the vehicle for the expression of communication of emotions and ideas, a means for exploring and appreciating formal elements for their own sake and as mimesis or representation (R. Wollheim). Art is the product or process of deliberately arranging items (often with symbolic significance) in a way that influences and affects one or more of the senses, emotions and intellect Art encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression including music, literature, film, photography, sculpture and painting. The arts have played a major role throughout the history of humans. As the result of the power of the arts to communicate on a basic human level, they continue to serve a variety of purposes in society. The arts are used for artistic expression to portray specific emotions or feelings, to tell stories in a narrative manner, to imitate nature and to persuade others. The arts bring meaning to ceremonies, rituals, celebrations and commemorations. Additionally, they are used for recreation and to support recreational activities. Robert Frank 1954The Americans What do you see in this photograph? Do you see anything odd about this photo? What do you think Frank is saying through this? CCeremonial created or performed for rituals or celebrations (e.g., patriotic music, music for worship) RRecreational created for entertainment (e.g., music for play such as game songs, music for dances and social events, music for physical activities, music as a hobby) AArtistic Expression created with the intent to express or communicate ones emotions, feelings, ideas, experience (e.g., music created and performed in a concert setting for an audience ) Ceremonial - dances created or performed for rituals or celebrations (e.g., dances of Native Americans and West Africans to celebrate life events such as harvest, ritual dances associated with worship) Recreational - dancing for entertainment, to support recreational activities (e.g., ballroom, line dancing, aerobic dance, dance as a hobby) Artistic expression - dance created with the intent to express or communicate emotion, feelings, ideas (e.g., ballet, tap dance, modern dance, dance created and performed in a concert and/or theatrical setting for an audience) Sharing the human experience - to express or communicate emotion, feelings, ideas, information through dramatic works (e.g., social change, express or communicate universal themes, to interpret and recreate information, ideas and emotions) Passing on tradition and culture - to express or communicate feelings, ideas, information (e.g., narrative, storytelling, folktales, religious ritual and ceremony) Recreational - drama as recreation and for recreational events (e.g., for entertainment, diversion, festivals) Artistic expression - drama created with the intent to express or communicate emotion, feelings, ideas, information (e.g., dramatic works created and performed in a theatrical setting for an audience) Ceremonial - ritual, celebration, artworks created to support worship ceremonies Artistic expression - artwork to express or communicate emotions, ideas, feelings (e.g., for self-expression, to decorate or beautify objects) Narrative - artworks that tell stories, describe and illustrate experiences, or communicate information, art to document important or historical events (e.g., Langes photography of the Depression era) Functional - artistic objects used in everyday life (e.g., pottery, quilts, baskets, etc.) Persuasive - artworks that promote ideas, philosophies, or products (e.g., advertising, marketing, propaganda, ideology, etc.) Structures that artists use include elements and principles of each art form, tools, media, and subject matter that impact artistic products and specific styles and genre that provide a context for creating works. It is the artists choice of these in the creative process that results in a distinctively expressive work. Structures in Music Rhythm- Patterns of sounds and silence Often mistakenly called the beat or pulse of the music Some music has little or no organized rhythm (eg. Gregorian Chant) Some music has very strong and complex rhythm (eg. Drum Corps, African Drumming) Measures or bars separate a musical work into regular groups of beats Measures help the musician follow the notes and rhythm and aid ensembles in rehearsal Measures are divided with bar lines. Music is read from left to right. Value The top number tells the number of beats in each measure. The bottom number tells the kind of note that gets one beat. Certain styles will use specific meters in order to create metric emphasis a pattern of strong and weak beats within the measure (e.g., rock and roll is strong on 2 and 4 with measures usually grouped in patterns of 4 beats, and the waltz is strong on 1 with measures grouped in patterns of 3 beats. Timbre is the quality that distinguishes one sound from another; tone color. Instrument familiesVoice Categories StringSoprano WoodwindAlto BrassTenor PercussionBass The variety of materials used to construct musical instruments and the different ways they produce sound account for many very different and distinct timbres Form is the structure of a musical composition. AB Composition with 2 contrasting sections. ABA Composition with 3 sections; first and last are the same and the middle is different. Rondo Composition with several different sections; A section is repeated between each new section. (EX. ABACADA) Theme & Variations Composition that begins with a main theme which is followed by several variations on that theme (EX. AA 1 A 2 A 3 ) Tempo is the speed of the beat/pulse. Largo very slow tempo Adagio slow tempo Andante walking tempo Moderato medium tempo Allegro quick and lively tempo Presto very fast tempo Accelerando gradually speed up Ritardando gradually slow down SlowerFaster A single succession of notes moving by step, leap, or repeat; the main tune Because melody occurs one note at a time and moves forward through a piece, it can be seen as linear (horizontal). This is visible in written music: Harmony is more than one tone or pitch sounding at the same time; is primarily used to accompany melody or occurs when two different melodies are performed at the same time. Can be seen as vertical (see below). Harmony can be described through the following musical textures. Monophonic Texture (Monophony) single unaccompanied melody; no harmony Homophonic Texture (Homophony) Features a melody (and occasionally a countermelody) with harmonic accompaniment. Polyphonic Texture - Two or more melody lines performed at the same time; similar to a round. Levels of intensity in music Fortissimo - very loud Forte loud Mezzo forte moderately loud Mezzo piano moderately soft Piano soft Pianissimo very soft Crescendo gradually getting louder Decrescendo gradually getting softer LouderSofter Space Time Force A dancer uses personal space or the space immediately surrounding her or his own body. Personal space includes the levels, planes and areas from the center of the body outward in all directions. Dancers also use general space or the larger area where movement will occur. Movement can occur in space in different ways. Dancers can use direction forward, backward or diagonal movement. Dancers can move through space by creating pathways, which can be straight or curved. Choreographers design ways in which individual dancers or groups create patterns on the floor or in the air. How fast or slow (tempo); even or uneven (beat); and long or short (duration) the movement is Theme and Variation begins with an initial movement pattern (A) and then adds subsequent variations of that pattern (A1, A2, A3): A: walk forward 4 counts and back 4 counts, beginning right foot A1: walk forward 4, back 4, beginning left foot A2: walk diagonally forward (right) 4 counts, back 4 counts, right foot A3: walk diagonally forward (left) 4 counts, back 4 counts, left foot A choreographic form of three or more themes with an alternating return to the main theme (ABACADA). A Scene from The Nutcracker ballet by Tchaikiovsky Standardized dance movements specialized leaps and lifts. Uses French terminology to describe each standardized movement. Women wear point shoes, and men wear slippers. costume includes tights and tutu. stems from court dances. Emphasis on rhythm tap shoes costumesformal or street wear Improvisation Roots in recreational dance like Irish Step dance, jig and African steps. Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers Stylized movements Accents in hands, head, hips, and feet English and French words to describe movements Uses jazz shoes or boots Costumes related to theme of dance Improvisations Root in social dances and early musical theater dance Freedom in movement Freedom English and French words to describe movements Usually barefoot but can use shoes based on theme Costume relates to the dance theme Improvisation is used in the development of choreography Literary elements are those elements which a playwright or dramatist uses to write a play. These elements are broken into even further parts including plot, character, and language. Plot Character Thought or meaning behind the play Diction or the written word Music (important to the Greeks because of the chorus) Spectacle or all the visual elements A plot is the basic storyline or structure of a play. It has several parts: Exposition Inciting incident (point of attack) Rising action (series of complications/conflict) Climax Falling action Conclusion Literary Elements Plot Structure Exposition The background information of a story. Could be explained through characters during the course of the play. Tells the where, when, why and who Introduces main characters and setting. Inciting incident The first important event from which the rest of the plot develops. It is the earliest incident in the play that exposes the basic conflict of the play. This conflict asks the Major Dramatic Question. The question upon which the action of the play focuses. It is a key action factor to the audience. Rising action The series of events or complications following the initial incident. Another literary element, suspense (the state of being uncertain or not knowing), is often introduced and holds the audiences attention as the conflict rises. Technical Climax The turning point of the action. The moment of intense crisis that determines the outcome of the conflict. Answers the Major Dramatic Question The death of Mercutio, Romeo and Juliet (1968) Dramatic Climax The moment of intense crisis that determines the outcome of the conflict. Answers the Major Dramatic Question Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan meet in Sleepless in Seattle Falling action The series of events following the climax. Usually shorter than the rising action. Conclusion Resolution The logical outcome of the preceding action. The success, failure or sorrow of the characters. Funeral of Romeo and Juliet (1968) Must be vivid and varied in personality. Developed mostly through their words and actions. Every character has a motive. Jack SparrowVoldemort Jake Sully Protagonist/Antagonist Protagonist is the character through which the theme is often expressed and who the major dramatic question is asked. The hero of the story Antagonist is the character or agent which aims to prevent the protagonist from reaching his/her goal. The villain of the story Theme is the message of the play. Not necessarily a lesson or moral. Could be a subject issue Tolerance, diversity, etc. It usually is a statement about society, human nature or the human condition. What are some examples of theme? The way that a playwright chooses to put words together defines the style and language of the play or story. Language and style can create the mood for the story and define character. Monologue a long speech made by one actor; a monologue may be delivered alone or in the presence of others Soliloquy the character is alone and the speech indicates the characters innermost thoughts. Dialogue spoken conversation used by two or more characters to express thoughts, feelings, and actions Stage directions the manner in which the playwright directs the characters expressions and stage movement, often written in italics or in parentheses. Scenery Sound Lighting Make-up Costumes Props Scenery is the term that describes painted pieces of a stage set that suggests location, time period or physical setting. The various ways to create a set. Most scripts call for sound effects or mood music. Can also include amplification of actors Lighting creates a visual image for the audience based on the needs of the playwright, director and actors. It allows for creation of mood, time and place. Many ways and methods to create mood. Make-up is necessary because stage lighting can wash out actors. Make-up should work with lighting and costume to communicate character, time, place and setting. Costumes create the overall feel of character, time, setting and place. Costume designers consider the setting of the play as well as color when designing costumes. Props, short for properties, adds to the action of the play and the communication of time, location and setting. Props fall into two categories Set props: stationary items on stage such as sofas, chairs Hand props: items carried on by characters to enhance character, time and setting Performance elements are essential to an actor who has the job of communicating the playwrights words and meaning to the audience. Acting is the art of using verbal and nonverbal skills to communicate a character. Actors and directors approach character motivation and analysis in different ways. The purpose of a read through When a playwright creates a character, that character has an objective. The character has strategies or tactics to attain the goal. A playwright usually creates an obstacle for the character to aid in conflict. Based upon what the playwright creates, a director may create questions for the actor to analyze. Or the actor may do their own homework. Basically an actor wants to know what motivates his character. Motivation prompts delivery and line interpretation. If the actor understands the character, then the audience will understand the character and his choices. Why is that important especially to you as an audience member? Empathy is one of the primary results of good drama. Audience members should identify with and share the feelings of the characters. Appropriate breath control can help in actor with volume and projection. Breath control is also important for pronunciation. Vocal expression is one of the primary ways to convey meaning to the audience and the audience will empathize. Diction: degree of clarity and distinctness in speaking Rate: how fast or slow one speaks Articulation: the act of uttering clear distinct consonants and vowels Volume: loudness or softness in speaking Inflection: changing the pitch or tone of the voice. Nonverbal expression includes: facial expressions, body alignment, gestures and basic movement. It is often referred to as body language. Facial expression shows mood, emotion and feeling and can evoke audience empathy if done correctly. Body alignment and movement are important for the changing physicality of a role. Actors consider space, time and force when concentrating on body alignment and movement. Blocking is the precise movement used by the character in the play. It ensures that the character is seen and heard. Actors must know all of the body positions for the stage in order to be seen. Line Shape Form Texture Space Value Color Line is a point set into motion.a dot moving through space. There are five basic kinds of lines. These include the following: Horizontal = Vertical = Diagonal = Zigzag = Curved = When used in an artwork, LINES can relate Feelings VERTICAL LINES show dignity, strength, and formality HORIZONTAL LINES feel calm, relaxed, comfortable. DIAGONAL LINES show action and excitement! They can make us feel tense and uncomfortable! ZIGZAG LINES can suggest action, nervous excitement, and confusion. CURVED LINES express graceful, flowing movement. Salvador Dali Georgia O'Keefe Grant Wood Piet Mondrian Viewing the above artworks, you can see how artists incorporate lines into their art ! Shape is the area set off by one or more of the art elements. Shapes can be classified into two classes *Geometric shapes = precise shapes such as the circle, triangle, rectangle, oval, and square. * Organic shapes = these shapes are irregular or unevenand are often found in nature. In Georgia OKeeffes and Piet Mondrians works we can see the two basic kinds of shapes. Form is an object with three dimensions. In drawing, it is creating the illusion of three- dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface. 3-Dimensional 2-Dimensional We can see in the following works how the artists relate FORM: Michelangelo Cassatt Escher Dali van Gogh Forms are 3D Forms have length, width, and depth Shapes are 2D Shapes have length and width Value Scale Primary Colors Secondary Colors Intermediate Color Primary colors are the original colors. These cannot be made by mixing any other colors. They are the building block colors from which all other colors originate. The three primary colors are the following: Red Yellow Blue van Gogh Picasso Auguste Renoir Secondary Colors are colors created by mixing equal amounts primary of two colors. For example: Red + Yellow = Orange Yellow + Blue = Green Blue + Red = Violet Gauguin Monet Picasso Intermediate colors (also known as Tertiary Colors) are colors created by mixing a primary color with its neighboring secondary color. For example: Primary Red + Secondary Orange = Red Orange Primary Blue + Secondary Violet = Blue Violet Primary Yellow + Secondary Green = Yellow Green Warm Colors are in one of the two groups of which colors are often divided. The three main warm colors are: RedOrangeYellow Warm colors suggest energy, action, and normally optically advance ! Munch Turner Rothko Monet Cool Colors are in one of the two groups of which colors are often divided. The three main cool colors are: Blue GreenViolet Cool colors suggest calmness and peacefulness. Optically, they tend to recede. Gainsborough Vermeer Picasso Analogous Colors are colors neighboring on the color wheel having a common hue. Examples would be the following: Red Red Violet Violet Blue Blue Green Green Yellow Yellow Orange Orange is the lightness or darkness of a hue. To change the value of a color you add white (or water in watercolors) to change its TINT and Black to change its shade. Texture is how something feels or looks like it feels. We experience texture through our senses of sight and touch There are three basic kinds of Textures. * Natural or actual Is what you experience when you actually touch an object. Porcupine quills would be sharp...cotton puffs would be soft, etc. *Simulated = Man made to look like it has a texture (illusion of texture). In these works, we can see how the artist relates Textures . Pollock Native American van Gogh Space is the distance or area between,around, below, and within things. *There are two basic kinds of Space : positive and negative. Positive space is the object itself. Negative space is the area in and around the object. Look at these images and distinguish between the positive space and the negative space! Cassatt Brady Klimt Artists use various technique to give the illusion of DEPTH in their works of art. Some of these include : 1.= Overlapping 2.= Size 3.= Focus 4.= Placement 5.= Intensity and Value 6.= Linear Perspective OVERLAPPING is when the artist has one shape in front of the other. In this image by Giotto di Bondone, figures that overlap other figures appear to closer to the viewer SIZE = is making distant shapes smaller than closer ones. In this work by Vermeer, the woman seems farther away because she is smaller than the man who sits with his back to the viewer. FOCUS = Artists add more detail to objects in the foreground, less detail to objects in the background. Vincent van Goghs Irises are more distinct in the foreground than the background. PLACEMENT: Artists also show space by placing distant objects higher up on the picture (background) and closer ones lower down on the picture (middle ground and foreground). Foreground Middle ground Background In this image by Manet, we can see that objects farther away appear higher than those closer to us. In this artwork by Turner, we can see how the color becomes less Intense and lighter in value in the distance Intensity and Value: Artists often used colors lower in intensity and lighter in value for objects in the distance. Linear Perspective: An artist uses slanted lines on buildings and other objects so that they appear to come together in the distance. We can see in these works by Lange (left) and Escher (right) how linear perspective can draw the viewer into the artwork. The Principles of Design are the basic rules or guidelines that govern how artists organize the elements of art. Included: Repetition/Pattern/Rhythm Movement Contrast Variety Proportion Balance Emphasis Unity The repeating of shapes, lines, color, or other art elements in planned or random order to create interest or make the artwork more exciting. Repetition of elements, shapes, forms, or motifs creates a pattern. Patterns create a sense of rhythm. Adams Lawrence The look and feeling of action and to guide the viewers eye throughout the work of art often to a focal point. Duchamp Showing a difference between various elements of art (light/dark, rough smooth, etc.) The Louvre Museum Architectural contrast Stella Contrasting hue and movement How parts of a work relate in size to each other and to the whole. Scale - Size as measured against a standard reference GiacomettiAsael Renoir Hierarchal Proportion Figures are arranged so that scale indicates importance Detail from Chartres Cathedral tympanum relief The arrangement of art elements so that no one part of a work overpowers, or seems heavier than, any other part. There are three types of balance: Symmetrical or Formal Balance Asymmetrical or Informal Balance Radial Balance Symmetrical or Formal Balance created when one half of a work of art mirrors the other half. is predictable and sometimes less interesting. Asymmetrical or Informal Balance when two unlike objects appear to have equal weight. when used skillfully, it can create more interesting compositions. Lichtenstein Radial Balance occurs when the elements or objects are positioned around a central point. Rose Window, Notre Dame Where one part of the artwork dominates over the other parts. Manet The quality of wholeness or oneness that is achieved through the effective use of the Elements of Art and Principles of Design da Vinci Two-dimensionalpaint, (watercolor, tempera, oil, or acrylic)fabric, yarn, paper, ink, pastel (oil and chalk), fiber, photography, computer-generated design/art. Three-dimensionalclay, wood, glass, metal, stone plaster MichelangeloBellini Two-dimensional Drawing painting fiber art, (e.g.., fabric painting, stamping, batik, tie- dye) Printmaking Photography Three-dimensional Textiles Fiber art (e.g., constructing with fiber, weaving rugs, crocheting, knitting, quilting) Ceramics Sculpture Architecture Representational landscape, portrait, still life Nonrepresentational abstract, non- objective Rembrandt Kandinsky