The Spanish in The Spanish in AmericaAmerica

Megan Beaver Megan Beaver

History 27History 27

Professor ArguelloProfessor Arguello

Iberian Ways Iberian Ways ► Iberia was a city-stateIberia was a city-state► Provinciality was more important that Provinciality was more important that

nationality.nationality.► Regionalism was tied to sense of identity, the Regionalism was tied to sense of identity, the

love one felt for home was called patria chica. love one felt for home was called patria chica. ► Iberia and the surrounding areas were Iberia and the surrounding areas were

integrated. integrated. ► The population of the city proper was not high The population of the city proper was not high

but those who had a position lived there. Any but those who had a position lived there. Any organization even those related to agriculture organization even those related to agriculture has headquarters and directorship in the city.has headquarters and directorship in the city.

► Home to the artisans and merchants. Home to the artisans and merchants. ► There was a distinction between the nobility There was a distinction between the nobility

and the commoners. Nobility made up a good and the commoners. Nobility made up a good percentage of the population. Establishing percentage of the population. Establishing nobility was a superficial process and old and nobility was a superficial process and old and new nobility stuck with traditions especially new nobility stuck with traditions especially when it came to keeping up appearances. when it came to keeping up appearances.

► Nobles invested in every aspect of the Nobles invested in every aspect of the economy.economy.

Iberian Ways Iberian Ways ► Professionals who had training were very Professionals who had training were very

important and recruited from all social important and recruited from all social classes. classes.

► Merchants ranked lower than Merchants ranked lower than professionals, but still held a high status. professionals, but still held a high status.

► Many Iberians were descendants and Many Iberians were descendants and employees of others. They ranged from employees of others. They ranged from literates who managed the affairs of literates who managed the affairs of noblemen to servants. They were not a noblemen to servants. They were not a social class but the relations to employers social class but the relations to employers and family was constant.and family was constant.

► In the prefactory economy the majority of In the prefactory economy the majority of manufactures were made by artisans in manufactures were made by artisans in the shops were items were both produced the shops were items were both produced and sold. There were plebeians and were and sold. There were plebeians and were not very literate. but were skilled. Their not very literate. but were skilled. Their trade usually was a family trade and they trade usually was a family trade and they had social mobility. Shopkeepers and had social mobility. Shopkeepers and those who engaged in petty trade were those who engaged in petty trade were those who had the most in common with those who had the most in common with artisans and they were on the same level.artisans and they were on the same level.

► Most Iberians were farmers or herdsmen Most Iberians were farmers or herdsmen and were the lowest class in society. The and were the lowest class in society. The way of life for this class ranged from way of life for this class ranged from successful farmers to migrant laborers. successful farmers to migrant laborers. Many of them had to pay rent and duties Many of them had to pay rent and duties to their lords and lived in small to their lords and lived in small agricultural towns and villages. agricultural towns and villages.

► Middle level agriculturalists, breeders, and Middle level agriculturalists, breeders, and garners would have the most impact on garners would have the most impact on the Americas. When given the change to the Americas. When given the change to change their social status they did.change their social status they did.

► Women were active in all social level Women were active in all social level functions. Patriarchy, heritage, and family functions. Patriarchy, heritage, and family honor did subject women in subordination. honor did subject women in subordination. They did have some rights by law and They did have some rights by law and were able to inherit and own property. were able to inherit and own property. Unmarried women and widows were often Unmarried women and widows were often active in economic life. Marriages were active in economic life. Marriages were arranged and dowries were paid. Some arranged and dowries were paid. Some daughters were placed in convents. daughters were placed in convents.

► Ironically mariners had no place in society. Ironically mariners had no place in society.

Iberian Ways Iberian Ways ► The Catalonians ,Basques, Galician's, and The Catalonians ,Basques, Galician's, and

the Portuguese used the sea to support the Portuguese used the sea to support their lifestyle. From this the Castilian their lifestyle. From this the Castilian distaste for sailors and foreigners originated. distaste for sailors and foreigners originated.

► Portuguese had a long seafaring tradition. Portuguese had a long seafaring tradition. The trade was regarded but those employed The trade was regarded but those employed by it did not hold a high social status. by it did not hold a high social status.

► Anyone who desired to become nobility Anyone who desired to become nobility avoided the maritime trade or hid their avoided the maritime trade or hid their association with it. association with it.

► Patriarchalism was one of the organizing Patriarchalism was one of the organizing principals of Iberian society. This belief principals of Iberian society. This belief meant that the family or group formed a meant that the family or group formed a hierarchy according to age with a senior hierarchy according to age with a senior figure heading the group. Society was based figure heading the group. Society was based upon family. upon family.

► Prominent men who had illegitimate children Prominent men who had illegitimate children with their mistresses gave some recognition with their mistresses gave some recognition to their children. This also served as a model to their children. This also served as a model for children born out of wedlock with Black for children born out of wedlock with Black and Indian women as we.and Indian women as we.

► Iberian families divided inheritances. Iberian families divided inheritances.

► Society was also divided by nobility, Society was also divided by nobility, clergy, and commoners. There were other clergy, and commoners. There were other braches of society like artisans and so on. braches of society like artisans and so on.

► Christians were not subject to isolation Christians were not subject to isolation and through the times ( like the conquest) and through the times ( like the conquest) were left to rule to Muslims and visa were left to rule to Muslims and visa versa. There was also a Jewish versa. There was also a Jewish community. All three groups usually got community. All three groups usually got along. Over time each group had along. Over time each group had occupations associated with it as well. occupations associated with it as well.

► The fall of Grananda in 1492 ended The fall of Grananda in 1492 ended Muslim political control. This also led to Muslim political control. This also led to the Jews being forced to convert or leave. the Jews being forced to convert or leave. In 1498 in Portugal another forced In 1498 in Portugal another forced conversion took place. In Spain the Moors conversion took place. In Spain the Moors and gypsies were also subject to and gypsies were also subject to expulsions. Christian Iberians dealt better expulsions. Christian Iberians dealt better with other cultures and were trying to with other cultures and were trying to unify the cultures. The clashing unify the cultures. The clashing tendencies were brought to the New tendencies were brought to the New Word. Word.

► Government early on was strong and Government early on was strong and centralized. In the early modern period its centralized. In the early modern period its functions were appointive and judicial. functions were appointive and judicial.

Iberian Ways Iberian Ways ► Government entities ran independent of Government entities ran independent of

each other.each other.► The judiciary closely resembles the The judiciary closely resembles the

modern day one. modern day one. ► Municipal council was conciliar and was Municipal council was conciliar and was

made up of prominent citizens. Officials made up of prominent citizens. Officials were not paid well. were not paid well.

► Proprietary officials were direct Proprietary officials were direct representatives of the crown. representatives of the crown.

► The church was important to society and The church was important to society and to government and were tied together. to government and were tied together. Religion however did not dominate Religion however did not dominate everything.everything.

► Many clerics came into the profession to Many clerics came into the profession to limit the amount of sons in a family that limit the amount of sons in a family that would inherit. would inherit.

► Iberians had their own merchants and Iberians had their own merchants and commercial traditions. Company-commercial traditions. Company-partnerships were a common way to partnerships were a common way to conduct business. Merchants were not conduct business. Merchants were not at the top of the social scale.at the top of the social scale.

► Slavery was a tradition. Slavery was a tradition.

► Blacks were stereotyped and Iberian Blacks were stereotyped and Iberian slavery was the model for slavery in the slavery was the model for slavery in the new world.new world.

► Castile was Moorish and had high Castile was Moorish and had high expectations, they had little tolerance for expectations, they had little tolerance for other cultures in the new world. other cultures in the new world.

► Portuguese colonization suited the Portuguese colonization suited the patriarchal views of the Iberians. patriarchal views of the Iberians.

► The Iberian occupation of Atlantic islands The Iberian occupation of Atlantic islands was because of the sugar trade, which was because of the sugar trade, which Iberia had been a part of for a long time. Iberia had been a part of for a long time. The Portuguese expansion on the African The Portuguese expansion on the African West coast changed Iberian slavery. West coast changed Iberian slavery. Significant numbers of African slaves were Significant numbers of African slaves were imported to Lisbon in 1441 and Portugal imported to Lisbon in 1441 and Portugal received a 800-900 salves per year. These received a 800-900 salves per year. These slaves worked in the sugar industry, were slaves worked in the sugar industry, were artisans and house servants. By 1551 10% artisans and house servants. By 1551 10% of the Lisbon population were slaves.of the Lisbon population were slaves.

► Brazil became an important colony and Brazil became an important colony and had a distinct social structure. had a distinct social structure.

► Christopher Columbus offered the Iberians Christopher Columbus offered the Iberians a means of passage to America.a means of passage to America.

Indigenous Ways Indigenous Ways ► The word Indian is a misnomer. Natives The word Indian is a misnomer. Natives

seen as a whole group not as separate seen as a whole group not as separate tribes and with different beliefs. tribes and with different beliefs.

► The individual tribes did not unite to The individual tribes did not unite to resist the Europeans. resist the Europeans.

► Indians were isolated from mankind. Indians were isolated from mankind. This is why disease ravaged the Indian This is why disease ravaged the Indian community. This is why their culture and community. This is why their culture and technology remained unchanged. technology remained unchanged.

► The Indian culture is unique. They have The Indian culture is unique. They have their own language, social organization, their own language, social organization, religion and art. The Indian groups are religion and art. The Indian groups are humans as well and not all that different humans as well and not all that different than the Europeans. There were many than the Europeans. There were many differences not many were drastic.differences not many were drastic.

► The European and African use of metals The European and African use of metals specifically in weapons gave them a specifically in weapons gave them a military advantage. military advantage.

► None of the Indian groups had iron or None of the Indian groups had iron or steel.steel.

Indigenous Ways Indigenous Ways ► Larger groups always have an effect on Larger groups always have an effect on

smaller ones and this also makes them smaller ones and this also makes them vulnerable. vulnerable.

► The fact that the natives had permanent The fact that the natives had permanent agriculture, stable town and villages agriculture, stable town and villages sites, strong tribute mechanisms, and sites, strong tribute mechanisms, and dense populations makes them similar dense populations makes them similar to the Europeans of the 1500’s.to the Europeans of the 1500’s.

► Native cultures that had agriculture and Native cultures that had agriculture and villages that cultivation and settlement villages that cultivation and settlement had shifted from one site to another was had shifted from one site to another was put into the semisedentary category. put into the semisedentary category.

► Natives found along the edge of Natives found along the edge of territories were sedentary. territories were sedentary.

► Native cultures that were considered Native cultures that were considered nonsedentary shared components of nonsedentary shared components of language, religion, and world outlooks language, religion, and world outlooks with the more sedentary groups.with the more sedentary groups.

► Few if any of these groups were Few if any of these groups were nomadic. nomadic.

► Many maintained rights to a territory. Many maintained rights to a territory. ► Nonsedentary groups migrated often in a Nonsedentary groups migrated often in a

seasonal cycle of hunting and gathering. seasonal cycle of hunting and gathering. They lacked agriculture and lived in They lacked agriculture and lived in camps.camps.

► Natives existed in all regions especially Natives existed in all regions especially those inhospitable to sedentary life. No those inhospitable to sedentary life. No group was entirely sedentary or mobile. group was entirely sedentary or mobile.

► European activities took place in areas European activities took place in areas with fully sedentary groups. Because they with fully sedentary groups. Because they resembled the Europeans they were only resembled the Europeans they were only of a secondary interest to them. Mobile of a secondary interest to them. Mobile groups were only dealt with as a last groups were only dealt with as a last resort. resort.

► The inhabitants of central Mexico, the The inhabitants of central Mexico, the central Andes, and the homes of the central Andes, and the homes of the Aztecs and Incas are the best descriptions Aztecs and Incas are the best descriptions of sedentary groups. Their borders also of sedentary groups. Their borders also cut off at the border of sedentary life. cut off at the border of sedentary life.

► Agriculture was the basis of sedentary life. Agriculture was the basis of sedentary life. Permanent agriculture equated the local Permanent agriculture equated the local political and unit and families use the political and unit and families use the same plot for generations. same plot for generations.

Indigenous Ways Indigenous Ways ► Familial ties and territoriality work together Familial ties and territoriality work together

to establish a feeling of common identity.to establish a feeling of common identity.► The size of a European territory was The size of a European territory was

important it had to be the size of European important it had to be the size of European county or smaller. The shape and size of county or smaller. The shape and size of the territory also allowed a concentration of the territory also allowed a concentration of Europeans. Their provinces were self Europeans. Their provinces were self contained.contained.

► Agricultural groups were given land and Agricultural groups were given land and other rights from the province. In return other rights from the province. In return they had to perform public services and they had to perform public services and pay tribute. pay tribute.

► Tributes were funneled from the local Tributes were funneled from the local authorities to the dynastic ruler of the authorities to the dynastic ruler of the province. province.

► Tributes paid in the form of products went Tributes paid in the form of products went down a specific route. The commoner gave down a specific route. The commoner gave it to his headsman at an appointed time, he it to his headsman at an appointed time, he then gave it to the hamlet head, who then then gave it to the hamlet head, who then gave it to the provincial ruler or king. gave it to the provincial ruler or king.

► Draft rotary labor was used for public Draft rotary labor was used for public works.works.

► Rotary labor was also used for the Rotary labor was also used for the planting and harvesting of lands set planting and harvesting of lands set aside for the dynastic ruler.aside for the dynastic ruler.

► In Guatemala and the Andean highlands In Guatemala and the Andean highlands there were less smaller territories there were less smaller territories scattered outside the hamlets. Tributes scattered outside the hamlets. Tributes unified these scattered settlements.unified these scattered settlements.

► Among the sedentary groups there was Among the sedentary groups there was a concept or a ruler and nobility. a concept or a ruler and nobility. Interrelated heritages, which made Interrelated heritages, which made those members stand apart from the those members stand apart from the commoners. They dressed differently, commoners. They dressed differently, had easier duties, and took most of the had easier duties, and took most of the higher roles in government and religion, higher roles in government and religion, and had control over specific lands and and had control over specific lands and followers. Rulers were dynastic but not followers. Rulers were dynastic but not as strict as the Europeans. as strict as the Europeans.

► A group of matured nobles chose and A group of matured nobles chose and legitimized a ruler from those who were legitimized a ruler from those who were eligible members of the dynasty.eligible members of the dynasty.

► The two basic groups in society were The two basic groups in society were nobles and commoners. nobles and commoners.

Indigenous Ways Indigenous Ways ► The two basic groups did not represent the The two basic groups did not represent the

whole. In sedentary societies specialization whole. In sedentary societies specialization was a prime characteristic. These were was a prime characteristic. These were people who were neither nobility or people who were neither nobility or agriculturalists. There were also craft agriculturalists. There were also craft specialists, traders, and merchants. All specialists, traders, and merchants. All were to some degree removed from were to some degree removed from agriculture and public service. agriculture and public service.

► There was a class of dependants who did There was a class of dependants who did not share duties or the rights of not share duties or the rights of commoners.commoners.

► Individuals and families commonly left one Individuals and families commonly left one group and moved to another for various group and moved to another for various reasons.reasons.

► War also changed the dynamic of a War also changed the dynamic of a province.province.

► Land ownership was complex. Nobles could Land ownership was complex. Nobles could hold land. Commoners usually held land by hold land. Commoners usually held land by community. Families usually held a specific community. Families usually held a specific plot and worked it. plot and worked it.

► Before the Europeans the sedentary Before the Europeans the sedentary people had varied autonomy in each people had varied autonomy in each respective area.respective area.

► Intermarriage among the nobility of a Intermarriage among the nobility of a conquered group was a way to live conquered group was a way to live among the conquered.among the conquered.

► Europeans destroyed empires like the Europeans destroyed empires like the Mayans and Aztecs. The Europeans then Mayans and Aztecs. The Europeans then inserted themselves.inserted themselves.

► Nonimperial sedentary peoples usually Nonimperial sedentary peoples usually had once belonged to larger and stable had once belonged to larger and stable political societies. political societies.

► Nonimperial society specifically the Nonimperial society specifically the Chibcha had dynastic rulers, nobles and Chibcha had dynastic rulers, nobles and those who paid tributes and slavery.those who paid tributes and slavery.

► Semisdentary people were Semisdentary people were intermediates living between agriculture intermediates living between agriculture and hunting and gathering. At the and hunting and gathering. At the village level rotary labor and tributes village level rotary labor and tributes were unknown. Specialized social were unknown. Specialized social classes did not exist. There were no classes did not exist. There were no provincial units with a sense of provincial units with a sense of community and permanency. They were community and permanency. They were also unable to fight off invaders. also unable to fight off invaders.

Caribbean Phase of Spanish Caribbean Phase of Spanish Expansion Expansion

► The Caribbean phase was complex. The The Caribbean phase was complex. The Spanish viewed this area as a reconquest.Spanish viewed this area as a reconquest.

► Genoese Columbus and his men tried to Genoese Columbus and his men tried to exploit this conquest. They were exploit this conquest. They were representing the Castilian Crown. representing the Castilian Crown.

► Columbus was sent to establish forts and Columbus was sent to establish forts and factories run by paid employees. The factories run by paid employees. The products would be traded with the locals products would be traded with the locals for products that were valuable in Europe. for products that were valuable in Europe. They would also continue exploring to find They would also continue exploring to find more desirable trading partners. more desirable trading partners.

► The Spanish wanted to settle and rule the The Spanish wanted to settle and rule the population in a well populated area that population in a well populated area that had already been discovered. In 1493 the had already been discovered. In 1493 the largest and most complete expedition left largest and most complete expedition left Spain. Everything needed to transplant Spain. Everything needed to transplant European life was brought along. European life was brought along.

► In the beginning Hispaniola was were In the beginning Hispaniola was were most of the settlers went. This area also most of the settlers went. This area also had the largest native population in the had the largest native population in the Islands. Islands.

Caribbean Phase of Spanish Caribbean Phase of Spanish ExpansionExpansion

► After a short period Santo Domingo on After a short period Santo Domingo on the southeastern coast because the the southeastern coast because the Spanish capital. The Arawaks offered Spanish capital. The Arawaks offered little resistance. The area was little resistance. The area was established without a true conquest. established without a true conquest.

► The natives offered resistance in the The natives offered resistance in the form of sporadic resistance when the form of sporadic resistance when the natives began to realize how natives began to realize how permanence and the extent of changes. permanence and the extent of changes.

► Columbus and others were looking for Columbus and others were looking for spices, gold, tropical woods, slave spices, gold, tropical woods, slave export, and sugar. Of all these gold was export, and sugar. Of all these gold was the only quick payoff. However, in the the only quick payoff. However, in the Caribbean one had to direct gold Caribbean one had to direct gold production themselves. This also meant production themselves. This also meant the natives would have to provide the the natives would have to provide the labor and more European immigrants labor and more European immigrants would be needed. would be needed.

► Columbus failed as a Governor he was Columbus failed as a Governor he was focusing on interests that were not in the focusing on interests that were not in the settlements best interest. settlements best interest.

► The Spanish crown had to appoint The Spanish crown had to appoint Spanish governors from 1499 on. Spanish governors from 1499 on.

► In Spain international commercial In Spain international commercial organizations from Seville began to organizations from Seville began to transfer some business to the Caribbean. transfer some business to the Caribbean. When this news spread it helped When this news spread it helped increase the social and regional sources increase the social and regional sources have a positive effect on immigration. have a positive effect on immigration.

► The treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 let The treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 let Portugal exploit Africa and Asia. While Portugal exploit Africa and Asia. While Spain exploited the Western Spain exploited the Western Hemisphere. Portugal got the rights to Hemisphere. Portugal got the rights to much of Brazil. much of Brazil.

► The Mediterranean model of government The Mediterranean model of government became favored over the Iberian model. became favored over the Iberian model.

► In 1503 the crown created the Casa de In 1503 the crown created the Casa de Contratacion or house of trade in Seville. Contratacion or house of trade in Seville. It became a checkpoint, registry, and It became a checkpoint, registry, and customs collection agency for incoming customs collection agency for incoming and outgoing fleets. and outgoing fleets.

Caribbean Phase of Spanish Caribbean Phase of Spanish ExpansionExpansion

► Crown government functions were done Crown government functions were done through councilors of the royal court. through councilors of the royal court. This became the Council of the Indies in This became the Council of the Indies in 1524. 1524.

► By 1515 the Spanish had exhausted the By 1515 the Spanish had exhausted the gold supply. gold supply.

► Indians labored in the mines though Indians labored in the mines though their numbers were declining. Slaving their numbers were declining. Slaving expeditions took place in the expeditions took place in the surrounding areas. surrounding areas.

► Santa Domingo the capital was boosted Santa Domingo the capital was boosted by a pearl extradition, and the export of by a pearl extradition, and the export of sugar and hides. It was a great sugar and hides. It was a great economic base but it was limited.economic base but it was limited.

► Importation of African slaves helped Importation of African slaves helped rebuild the population over time.rebuild the population over time.

► In Hispaniola many of the Spaniards In Hispaniola many of the Spaniards were from the south of Spain, from were from the south of Spain, from areas close to Seville. It is questionable areas close to Seville. It is questionable if they affected the culture., especially if they affected the culture., especially before the remaining immigrants from before the remaining immigrants from Castile came. Castile came.

► Andalusians made up a good portion of Andalusians made up a good portion of the population along with the population along with Extremandurans, who came along when Extremandurans, who came along when Nicolas de Ovando came in 1502.Nicolas de Ovando came in 1502.

► Society was urban centered. Many went Society was urban centered. Many went to Santo Domigo the urban center. The to Santo Domigo the urban center. The region was called the Dominican region was called the Dominican Republic. This is the area where the most Republic. This is the area where the most Europeanization took place.Europeanization took place.

► The indigenous population was being The indigenous population was being killed off by ravages and disease. killed off by ravages and disease.

► Columbus’s son continued a Castilian Columbus’s son continued a Castilian society. The first high court came in society. The first high court came in 1511, the cathedral was built between 1511, the cathedral was built between 1527-1540, and the university was 1527-1540, and the university was established in 1538. established in 1538.

► Fifteen towns and camps existed in the Fifteen towns and camps existed in the hinterland and diminished after the hinterland and diminished after the boom.boom.

► Town squares were important and Town squares were important and contained the principal church, and other contained the principal church, and other important buildings. The most prominent important buildings. The most prominent citizens lived there too.citizens lived there too.

Caribbean Phase of Spanish Caribbean Phase of Spanish ExpansionExpansion

► The encomienda was the Spanish attempt The encomienda was the Spanish attempt to acquire native goods and services to acquire native goods and services through traditional local indigenous through traditional local indigenous authority and on the basis of established authority and on the basis of established socialpolitcal units. This was never socialpolitcal units. This was never attained. attained.

► Before the capital was established Before the capital was established monoplization was the norm and the monoplization was the norm and the Spanish were unhappy with this, in 1497 a Spanish were unhappy with this, in 1497 a rebellion took place. Half the Europeans rebellion took place. Half the Europeans went west and the Indians were divided. went west and the Indians were divided. Columbus allotted this himself.Columbus allotted this himself.

► The right to mine land needed a special The right to mine land needed a special grant. grant.

► Estancia was private landholding of Estancia was private landholding of Spaniards and for agricultural enterprises.Spaniards and for agricultural enterprises.

► Naborias were a dependant of a noble or Naborias were a dependant of a noble or chieftain, the Spanish began using them chieftain, the Spanish began using them as personal servants. They were important as personal servants. They were important to preconquest society.to preconquest society.

► Ecomienda Indians were not slaves, they Ecomienda Indians were not slaves, they stayed on their land and retained their stayed on their land and retained their group organization. group organization.

► Enslavement was rare in fully sedentary Enslavement was rare in fully sedentary peoples.peoples.

► Iberian reconquest was based on Iberian reconquest was based on seeking treasures.seeking treasures.

► The Caribbean only had gold.The Caribbean only had gold.► After the gold was gone Spaniards After the gold was gone Spaniards

began to build sugar mills in 1515. By began to build sugar mills in 1515. By the 1540’s many mills were operating.the 1540’s many mills were operating.

► Spanish interactions with the natives Spanish interactions with the natives was bartering, enslavement, and at was bartering, enslavement, and at times raiding. They never achieved a full times raiding. They never achieved a full conquest.conquest.

► The native perspective of the Spanish The native perspective of the Spanish was expressed through their vocabulary. was expressed through their vocabulary.

► Because of distance and tension each Because of distance and tension each area inhabited became independent. area inhabited became independent.

► The Spanish would capture a local The Spanish would capture a local leader to ensure local cooperation.leader to ensure local cooperation.

► Conquest spread to Panama, Peru, Conquest spread to Panama, Peru, Cuba, and Mexico. Later attempts at Cuba, and Mexico. Later attempts at conquest in the post Mexico period conquest in the post Mexico period resulted in failure. resulted in failure.

Conquest Society Conquest Society ► During and after the conquest Spanish During and after the conquest Spanish

cities were established. This network cities were established. This network helped Spain establish themselves.helped Spain establish themselves.

► The port of Mexico was Veracruz and The port of Mexico was Veracruz and was established in 1519 pre-conquest. It was established in 1519 pre-conquest. It was a humble city made of low quality was a humble city made of low quality wood. The city was moved several times.wood. The city was moved several times.

► Mexico City became the capital founded Mexico City became the capital founded on the Aztec Tenochititlan. The cathedral on the Aztec Tenochititlan. The cathedral was built where the temple had been, was built where the temple had been, the governors palace was where the governors palace was where Moctezumas had been. The city was Moctezumas had been. The city was dominant so much so it hindered the dominant so much so it hindered the growth of other cities.growth of other cities.

► Mesoamerica under the Spaniards Mesoamerica under the Spaniards resembled preconquest times. resembled preconquest times.

► Some thought the Inca capital of Cuzco Some thought the Inca capital of Cuzco would become the capital, the area was would become the capital, the area was not accessible. Jauja also posed not accessible. Jauja also posed geographic issues that could not be geographic issues that could not be overcome. Lima was another city that overcome. Lima was another city that many desired to make the capital. many desired to make the capital.

Conquest SocietyConquest Society► In Mexico many of the Spanish In Mexico many of the Spanish

settlements were in the amid the Indian settlements were in the amid the Indian central Mexico. central Mexico.

► Peruvian reorganization there was no Peruvian reorganization there was no major port city though Lima was very major port city though Lima was very close to and the shore, Callo the port close to and the shore, Callo the port was a suburb of the city.was a suburb of the city.

► The Peruvian equivalent of Veracruz was The Peruvian equivalent of Veracruz was Panama. Panama.

► Silver mining was lucrative and was Silver mining was lucrative and was more concentrated in Peru, Potosi more concentrated in Peru, Potosi opened in 1545 dominated Peru's silver opened in 1545 dominated Peru's silver industry. industry.

► Spanish sections of Mexico and Peru had Spanish sections of Mexico and Peru had economies based on silver mining which economies based on silver mining which drew more immigrants from all walks of drew more immigrants from all walks of life.life.

► Iberians as well as slaves mainly from Iberians as well as slaves mainly from Africa came to Spanish cities. Some Africa came to Spanish cities. Some black Iberians came as well.black Iberians came as well.

► Auxiliaries were crucial to dealing with Auxiliaries were crucial to dealing with the natives.the natives.

► Society was the Spanish were at the Society was the Spanish were at the center and the Indian at the fringes. center and the Indian at the fringes.

► Only two cities had viceroys. Mexico City Only two cities had viceroys. Mexico City and Lima. Auidiencias also resided in and Lima. Auidiencias also resided in these cities.these cities.

► Provincial organizations among the Provincial organizations among the central peoples were strong. In Peru central peoples were strong. In Peru and Mexico larger grants meant all and Mexico larger grants meant all inclusive social economic complexes, inclusive social economic complexes, that were commercial and seigneurial. that were commercial and seigneurial.

► The mainland sedentary peoples were The mainland sedentary peoples were accustomed to the delivery of large accustomed to the delivery of large scale trubutes and this was standard of scale trubutes and this was standard of enocmienda structure. enocmienda structure.

► Increased Spanish immigration Increased Spanish immigration weakened the economy. There were too weakened the economy. There were too many people to support. many people to support.

► Conqueror-governor assigned Conqueror-governor assigned ecomiendas to the men who had ecomiendas to the men who had accompanied them. They gave the best accompanied them. They gave the best to their relatives, friends, and others to their relatives, friends, and others who were important.who were important.

Conquest SocietyConquest Society► Columbus successors the governors Columbus successors the governors

implemented an encomienda. An implemented an encomienda. An institution that meant the holder institution that meant the holder preformed specific government duties preformed specific government duties and received tribute in return. However, and received tribute in return. However, that tribute residually went to the crown. that tribute residually went to the crown. This was reflected in the Laws of Burgos This was reflected in the Laws of Burgos of 1513. of 1513.

► After a few generations but the After a few generations but the encomienda system was adopted and had encomienda system was adopted and had more effect in areas with silver and a high more effect in areas with silver and a high immigration rate.immigration rate.

► The encomienda was dominate in Peru The encomienda was dominate in Peru and Mexico. and Mexico.

► One had to decide weather to be a One had to decide weather to be a merchant or vie for an encomienda. One merchant or vie for an encomienda. One could not do both.could not do both.

► Commerce in central areas were the Commerce in central areas were the trade of Spanish goods for American trade of Spanish goods for American Silver.Silver.

► The 1540’s to 1550’s core of trade was The 1540’s to 1550’s core of trade was transatlantic companies or combinations transatlantic companies or combinations of merchants based in Seville. of merchants based in Seville.

► American trade was Seville’s main business. American trade was Seville’s main business. ► Liquid wealth hastened migration, local Liquid wealth hastened migration, local

representatives of Seville firms were able to representatives of Seville firms were able to save money and extra-network traders save money and extra-network traders founded large companies.founded large companies.

► Petty dealers were at the lowest level of Petty dealers were at the lowest level of Spanish trade and were called tratantes, Spanish trade and were called tratantes, they were the commercial equal of a humble they were the commercial equal of a humble estanciero. estanciero.

► Mining was important to commerce, mining Mining was important to commerce, mining with the labor supplied by the natives paid with the labor supplied by the natives paid for European goods. for European goods.

► It took time for Mexico to accumulate wealth.It took time for Mexico to accumulate wealth.► After 1540 Indian salves and gold were After 1540 Indian salves and gold were

insignificant. By 1550 the mining industry insignificant. By 1550 the mining industry shifted to silver.shifted to silver.

► The Charcas region had the majority of The Charcas region had the majority of claims to the silver mines initially.claims to the silver mines initially.

► Government was needed to collect and Government was needed to collect and protect revenue.protect revenue.

Conquest SocietyConquest Society► Conquerors sought the legitimacy of Conquerors sought the legitimacy of

royal appointment of governorship to royal appointment of governorship to aid support against rivals.aid support against rivals.

► The first viceroy of Peru was overthrown The first viceroy of Peru was overthrown and killed in battle in 1546 for trying to and killed in battle in 1546 for trying to enforce measures against senior enforce measures against senior encomenderos.encomenderos.

► Officials found that the locals expected Officials found that the locals expected to receive favors.to receive favors.

► A viceroy had a secretariat and also had A viceroy had a secretariat and also had a retinue and maintained a court. They a retinue and maintained a court. They were close relatives of counts, dukes, or were close relatives of counts, dukes, or marquises and some even held a title.marquises and some even held a title.

► Letradoes were trained lawyers and Letradoes were trained lawyers and gave advice. Procuradores were untitled gave advice. Procuradores were untitled lawyers and did the representation. lawyers and did the representation.

► Corregidores were appointed by Corregidores were appointed by viceroys and had jurisdiction in areas viceroys and had jurisdiction in areas held by encomenderos. held by encomenderos.

► Ecclesiastics were directed towards the Ecclesiastics were directed towards the Indian population.Indian population.

► Chruch headquarters were in urban Chruch headquarters were in urban areas. High ranking church officials went areas. High ranking church officials went to cathedral, second level was urban to cathedral, second level was urban areas, third was the countryside. areas, third was the countryside.

► Ecclesiastics were seen as immigrants, Ecclesiastics were seen as immigrants, some were given positions due to some were given positions due to familiar ties or proximity to prominent familiar ties or proximity to prominent settlers. They often arranged marriages settlers. They often arranged marriages which gave them better social standing which gave them better social standing and helped them gain powerful patrons.and helped them gain powerful patrons.

► The Spanish changed the countryside The Spanish changed the countryside and this meant the Indian population and this meant the Indian population waned due to disease. Enough survived waned due to disease. Enough survived to maintain society.to maintain society.

► Caciques were important but Caciques were important but manipulated Indian activity that affected manipulated Indian activity that affected the Spanish economy.the Spanish economy.

► Later Peru abolished ecomienda labor Later Peru abolished ecomienda labor and Indian slavery.and Indian slavery.

► Legislation concerned humanitarianism Legislation concerned humanitarianism and religion.and religion.

Maturity in the Spanish Indies Maturity in the Spanish Indies ► Post conquest there was stability and Post conquest there was stability and

slow evolution until the mature colonial slow evolution until the mature colonial period. period.

► The native population had declined but The native population had declined but had a modest upturn.had a modest upturn.

► Three main ethnicities were European, Three main ethnicities were European, African, and Indian. By now many African, and Indian. By now many Europeans and Africans were native Europeans and Africans were native born. Indians were born during European born. Indians were born during European rule with reorganized politics.rule with reorganized politics.

► A large European population increased A large European population increased the demands for European goods.the demands for European goods.

► The economy had grown and was more The economy had grown and was more diversified and somewhat self diversified and somewhat self contained.contained.

► The three different races meant society The three different races meant society was complex.was complex.

► The Hapsburg dynasty gave way to the The Hapsburg dynasty gave way to the Bourbon in 1700.Bourbon in 1700.

► The large cites were the same as they The large cites were the same as they were in the conquest period. Spanish at were in the conquest period. Spanish at the center and Indians at the edges.the center and Indians at the edges.

Maturity in the Spanish Indies Maturity in the Spanish Indies ► Mexico City had changed and had Mexico City had changed and had

become a magnificent and great city. become a magnificent and great city. Many other regional cities had also Many other regional cities had also flourished. flourished.

► The Spanish inched closer toward the The Spanish inched closer toward the Indian populace. Indian populace.

► In the 1620’s a royal mint was In the 1620’s a royal mint was established in Mexico City.established in Mexico City.

► Localization was taking place.Localization was taking place.► Legislation was becoming refined laws, Legislation was becoming refined laws,

decrees, and orders were issued decrees, and orders were issued towards specific parties.towards specific parties.

► From the late 16From the late 16thth century legislation century legislation rarely changed and embraced the rarely changed and embraced the Spanish and Indian worlds.Spanish and Indian worlds.

► Politics were biased. Politics were biased. ► Indian Labor was still prominent in some Indian Labor was still prominent in some

areas.areas.► Three main ethic groups bred children of Three main ethic groups bred children of

mixed descent. Mestizo and mulatto mixed descent. Mestizo and mulatto were now races as well.were now races as well.

► Spaniards and Blacks constituted the Spaniards and Blacks constituted the Spanish world. Indians of the Indian Spanish world. Indians of the Indian world.world.

► Most blacks were slaves. Indians were Most blacks were slaves. Indians were subordinate to blacks. subordinate to blacks.

► Mixed races were mostly Spanish Mixed races were mostly Spanish speaking and belonged in the Hispanic speaking and belonged in the Hispanic world, they were also called castas. world, they were also called castas.

► Immigrants had a low social status. Immigrants had a low social status. ► Old and new immigrants were called Old and new immigrants were called

creoles and peninsulares.creoles and peninsulares.► The role of a Spaniard was unitary. The role of a Spaniard was unitary.

Immigrants brought renewal and growth.Immigrants brought renewal and growth.► A higher Spanish population meant A higher Spanish population meant

businesses could be staffed and ran the businesses could be staffed and ran the Spanish way.Spanish way.

► Silver was still the focus of the economy. Silver was still the focus of the economy. The production of meat and wheat was The production of meat and wheat was not increased as the mullatos, mestizos, not increased as the mullatos, mestizos, and hispanized Indians could not afford and hispanized Indians could not afford these items.these items.

► Haciendas replaced encomiendas.Haciendas replaced encomiendas.

Maturity in the Spanish Indies Maturity in the Spanish Indies ► Encomiendas reverted to the crown and Encomiendas reverted to the crown and

operated to produce food to feed the operated to produce food to feed the growing population.growing population.

► Haciendas also sold produce to the local Haciendas also sold produce to the local market.market.

► There was a fee for land titles. There was a fee for land titles. ► There were three periods with distinct There were three periods with distinct

labor procurement. First the ecomienda, labor procurement. First the ecomienda, the repartimiento, and last the informal the repartimiento, and last the informal individual labor procurement. individual labor procurement.

► Permanent labor equated growth in the Permanent labor equated growth in the Hispanic world.Hispanic world.

► Temporary labor usually was preformed Temporary labor usually was preformed by Indians as a duty or a tax through by Indians as a duty or a tax through rotary labor. rotary labor.

► Enomenderos diverted labor for free to Enomenderos diverted labor for free to relatives, friends and compatriots. relatives, friends and compatriots.

► The repartimiento system had success The repartimiento system had success for only a short period.for only a short period.

► Haciendas had a permanent work force by Haciendas had a permanent work force by their mature period.their mature period.

► Permanent workers had more skilled or Permanent workers had more skilled or technical jobs. technical jobs.

► Debt peons were temporary workers.Debt peons were temporary workers.► Sometimes the cost of labor was offset by Sometimes the cost of labor was offset by

hacienda owners by purchasing African hacienda owners by purchasing African Slaves.Slaves.

► Obrajes were industrial businesses of any Obrajes were industrial businesses of any kind and appropriated almost entirely for kind and appropriated almost entirely for the main exemplar of that type in the the main exemplar of that type in the Spanish Indies.Spanish Indies.

► Obrajes meant a considerable amount of Obrajes meant a considerable amount of machinery was needed. Owners were machinery was needed. Owners were humble and had to save money for their humble and had to save money for their investment.investment.

► Locals could only produce and item if it was Locals could only produce and item if it was impossible to buy it from Europe.impossible to buy it from Europe.

► Obrajes used convict labor.Obrajes used convict labor.► Mines produced much of the economies Mines produced much of the economies

wealth.wealth.

Maturity in the Spanish Indies Maturity in the Spanish Indies ► The Spanish proved to be the most The Spanish proved to be the most

competent Silver Producer. The silver competent Silver Producer. The silver industry operated on a large scale and industry operated on a large scale and efficiently considering the times.efficiently considering the times.

► Mining issues included drainage and Mining issues included drainage and access, but easily solved by using mules access, but easily solved by using mules and adding adits.and adding adits.

► The industry had two parts mining and The industry had two parts mining and refining.refining.

► International commerce included International commerce included exporting to the Americas and becoming exporting to the Americas and becoming suppliers to the mining industry.suppliers to the mining industry.

► Chinese silks were imported through Chinese silks were imported through Manila.Manila.

► Merchants were based in the Consulados. Merchants were based in the Consulados. ► Political and economic involvement in Political and economic involvement in

commerce changed society. Successful commerce changed society. Successful large merchants stayed in the Indies. That large merchants stayed in the Indies. That meant he would live, marry, and establish meant he would live, marry, and establish a family there in the Indies.a family there in the Indies.

► Monasteries in Spanish cities grew.Monasteries in Spanish cities grew.► The Jesuits entered the Spanish Indies in The Jesuits entered the Spanish Indies in

the 1570’s to mixed reactions. the 1570’s to mixed reactions. ► The Inquisition was aimed against the The Inquisition was aimed against the

unorthodox and was spearheaded by the unorthodox and was spearheaded by the higher ups at the church. higher ups at the church.

► Intellect was valued there were Intellect was valued there were universities, the two greatest in Mexico universities, the two greatest in Mexico City and Lima.City and Lima.

► Literature flourished. Literature flourished. ► The Indians may have declined but were The Indians may have declined but were

adapting to the new society.adapting to the new society.► Corporate splendor was 1570-1620 Corporate splendor was 1570-1620

meant the building of great monastery meant the building of great monastery churches for each provincial unit.churches for each provincial unit.

► Cities were divided into corregimientos Cities were divided into corregimientos which extended the Spanish government.which extended the Spanish government.

► New Granadan had gold which led to New Granadan had gold which led to further settlement and development. further settlement and development.