coins

Nos. 528-546)

howing nowledge

f

riginals



15/155

OF

'RADIATES,'

1931

7

of

he ourth

entury,

c. A. D. 348-361

nd

c. A.

D.

364r-

75

(2)

another

eries

Nos.

547-563)

howing

types,

ften ithmore

han ne

figure,

f

o

originala characterhat

hey

annot etracedo

ny

Roman

modelof the

third

entury

r

later. Both

eries,

though

elatively

mall n

the bulk of

the

hoard,

contain

sufficient

umber

f

coins

to

assure

us

that

t s

no case of

mere

ccident. Of

eries

l)

we

shall

have to

speak

more

ully

ater. Of

series

2)

we

may say

at once

that

t

supplies

ull

vidence

that hemakers f

our oins

were

not

opyists

nly,

-

that

they ctually

had

new

deas of

their

wn,

which

hey

ried,

with

varying

uccess,

o

express

inthe anguagefreverseypes. Someofthe wo-

figure

ypes

eem to

aim

at

expressing

cenesof

combat

r,

possibly,

n

some

ases,

f

ritual,

hich,

however

bscure

o

us,

yet peak

language

f

heir

own.

Of the

other

ypes

f the

group,

ome

may

well be derived

ultimately

rom

adiate

models.

The 'Cross

with

pellets,'

or

xample,might

rise

either

rom

he Altar'

f

Divus

Claudius r

from

completely

ormalized

nd

degraded

tanding

igure,

such

s

Spes.

But,

n

such

ases,

ven f

mitation

be

present,

t

has

reached he

point

f

new

reation;

theRoman ypesnly erve srawmaterialor ew.

We

are now n

a

position

o

attack

he

problems

that onstitutehemain

nterest

f

our

hoard

the

date at which

t was

buried

nd

the

conditions

t

Rutupiae

which

ts burial

would

seem

to

imply.

Our

knowledge

s still

mperfect,

mere

ay

of

ight

in

the

darkness,

ut,

even

so,

its

disclosures

re



16/155

8

THE

RICHBOROUGH

HOARD

exciting nough.

As

our hoard

belongs,

ormally,

to the

arge

nd

much

iscussed

lassof

barbarous

radiates,' glance

t

thehistory

f

these uriousfindswillbe ofvalue.

The barbarous

adiates' ave

ong

been battle-

field

of

conflicting

reeds.

The idea

that

they

might epresent

n some

way

or

other he

oinage

f

theDark

Age

n Britain thefiftho sixth

entury

A. D.

-

was natural

nough

nd

seems

o havebeen

widely

eld

n

the

arly

ndmid-nineteenth

entury.2

M.

Adrien

lanchet,

n a

notable

aper,

epudiated

the

dea,

s far s it affected

aul,

nddeclared hat

imitations

f

radiate

oins,

mall s well

as

large,

belonged o approximatelyhe same age as the

originals.3

is

arguments,

ased

on some

vidence

of

hoards

nd

ably developed,

ave

found

eneral

acceptance

n

France.

In our sland he

fortunesf

war

have

beenmore aried

nd successes

avebeen

recorded

rom ime o time

y

both chools

early

and

late daters.4

n a

paper,

written

y

the

ate

Mrs.

Mortimer heeler

nd now

published

fter

er

*

Cf.

Thomas

right,

On

Anglo-Saxon

ntiquities,

ith

particular

eference

othe aussett

ollection,'

854;

. Roach

Smith,

rch.ant.

ol.

viii,

1889) .

72,

Roman

oins

ound

atRichborough'heree ecantsis reviouseliefn late ate

for

hemitations.

*

Lesmonnaies

arbares

ux

oms

t

ypes

es

eux

etricus'

(Congrès

ntern,

e

Num.,ruxelles,

910).

«'

or

he

eneral

uestion,

f. .

H.

V.

Sutherland

n

he

um.

Chron.

International

umismatic

ongress

olume,

938):

he

same

riter

n

The

Hayle

oardfRadiate inimi'

Num.

Chron.

936,

p.

202

f.),

The

Whitchurchoardf

Radiate

Minimi'

ibid.

935,

p.

6

ff.);

.

Mattingly,

Three

oards

f

Barbarous

oman

oins,'

bid.

934,

p.

55

f.;

.G.

Collingwood

'Archaeology

f

Roman

ritain,'

930,

.

199.



17/155

OF

'RADIATES,'

1931

9

death

by

Mr.

O'Neil,5

we

have

a

description

f a

hoard

f

radiate

mitations,

ound

n

the theatre

t

St.Albans. The coins re lmostllverymall, e-

scending

o minim'6ize.

Theyvary onsiderably

from

heir

models,

nd

they

re

almost,

f

not om-

pletely,

nmixed ith

egular

adiate

oinage.

The

hoard, hen,

s

one

which

many

numismatists,

n

general

rinciples,7

ould

havewished o

place

very

late.

The

archaeological

vidence,however,

s

definitelygainst

his

view.

All

competent

rchae-

ologists

hohave

ested

heevidence

gree

hat

he

hoard

ouldnot have

been

buriedmuch

ater han

A. D.

300, nd,

from

he

numismatic

ide,

t must e

admitted hat close xaminationfdetails eveals

nothing

hich

equires

later

date. We

must d-

mit,

hen,

n

important

ain

by

the

early'

chool,

most

ppropriately

on

by

one who was

always

gallant ighter

n

that

ide. That

there

s

still

n-

other

iew f

the

ase,

he

present

oardwill

how.

There s

no

likelihood f an

immediate ecision

perhaps

f

ny

decision

in

favour f ither

xtreme

view.

Radiatecoins

may

have

been

mitated oth

early

nd

ate.

If,

n

both

ases,

he mitations ere

the

work f

non-Roman,

ative

rtists,

heymight

wellhave generalinshipfkind,which ould end

to

blur he

distinctionsf

date.

For

the ime

eing,

we

must heck ach

hoard n

ts

merits,

ccumulate

6

Num.

hron.

937,p.

11 f.

6

A

convenient,

f

vague,

escription

f

inymitations,

ery

muchmaller

han

ny

riginals.

7

The

ontemporary

mitations

aturally

ould

e

xpected

o

mix

reely

ith

riginals.



18/155

10 THE

RICHBOROUGH

HOARD

evidence

nd,

above

all,

treasure

ur

exceptions

the

points

hat do not

harmonize ith our own

favourite

heories.

The

Richborough

oard of 1931 s

beyond

ll

question

ate. We

leave out of

accountforthe

moment

he Theodosian

opper

that was found

with r near t. Even

f

we should

nd

by

believing

that

twas

ctually art

f he

hoard,

heres at east

a

possibility

hat

t was

not,

nd the

rgument

ill

be

surer

without

t.

The

decisive vidence

ies

n

theradiate

oinage

tself. Radiate

heads,

ot o be

distinguished

rom he

general

unof heads

n

the

hoard,

re combined

n a

number

f

cases with

reverses hatbetrayknowledgeffourthentury

types,

'Fel.

Temp. Repara

io,'

'Warrior

riving

spear

at

fallen

horseman,'

onstantius

I,

etc.,

c.

A. D.

348

and

361,

nd Gloria

Romanorum,'

'Emperor

raggingaptive

ight,'

alentiņian

and

colleagues,

. A. D. 364-375. Thesereverses

re,

n

the

whole,

uiteremarkably

ike

he

fourth-century

models,

nd

there

re no

third-century

odels o

which

hey

ould,

with

ny

reason,

lternatively

e

traced.

Here, hen,

e

have he

vidence,

hich as

hitherto

een

lacking,

f

the

muling'

f

radiate

obverseswith ater reverses.8The date of the

later

of the two reverses hus

imitated,

Gloria

Romanorum,'

akes s

down

o the

very dge

f he

Theodosian

ge.

This

evidence

s

strongnough

o

stand

by

tself.

f

support

ere

needed,

we

might

8

mitationsf

adiatesnd iademedeads

re,

s

rule,

uite

distinct

n

hoards:

or

ossible

xceptions,

f.H.

Mattingly.

Num.

hron.

934,

p.

55

f.



19/155

OF

4

RADIATES,'

1931

11

point

o

theunusual reedom

ith

which ew

ypes

are here

reated

rom

he

imited tock f

standing

or

walking igures

n

the

hird-centuryriginalsnd,particularly,o a rangeofreverse

ypes,

lready

mentioned,

hat eems

o

exceed he

bounds f

3rd

century ossibilities

the

1

Cross'

type

nd

certain

two-figure

ypes

n

particular.

As

we have

said,

the die-cutter

eems not so

much to

have been

copying

s

creating

ew

types.

Two-figure

ypes

in

the

third

entury,

xcept

or

short

eriod

fter

Aurelian,

were rare

n

the

Western

mints;

s a

matter f

fact,

hey

o

not seem to

have

supplied

models or

urhoard.

Theearliest ossible ate,then, or heburial f

our

hoard

s circa

A.

D. 380-390. But this s

only

theoretical

ossibility.

Even

without

ommitting

ourselves

o

any general

heory

f

coin-drift,

e

must

obviously

llow

some time

o

elapse

for n

imperial

oin to

become familiar

nough

o

be

imitated

n an

outlying

rovince. Further,

we

know rom henumerous

ite-finds

f

Richborough,

that he

actual

circulation

n

thefort

n

the

Theo-

dosian

ge

was

the

small

bronze f

Theodosius

and

his

colleagues,

nd

of his

predecessors.

t is

certainly ossible hatthemassesofTheodosian

coindid notreach

Richborough

ill

nearly

he

end

of

the

fourth

entury;

t is

more han

possible

a

moral

ertainty

that

hey

ontinuedo

accumulate

there

ell nto he ifth

entury.9

here s áo

room,

*

Even hen

he

upplies

romaulnd

taly

ried

p,

what as

to

prevent

he

Roman-Britons

rom

xtending

he

ife

f their

Theodosian

oinagey

kilful,

fficialmitation?

here

s,

s

yet,



20/155

12 THE

RICHBOROUGH HOARD

then,

t

Richborough,

or

coinage

f the

extraor-

dinarilyrregular

haracter

f our

hoard or

ome

longyears

fter

hedeath

f

Theodosius

he

Great.Beforewe take our next

tep,

we shallfind t

useful o ask ourselves hat he

ssue

of

barbarous1

imitations

ay

mean. We

have

little

direct vi-

dence nd must

ely

n

careful

nd sober

eduction

from

generalprobabilities.

Two

general

lasses

might

e

distinguished

(l)

Imitationsnside

he

Empire.

These

might

e

in

the

nature f

tokens,

ssued

locally

in

municipalities

r

camps)

to

supplement

supplies f mperialmoney,tolerated,erhaps,f

not

pproved, y

authority.

he

rebellion

f

pre-

tender

might,

n

theory,

ive

rise

to

some

kind f

'barbarianmitation'

but,

s a

matterf

act,

ardly

a

single

ctual

example

an

be

quoted.10

(2)

Issues

utside

he

Empireģ

These

would

naturally

e

made

by

peoples,

or-

dering

n

the

Empire

nd familiar

ith

ts

money,

who,

needing

n

increase

f

supplies nd,

perhaps,

desiring coinage

f heir

wn,

re

yet ompelled

o

beginwithRomanmodelsnd

betray

llmannerf

misunderstanding

oth

of

types

and

legends.

Imitation

f

models,

bsolete

r

obsolescentn

the

no

proof

hat

hey

id

o,

ut

he

ossibility

eemso

be

worth

consideration.

10

t s

possible

hathe

agaudae

n

Gaul,

nder

eliamusnd

Amandus,

. D.

285-286,

truck

ude

mitations

f he

Gallic

radiates.



21/155

OF

'RADIATES/

1931

13

Empire,

would

be

more

properlyssigned

o

this

than

o thefirst

lass.

Between lasses

l)

and

(2)

would

fall

ssues

f

communities,hich,

while

oyal

n

intention,

ere

temporarily

r

more

permanently

etached

from

the

Empire.

We

can nowreturno the

problems

fourhoard

with ome

general rinciples

o

guide

s.

Rutupiae

was one of the ast

places

possibly

he

very

ast

place

in

Britain

o

be held

officiallyy

Rome,

The Romano-British

opulation,

hen,

might

on-

fidently

e

expected

o

hold o

its

atest

Roman

the

Theodosian

ronze

currency:

he site-finds

f

the Fortprove hat t actually id so. Only fter

the

Roman

roops

nd civil

ervants ad

departed

can we

imagine

n

abandonment

f

the

mperial

coinage

nd

a

return

o

obsolescent

odels.

Such

a

relapse

emands

omething

ore

hanthe mere

withdrawalf the Romans

o

explain

t

it

implies

the

intrusion

f

other,

ess

civilized,

lements

n

their

lace.

Even thebroken

istory

f

our

sland

in

thefifth

entury

as

preserved

heessential

act

for s here. Whatwe have

before

s is

the

oinage

of

Hengist

nd Horsa with

heir

Jutes,

whenVor-

tigernnvited hem o aid himagainstPicts and

Scots

nd

gave

them

he sland fThanet or heir

hire

A.

D.

449).

1

Can

we hazard

guess

t

thereason or he

p-

11

f

oinage

f

his lass

eallyelongs

o he

nglo-Saxon

nd

Juti8h

nvaders,

t

may

asily

e

xtensivend f

more

han

ne

class.

On

late

,

Appendix

,

we

dd ome

xamples

rom

he

Britishuseum

f

what

ay

e

ate adiatemitations.



22/155

14

THE RICHBOROUGH HOARD

pearance

f

third-century

odels almostto the

exclusion

f

fourth-century

odels

in

this

new

coinage? Perhaps

n observation

ong

ince

made

and

developed y

C. F.

Keary12may

ive

us the

ight

we

need.

He noticed hat the

silver f Carausius

had exercised

remarkablytrong

nfluence

n the

types

f ceattas

nd

explained

t

on

the

heory

hat,

as comes ittoris

axonici

nd, afterwards,

s

Em-

peror y

the

grace

fSaxons

nd

other

ebels,

ar-

ausius

had circulated

is

money reely

n both ides

of

heChannel.

Developing

his ine

f

hought,

e

may

uggest

hat,

or boutthe

ast

quarter

f the

third

entury,

ncluding

he

usurpations

f Carau-

sius ndAllectus,heWesternoasts ftheEmpire

were

xposed

o

Saxon

aiders, ho,

mid

he

rest f

their

ooty,

must

avecarried ff

masses fradiate

coinage.

Constantius

hlorus,

when he

brought

Britain ack to the

eternal

ighť

of

Rome,

reor-

ganized

the coast defences

nd barred

he door

»against

he

pirate.

For

many

long

year

he

axon

was

held t

bay.

The

Saxons, hen,

might

ellbe

familiar

ith he

coinage

f the

ate third

entury,

as

they

never

werewith

hatof the

fourth,

ight

continue

o use

and imitatet

in their

omes

n

the

LowCountries,nd,finally, hen hey eturnedo

Britain,

s settlers ot

marauders,

n

the

fifth

century, ight

hoose

o

copy

t

rather han the

later

Romanmodels.

fthis s the

ase,

here

hould

be some

evidence

f

hoards. We

cannot

t the

moment heck

hem

atisfactorily.

«

The

Coinages

f

Western

urope,

ondon,879,

specially

pp.

103

f.



23/155

OF

1

RADIATES/

1931

15

The

theory

hat mitationsf

radiate

oins

n

the

fifth

entury

elong

o

the

Saxons,

while

mitations

of

diademed

may belong

rather

o the

Roman-

Britons, ightlearlyepushedoabsurdxtremes.

Mr.

Sutherland,

as

already

uggested

ome

of

the

difficulties

hat

might

e

involved.

We

can

hardly

magine

heRoman-Briton

aying

o

himself

"I am

Roman:

diademed or

me,"

while he

axon

retorts I am

Saxon: I

prefer

adiates."

But,

we

may

be

very

near

actual

historical

ruth

if we

make our

theory

narrower

nd

more

precise

nd

say

that he

urviving

rban

ommuni-

ties

n

Britain fthefifth

enturylung

o

Theodo-

siancoinage,nd,after hat, o imitationsf the

early

fourth-century

oinage,

ut

that the

recru-

descence f

radiate mitations as

due

either o

Saxon nvaders r to

Britons,

ho

bandoned

ity-

life

nd

went native'

gain.

Whether

he

radiate

coinage

was felt o be

pagan,

s

the

diademed as

not,

s

best eft

ndecided

or

he

moment.Of

the

mint r mints f our coins

we know

nothing.

The

occurrence

f

everal

ie-identities

ertainly

uggest

a

mint r mintsnot far

remote rom

he

place

of

finding.

Of thevalue

represented

y

the

coins

we

againknow othing.Wemighterhaps indnour

hoard

n

average'

oin,

measuring

bout

7(19

mm)

and

weighing

irca 0

gr. 1.3

gm),

nd

suppose

hat

it

represented

standard

alue.

But

ome ew

ieces,

of

greater

moduleand

weight,

would

represent

higher

alues,

he

minims,'

resumably,

lower.

The artofour

hoard,

f

t

may

bear hat

name t



24/155

16 THE

RICHBOROUGH

HOARD

all,

s of a

very

humble

rder,

ut

t

is

not

ntirely

without

hape

r

character

f

ts

own.

If

t cannot

effectively

e

compared

ith

he nobler

roducts,in

gold

and

enamel,

f nativeBritish r

Jutish

artists,

t finds

requent arallels

n

the

series

f

sceattas nd

of

Merovingian

ilver.

This

point

s

developed

or s

in

a

short

Appendix

II),

by

Mr.

DerekAllen. The

bearing

f

these

arallels

n

the

question

f

date s

obvious.

They uggest

much

longer

un,

and

perhaps

later

origin,

or

our

imitations

han we

should t

first

ave

been

n-

clined

o

assign

o

them.

The

Richborough

oard

of

1931

lready

timu-

lates, f t does not ompletelyatisfy,ur uriosity.

It

may

have

a

permanent

lace

in

our

historical

study

f

t

directscholars o a

place

where

hey

may

hopefully

earch

or

ome f

the

till

buried

ecrets

of Britain's

ark

Age.

"The

imitationf Roman

types

y

the

moneyers

f

the

Anglo-Saxon

ceattas

will

no

longer ppear

s

a

rather

urious

eturn o

the

past:

it will

simply

e

the

continuationf a

process

hat

had been

ontinuous."13

The authors

ish

o thank

Miss

Anne

Robertson

of

Glasgow

most

warmly

or

nvaluable

ssistance

with hedescriptions.

A closer

description

f

the 563

classified

oins

follows.

The

normal

bverse s

to

be taken

s

a

radiate

eadto

r.,

without

egend;

nything

eyond

this

s noted

n

the

obverse'

olumn.

The reverse

descriptions

ave

given

us

much

trouble,

s

we

i«

H.

Mattingly

ndW. .D.

Stebbing,

aper

o

he

nternational

Archaeologicalongress.

ug.

932.



25/155

of

'radiates;

1931

17

wished o describe

s

fully

s

possible

what

was to

be

seen,

nd

yet

often

ould

notdetermine

xactly

what hedie-cutter eant. We

have had

to

resort

to

frequent

arks f

nterrogation:

holding

inr.

hand/

for

example,

means

'holding

uncertain

object;

In

the ase

of ome

oins

f

pecial

nterest

and

difficulty,

rawings

re

added

cf.p.

108).



26/155

18 THE

RICHBOROUGH HOARD

A. COINS OF REGULAR MINTAGE

1.

Gallienus.

Obv. gall]ienvs [avg]Headradiate. jRev.

d[ianae] con[s avg]

Stag

walking

.

x

Mattingly

nd

Sydenham,

i,

p.

146,

No.

179;

Cohen 58.

2.

Postumus.

Obv.

imp

postvmvs f

avg]

Bust

adiate

and

draped

.

Rev.

pax avg Pax

standing

.

holding

ranch

and

vertical

ceptre.

M.&S., Vii,

p.

363,

No.

318;

Cp.

C.

215.

3. V CTORINUS.

Obv.

mp c

v[ictorinvs

F

avg]

Bust

adi-

ateanddraped .

Rev.

Providentia

avg]

Providentia

tanding

1.

holding

aton nd

cornucopiae;

t

foot,

globe.

M.&S.,

Vii,

p.

392,

No.

61;

C.

101.

4.

V

CTORINU

.

Obv.

imp

ic]torinvs p

f

avg]

Heador

bust

radiate

.,

ower

art

ff lan.

Rev.

llegible.

5.

Claudius I.

Obv.

imp

clavdivs

avg]

Bust

radiate

.

Rev.[pax]avg Pax tanding.holdingranch

and

vertical

ceptre.

M.

&

S.,

V

i,

p.

217,

No.

80;

C. 201.

6.

Tetricus .

Obv.

mp

c

tetricv]s

p F

avg Bust

adiate

and

draped

.

Rev.

HILARITASVGG

ilaritas

tanding

.

hold-

ing

palm

nd

cornucopiae.

M.

&

S.,

V

ii,p.

408,

No.

79;

C. 55.



27/155

OF

'RADIATES/

1931 19

7.

Tetricus .

Obv.

m[p

c

tetricvs

pf

avg]

Bust

adiate

and

cuirassed.

Rev.[hilar]itas avgg Hilaritastanding.

holding

alm

and

cornucopiae.

M. &

S.,

V

ii,

p. 408,

No.

79;

C. 55.

8. Tetricus .

Obv

[imp

c

tet]ricvs

f

avg Bust

adiate

and

draped

.

Rev.

[Laetitia avg]

Laetitia

standing

.,

holding

reath nd

anchor. Small

flan.

M. &

S.,

V

ii,

p. 408,

Nos.

87ff;

.

7

ff.

9.

Tetricus .

Obv.

mp

c

tetricvs

p F

avg Bust

adiate

anddraped .

Rev.

pax

avg

Pax

tanding

.,

olding

ranch

and vertical

ceptre.

M.

&

S.,

100;

C. 95.

10.

Tetricus .

Obv.

mp

c tetricvs

p

F

avg]

Bust

adiate

and

draped

.

Rev.

[pax]

avg Pax

tanding

.,

olding

ranch

and

vertical

ceptre.

M. &

S.,

V

ii,

p.

409,

No.

100;

C.

95.

11.

Tetricus .

Obv. imp tet]ricvspf[avg] Bust adiate

and

draped

.

Rev.

[pax av]gg

Pax

standing

.,

holding

branchnd

vertical

ceptre.

M.

&

S.,

V

ii,

p.

409,

No.

100;

C.

95.

12.

Tetricus .

Obv.

imp tet]ricvs

p f

avg Bust

adiate

r. Double-struck.

Rev.

Uncertain.



28/155

20

THE

RICHBOROUGH HOARD

13.

Tetricus I.

Obv.

c

piv

Esv

tetri]cvs

caes Bustradi-

ate

nd

draped

.

Rev pa[x avg] Pax tanding., oldingranch

and

ceptre.

M. &.

S.,

V

i,

p. 422,

No.

248;

C.

34.

14.

Tetricus

I.

Obv.

c]

piv

TETRicvs

p] a[vg]

Bust

adiate

and

draped

.

Rev.

[pax]

vg Pax

tanding

.,

olding

ranch

and

transverse

ceptre.

Not

n M.

&

S.

or

C.

15. Tetricus

I.

Obv. c p e] tetricvs [caes] Bust adiate

and

draped

.

Rev.

Illegible.

16. Tetricus I.

Obv.

Legend

ff

lan.

ust

adiate

nd

draped

.

Rev.

Illegible.

17. Allectus.

Obv.

imp]

allectvs

p

f

avg Bust

adiate,

draped

ndcuirassed.

Rev.

[fi]des

militvmFides

standing

.

hold-

ing wo tandards.s^p

M.

&

S.,

V

i,p.

565,

No.

69;

C. 8.

18.

Con

tantius I

orConstans.14

Obv.

onst

.

. Bustdiademednd

draped

.

Rev.

[fel

temp

reparatio]

Legionary

.,

spearing

allen

orseman.

çqn

14

or he elationfNos. 8-22

o

his

oard,

ee

.

10.



29/155

OF

'RADIATES/

1931

21

19.

Theodosius.

Obv.

d N

[theodo]sivs

f

AVG Bust

dia-

demed nd

draped

.

Rev [salvs reipvblicae] Victorydvancing

1.,

dragging

aptive:

|c

1.

(obliterated)

Mint-mark

llegible.

20. Theodosius.

Obv

[d

n

theodo]sivs

p f

avg Bust

dia-

demed

nd

draped

.

Rev

[victor]ia av[ggg]

Victory

dvancing

.

holding

reathnd

palm.

Mint-mark

l-

legible.

21.

Arcadius.

Obv.

d n

arcad[ivs]pf

avg Bust

iademed

anddraped .

Rev. victoria

[avggg]

Victory

dvancing

.

holding

reath

nd

palm.

Mint-mark

l-

legible.

22.

House of Theodosius.

Obv.

Legend llegible.

Bust

diademed nd

draped

.

Rev.

[victor]ia

avggg.

Victory

dvancing

.

holding

reath

nd

palm.

Mint-mark

l-

legible.



30/155

22 THE

RICHBOROUGH

HOARD

B. COINS OF

IRREGULAR MINTAGE

Prototype:

laudius .

Consecrationssue.

Obv. DIVO LAVDIO

No. Plate Size

Wt. Obverse

23

I,

1

.6 28.8 ....

div

(1.87)

24

.6

15.5

(1.0)

25

.55

17.6 DIVO

..

(1.14)

26

.55 14.9 d

. . .

.

o

(.97)

27 .55 21.6 No legend. Barbarous

(1.4)

small

ead. Traces f

border

fdots.

Prototype:

laudiusI.

Consecration

ssue.

Obv. DIVO LAVDIO

28

.6 16.3

. . . vDio

(1.06)

29

.5

14.2

(.92)30 .5 18.2

(1.18)

As

bove

31

.6

22.5

.... VTV

..

(1.46)



31/155

OF

1

RADIATES/

1931

23

a)

Copying ecognizable

Models

M.

&

S.,

V

ii,p.

234,

No.

266;

C.

41 ff.

Rev coNSECRATioaglewith eadr.or1.

No.

Reverse

23

Eagle

tanding

ront,

ead .

24 Same

ype,

consecratio

25 Same

ype,

conse....

26

Same

ype

. .

secra

. .

.

27 Eagle tandingront,ead .

M.

&

S.,

V

i, p.

233,

No.

261fC. 50

ff.

Rev.

consecratio

Square

ltar.

28 Plain

ltarwith lames

...

rati . . .

29 Same

ype.

.

atio

30 Plain ltarwith oubleides nd op. .. . o . . .

but

tylised.

31

Double-topped

ltarwith

our

anels,

ach on-

taining

ellet.

.

. . v . . . tv...



32/155

24

THE

RICHBOROUGH HOARD

No.

Plate

Size

Wt.

Obverse

32

.55 15.5

(1.0)

33 I, 2 .55 16.4

(1.06)

34

.6

19.9

(1.29)

35

I,

3

.6

19.5

(1.26)

36

.65 12.8

Almost

mooth.

(.83)

37

.6 21.4

.

.

. CLA

. .

(1.39)

38

I,

4

.5

21.4

Head

very

arbarous.

(1.39)39 .5 16.7 Bust

raped?).

(1.08)

...

or

va

....

40

.55

9.1

Small

ust.

(.59)

41

.6

20.0

Good

workmanship.

(1.30)

DIV

...

DIO.

42

1,5

.6

24.1

Very

arbarous.

(1.56)

Traces f

etters.

43

.55

22.0 Traces f

etters.

042)

Rev.

Altar

44

1,6

.55 14.3

Large

ead,

eck ff

lan.

(.93)

Rev. Altar

with

45

I,

7

.55

26.5

Barbarous

ead

with

hin

(1.72)

neck

nding

n

row

f

dots.

. . .

PNOC



33/155

OF

1

RADIATES,*

1931 25

No.

Reverse

32 Altar

with lames

nd

palmettes,

nd

four

anels

each

ontaining

ellet,

con .

.

.

33 Altarwithflames nd panel,containingive

pellets.

34 Altarwith

tylised

lames,

ivided

orizontally

into

wo

anels

ontaining

ellets.

ecrati

35 Double-sided

ltar with

five

pellets.

Double-

struck.

36

Plain ltarwith

anel.

Flan

hin

nd

pread.

37 Plain ltarwith our

anels

cratio.

38 Small

lain

ltarwith

anel.

39 Small altar withflames,oughlyivided nto

six

?) panels.

40 Altarwith lames

nd

crescent

n

panel.

41

Altar

with

pellet

nd

circle

n

panel.

Nearly

smooth.

42

Altarwith

ines,

xtendedo end

n

arrows,

nd

small

anel

ontaining

ellet.

43

Square

ltar

?),

containingrregular

ines.

and

Figure.

44 Lower

art

of male

figure

.

(?)

To

r.,

high

n

field,

mall ltarwith orizontal

ines.

Traces

of

borderfdots.

Concave

ides.

45 Altar

with ncurved

ides,

hree

tylised

lames

and

ound

eet.

Borderf

dots.

Flanhas

pro-

jecting

ongue,

mi



34/155

26

THE RICHBOROUGH HOARD

No.

Plate Size

Wt.

Obverse

46

I,

8

.75

27.

Barbarous

raped

ust.

(1.75)

. . .

VSP

H A

ve

47

.75

12.0

. .

.

APN

o

(.78)

48

I,

9

.55

17.5 Lineborder.

(1.13)

Prototype:

robus. Rev.

elicitas

vg

Felicitas

tanding

ront,

ead

.,

49

.5

21.4

Barbarous

head,

neck

(1.39)

ending

n

traight

ine.

Borderfdots.

Prototype:

etricus

. Rev. idesmilitvm

Fides

tanding

.,

A.

Reverselose

o

prototype.

50

I,

10 .6

17.0

(l.i)

51 .65

23.5

...

ti TRI

. .

(1.52)

52

.65

19.9

(1.29)

B. Main

details

reserved

but dd

tyle

53

I,

11

.6

11.6

...

TETR

. . .

(.75)

54 .45

8.2

...ah...

(.53)

55

.5 14.5

Draped.

(.94)



35/155

OF

1

RADIATES/

1931

27

No.

Reverse

46 Altarwith ncurved

ides,

rom

hich

ise

wo

arrows nd between

hem lames.

Pellet

n

centre.Traces f etters.

47 Altarwithncurved

ides,

ound

eet,

aised

anel

and flamesn 1. ...

u

....

mi

48

Altar

with ncurvedides. Two

pellets

nd

styl-

ised

lamesll round.

Border

f ots

nd

ines.

(cp.

Probus:

M. &

S.,

V

ii,

p.

55,

No.

355

ff.)

holding

aduceusnd

cornucopiae.

49

Felicitas

tanding

ront,

ead

.,

olding

aduceus

and

cornucopiae.

M.

&

S.

(Webb)

V

ii,

p.

407,

Nos.

68

ff.;

.

37 ff.

holding

wo tandards.

50

Fides

tanding

.,

olding

tandard

n

ither and.

mili

.

.

51

Same

ype

standard

n

r.

hand,

lmost

ff

lan).

.

. . TAI

.

. .

52

Same

ype

standard

n1.

hand,

lmost ff

lan).

53

Fides,

tanding

.,

holding

tandard

n

either

hand ..

v

M

(Fides

s a short

quat igure).

54

Same

type

standards

eld

lose

o

sides).

55

Same

type

standard

n r. hand

off

lan: ides

is

very

road

n

he

hest).



36/155

28

THE

RICHBOROUGH

HOARD

C. Derivation

rom

rototype

ncertain

No.

Plate

Size

Wt.

Obverse

56 I, 12 .7 31.9 . . . AVDivs . .

(2.07)

Features

ike

those

of

Claudius

I.

57

I,

13

.6

26.3

Draped

?)

(1.7)

58

I,

14

.6

22.2

...tiv...

(1.44)

59

.55

11.0

. .

.

T

. .

.

v

. . .

(.71)

Prototype

Tetricus

.

Fortuna

tanding

.,

holding

udder

Rev.

ORTVNA

VG

Not

60

.6 19.1

. .

.

A

. . . v

.

.

.

(1.24)

61

.55

12.0

. .

. V .

. .

(.78)

Prototype:

etricus. Rev

hilaritas

vgg

Hilaritas

tanding

.,

holding

62

I,

15

.7

21.7

Draped

.

.

p

tvcs .

.

(1.41)

63

.6

23.6

Draped

.

. avg

(1.53)



37/155

OF

'RADIATES,'

1931 29

No.

Reverse

56 Female igure,raped,tanding.,holdingerti-cal trident

?

brokent

top)

inr. hand nd

vertical

ceptre

?)

in

1.

C,

ow,

eft,

n

field.

57

Figure,

ndraped?),

radiate

?),

advancing

.,

holding

ertical

bject

sceptre )

in

either

hand . .

v

.

.

.

58

Male

figure,

raped

o

knees,

tanding

.,

holding

vertical

pear

n r. hand

nd

vertical

ceptre

in

1.

59

Female

igure,

raped,tanding

.,

holding

erti-

cal

object

sceptre

r standard

)

in

either

hand.

M. &

S.,

V

ii,

p.

407,

No.

73;

C. 44.

Tetricus.

in

r.

hand nd

cornucopiae

n

1.

common

nthis

roup).

60

Fortuna

tanding

.,

holding

uddern

r.

hand

and

cornucopiae

n

1.

..AIA...

61

Same

ype.

.

.

. c .

.

.

M. & S.,V i,

p.

408,Nos.79ff; . 53ff.

long

alm

nd

cornucopiae.

62 Hilaritas

tanding

.,

oldingong

alm

n

r.hand

and

cornucopiae

n

1. ...

ilari

. . .

63

Same

ype,

vi

a

.

. .



38/155

30

THE

RICHBOROUGH HOARD

Prototype:

ictorinus. Rev.

nvictvs

Sol

walking

.,

.

hand

aised,

A. Main ype: o tar

No.

Plate

Size Wt. Obverse

64

II,

1

.55

12.6

...

it

Ricvsi

(.82)

65

.55

19.6

Draped.

Curiously

aint

(1.27)

lines . .

in

. . .

66

.6

18.3

Draped.

Overstruck

?)

(1.19)

67

.6

12.7 Curious

oose

drawing.

(.8)

68

.6

22.2 . . .

I

. . .

(1.44)

69

II,

2 .65

21.7 . . .

AV

i

OCT

M

.

.

.

(1.41)

Features

f Postumus.

Bš

Main

ype:

tar

or

ther

bject)

.,

nfield

70

.6

22.5

(1.46)

71

.6

21.2 . . .CTETI . .

(1.37)

72

.55

18.0

Draped

. . avg

(1.17)

73

.5

8.4

...vs...

(.54)

74

II,

3 .65

22.2 . . .

nisdiv

. .

(1.44)

75

.5

17.2

(1.11)

76

.55

21.5

Draped

(1.39)

77

.7

27.2

Draped.

Youthfulead.

(1.76)



39/155

OF

4

RADIATES/

1931

31

M. &

S.,

V

i,

p.

396,

Nos.

112

f.;

.

46

ff.

1.

holding

hip

sometimes,

tar

.,

n

field).

No.

Reverse

64

Sol

walking

.,

aising

.

hand

nd

holding

hip

upright

n

1.

.

.

.x. .

.

65

Same

ype

Sol

radiate).

66

Same

ype.

r.

hand ff

lan)

67 Same

ype.

68

Same

ype.

. . .

i

^

69 Same

ype

radiate:

mantle

cross

hest).

70

Sol

walking

.,

aising

. hand nd

holding

hip

upright

n

1. Star .

n

field

.

. TV .

.

7

1

Same

ype.

...

v

s

72

Same

ype.

73

Same

ype

r.

hand

ff

lan)

. . ni

I

Radiate.

74 Same

ype.

.

. . ictvs

75

Same

ype.

Radiate

. . . cta ....

76 Same

ype.

Star

?)

1.

77

Same

ype

1.

hand

ff

lan,

.

holding

hip).

NN. .



40/155

32 THE

RICHBOROUGH HOARD

No.

Plate

Size Wt.

Obverse

78

II,

4

.75

19.2

Draped

m.

.

(1.24)

79 II, 5 .55 19.6 Draped . .izinn. .

(1.27)

C Main

ype:

.,

I.

infield.

80

.6 15.8

Draped

. .icv

(1.02)

D

Main

ype

aried.

81

II,

6

.6

20.7

.

. . AVG . .

(1.34)

82

II,

7 .6

18.1

Draped

. .AVO

(1.17)

Seven

urtherorn oinseem o derivemorer

E.

Main

ype

but urned

o

r.

83

II,

8 .6

19.3

Draped.

Youthful

(1.25) portrait

?)

84 .65 10.6

Draped

.

.v.

(.69)

Prototype:

etricus

.

Rev.

aetitia

avg.

Laetitia

tanding

.,

A. Main

ypes.

85

.6

27.6

Draped

nd

uirassed

?)

(1.79)

. . .

PCTETRCVS.

86

.55

12.3

.

.

.II

.

TETPiicvs

. .

(.8)

87

.65

17.5

Draped.

Youthful

or-

(1.13)

trait . .

.TETR



41/155

OF

'

RADIATES,1

1931 33

No.

Reverse

78 Same

ype on

1.,

low

n

r.).

79 Same ype+ on1.),gea ...vav...

80

Sol

walking

.,

raising

.

hand

nd

holding

hip

upright

n

1.:

P.,

1.,

n

field.

81

Sol

walking

.,

aising

. hand nd

holding lobe

in

1. above

globe

*

.

.

.

.oti.

. .

82 Sol

walking

.,

aising

oth

hands. Radiate

. . .v. . .

AI

less

losely

romhe Invictus'

rototype.

83 Sol

running

.,

raising

.

hand

nd

holding

hip

in

r. . . .CYOT.

.

84

Sol

walking

.,

raising

.

hand,

.

hand,

olding

whip?),

off lan

.

.tv. .

(r.

o

1.,

utwardly)

M.

&

S.,

V

ii,

p.

408,

Nos.

86

ff.;

.

70

ff.

holding

reath

nd nchor.

85

Laetitia

tanding

.,

olding

reath

?)

in

r.

hand

(off

lan)

nd nchorn

ground

n

1.

...

c v G

86 Same

ype.

. .

.V

87

Same

type very

worn,

ut traces

uggest

his

type).



42/155

34

THE

RICHBOROUGH

HOARD

No.

Plate

Size

Wt.

Obverse

88

II,

9

.6 16.6

Draped

. . .vt.

.icvi

(1.08)

B. Main

ype

aried

89

II,

10

55 20.7

. .

.

TIVZ

(1.34)

90

.55 23.0

...III...

(1.49)

Prototype:

iocletian

Mars

dvancing

.,

arryingpear

91 II, 11 65 36.6 Draped

(2.37)

IMPCITRIC.

.

Prototype:

etricus.

Rev.

ax

avg.

Pax

standing

.,

holding

A.

Main

ype:

o

drapery

ver

.

arm

92

.6 25.3

. .

.

urn

(1.64)

93

.6

8.4

...

TETRICVSII.

.

(.54)

94

.6 13.2

...Il

ilio...

(.86)

95

II,

12 6 21.9

Draped

nd uirassed

?)

(1.42)

96 .6

18.8 .

.

. mi.

.

(1.22)

97

.6 18.2

Draped

. .

.vr. .

(1.18)



43/155

OF

4

RADIATES/

1931

35

No.

Reverse

88

Laetitia

tanding

ront,

ead

.,

with nees

light-

lybent, oldingp

?

(wreath)

in

r. hand

nd

holdingnchorngroundn1. c.v.D. . .Ti I

89

Laetitia

?)

standing

.,

holding

atera

(or

wreath

)

in

r. hand

nd

nchorn

ground

n

1.

Low

1.,

ross

nd

(?)

...

i

J

..

90

Laetitia

?)

standing

.,

olding

reath

n

r.

hand

andvertical

ceptre

n

1. .

.

.vg

M.

&

S.,

V

ii,

p.

244,

No.

239;

C. 314.

and

trophy.

Reverse

f

Diocletian.

91 Marsadvancing ., carryingrophy?) over

shoulder

n

r. hand nd

transverse

pear

n

1.

.

.

.iv . . .

M.

&

S.,

V

ii,

p.

409,

Nos. 100

f;

. 95

ff.

branch

ndvertical

ceptre.

92 Pax

tanding

.,

olding

ranch

p

n

r.hand

nd

vertical

ceptre

n

1. . . .nc

93

Same

ype. (Curly

ines f

figure)

.

.v. . .

94 Same

ype

r.

hand lmost ff

lan).

95

Same

ype

r.

hand lmost

ff

lan).

96 Same

ype,

pa

. . .

97 Same

ype.

. . .e c

c

.

. .c



44/155

36 THE RICHBOROUGH HOARD

B.

Main

type: rapery

ver

. arm.

No. Plate Size Wt.

Obverse

98 .65 17.9 I mPCL . .

(1.16)

99

.65

18.8

(1.22)

100

.65

24.2

I

H

I

P

HT

. .

(1.57)

101

II,

13

6

14.8 Youthful

ortrait

(.96)

.

. .CS . TETRIC

£

.

.

102

.65

19.2

Draped.

Youthful

or-

(1.24)

trait

103

.6

22.0

Draped.

Youthful

or-

(1.42) trait . .ricvsca. .

104*

II,

14

7 17.6

Draped

(1.14)

105*

II,

15

8 21.7

Draped

.

.

.ci.

. .

(1.41)

106

.55

19.5

Draped

(1.26)

C.

Probably

s

B.,

but ot

uite

ertain.

107

III,

1

.55

18.0

Draped.

Youthful

or-

(1.17)

trait . .

AVDAVi

.

108

.6

17.4

Draped

dnocc. .

VG

(1.13)

109 .55

18.0

Draped

?).

.

. .saiac

(1.17)

(overstruck)

110

.55

15.1 Youthful

ortrait

(.98)

...

A

v

A

V

. .

.

111

.55 12.9

Youthful

ortrait

(.84)

. . .SA

c

*

Samebv. nd ev. ies.



45/155

OF

4

RADIATES/

1931 37

No

Reverse

98 Pax tanding., oldingpbranchnr. hand ndvertical

ceptre

n1. a fold f

drapery

alls ver

her

.

rm.

. .

x

A

.

.

.

99

Same

ype.

pa.

. .

100 Same

ype.

. . .av.

.

.

101 Same

ype,

dvx

. .

102 Same

ype.

(r.

hand lmost ff

lan)

103 Same

ype.

.

. .xa . .

.

104* ame

ype.

(r.

hand lmost

bliterated)

. . .x.

.v. . .

105* ame

ype.

(r.

hand

ff

lan)

.

.av.F

106 Same

ype.

(Curly

ines f

figures)

. .x. . .

107

As

B.

No.

1.

(r.

rm ff

lan)

108 Same

ype.

(Indefinitebject

nr.

hand)

...OA XV. . (r.to1., utwardly)

109

Same

ype.

(1.

rm lmost ff

lan)

110 Same

ype.

(r.

rm ff

lan)

111

Same

ype.

(r.

rm ff

lan)

.

.

. iva.

. .



46/155

38 THE RICHBOROUGH

HOARD

No. Plate Size

Wt

Obverse

112

.6

22.3 . .PC

TETRIC

. .

(1.45)

113 .5 17.8 Draped. No egend?)

(1.15)

114 .6

15.1

...ETRIC . .

(r.

toi.,

(.98) outwardly)

115 .6 23.7

054)

1

15A

III,

2

Nine

ther

orn oins

robably

how

D.

Probably

s

B

but ltar .

116 .65

12.6

Draped

iiiip.

.

C82)

Prototype:

etricus

. Rev. axavg.

Pax

standing

.,

holding

117 .65

10.1

C65)

Uncertain

Pax*

Type

118

.65

19.3

Draped

. . .vsc.

.

0-25)

Prototype:

arausius.

Rev pax

avg.

Paxstanding.,holding

119

.55

14.6

Draped

?)

(.95)

. . .TETRI. .

120

.6

22.4

. .

.vsic

. .

(1.45)

121

.55

16.3

(1.06)



47/155

OF

'

RADIATES/

1931

39

No.

Reverse

112

Same

ype.

(r.

arm

bscure)

. . .A.

.

113 Same ype. (Details fr. hand bscure) . .s

1.

eg

drawn

ack.

1 4

Same

ype.

(r.

rm ff

lan)

115

Same

ype,

(details

f

.

rm

bscure)

.

. .

the ame

everse,

f

whichne

s

llustrated.

116

As

B.,

No. 1

r.

hand lmost ff

lan)

Altar

.

M.&

S.,

V

ii,

p. 409,

Nos.100

f.;

. 95ff.

branchnd

transverse

ceptre.

117

Pax

standing

.,

holding

ranch

n

r. hand

nd

transverse

ceptre

n

1.

normal

tyle ?)

118

Female

igure

tanding

.,

holding (rudder

)

on

ground

n

r.

hand,

n

1.

. . .nx.

. .

M.

&

S.,

V

ii,

p.

475,

No.

130;

C.

222.

branchndcornucopiae.

119 Pax

standing

.,

holding

p

branch

n

r.

hand

and

cornucopiae

n

1.: a fold

f

drapery

alls

over . rm.

pax

avg.

120

Same

ype.

..

A

xav.

121

Same

ype.



48/155

40

THE

RICHBOROUGH HOARD

Probably

ame

No.

Plate Size Wt. Obverse

122 III, 3 .5 23.8 Curiousarrowortrait

(1.54)

. .

.ia.

. .

123

.7

24.0

.

.

.

RicvsPi.v.

(1.55)

Two

more orn oins

Prototype:

etricus .

Rev

PIETAS VGG

avgvsto

tc.).

Priestly

mblems

ariouslyrranged.

A

big ug

knife.

and

1.)

A.

Jug

lone isible

124

.5

7.0

(.45)

125 .5

10.4 II

...

v c

(.67)

126 .5

17.2

Draped

(1.11)

127

III,

4 .6 12.5 Youthful

ortrait?)

(.81)

128 .65 17.9

Draped

(1.16)

129 .6

20.00

(1.3)

130 .55 9.5

Draped

?)

...

A

(.62)

131 .5 9.8 . .. IAIITI . .

(.64)

132 .6

17.2

Draped

. . .

s

. . .

.

(1.10



49/155

OF

'RADIATES,'

1931

41

reverse.

No.

Reverse

122 AsNo.119 bover. rm ff lancorncopiae?)

in

1.

hand).

123

As

No.

119

bove

r.

rm ff lan: orn

copiae

?)

in

1.

hand),

v. 1.

n

field.

probably

how

he ame everse.

M. &

S.,

V

ii,

p.

423,

Nos.

254

ff.;

.

48

ff.

is

always

n he entre

simpulum,

prinkler,

ituusnd

124

Jug

with

ip

r.

(Jug

as wo

eet,

ne

aised).

. . .R.

.

125 Same

ype.

(Only

op

f

ug

visible)

MOIRC

126

Same

ype.

(Jug

s

curiouslytylized

nd ooks

almost

ike

standingigure)

127 Same

ype.

(Around

he

ug,

hain

f

ndecipher-

able

etters

r

border)

128

Jug

with

ip

1.

?)

IUA Double

truck.

129

Jug

with

ip

1.

?)

. .

.TA.

.

130 Same

ype

s

131

Same

ype.

.

. .

hi

. . .

132

Same

ype.

(?

Sprinkler

n

r.)



50/155

42 THE RICHBOROUGH HOARD

No.

PlateSize Wt

Obverse

133 .6

26.9

Draped

nd

uirassed

?)

(1.74)134 .5 15.1 . . .TS . .CON . .

(.98)

B.

Jug

nd dditionalmblem

.

135 .7

27.0

Draped

mte.

.

(1.75)

136

.45

8.1

(.52)

137 .5 22.5

(1.46)

138

III,

5

.6 13.0

. .

.TIOTIC

(.84)139 .65 17.8 IM. .VD

(1.15)

C.

Jug

nd

dditionalmblem

.

140 .6 20.3

Draped

(1.32)

.

. .STR

. .sc. .

.

141

III,

6

.6 27.0

. .

.O

. .

(1.75)

D.

Jug

nd

dditional

mblemsor

.

142

.65 30.6

Draped

uirassed

?)

(1.98) PC . . VG

143

.55 15.0

Draped.

Youthful

or-

(.97)

trait

?)

144

III,

7

.55 17.7

Draped

(1.15)

145

.6

25.0

. . .spiv

.

.

(1.62)

146

III,

8

.55

9.7

(.63)



51/155

OF

4

RADIATES/

1931

43

No.

Reverse

133

Same

ype.

(? Sprinkler

n

1.)

134 Same ype. (Onlyopof ugvisible) . .A

135

Jug

with

ip

r.:

ituus n

r.

136

Jug

with

ip

1.:

ituus

?)

on r.

137

Jug

uncertain

f

ip

s

1.

or

r.,

s

top

s

obliter-

ated)

lituus

?)

r.

3ca.

. .

138

Jug

with

ip

r.:

uncertain

bject

ttached

o ton

r. . . .XQ. .139

Jug

withwohandles?) ontwofeet: ncertain

emblem

?).

140

Jug

with

ip

1.:

ituus

?)

on

1.,

object

ost n

r.

SD...

141

Jug

with

wo

andles:

op

s

shaped

ike aduceus

.

.

.;

nesnil

uncertain

mblem,

,

with

long

troke

n

1.

142

Jug

with

ip

r.

lituusnd

knife

n

1.,

prinkler

n

r. .. .IE ... as ... Ill inex.

143 Same

ype:

ncertain

mblem

n

1.,

ituus n

r.

/V

# ,

144

Same

type:

sprinkler

n

1.,

ituus n

r.,

+

r.

in field.

145

Jug

with

ip

r.:

uncertain

the richborough hoard of 'radiates', 1931 / by harold mattingly and w.p.d. stebbing

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