top visual models for complete business analysisjan+24+2019.pdf · • cbap, pmp, pmi‐pba, csm...
TRANSCRIPT
BA ToolkitTop Visual Models for Complete Business
Analysis
Presenter:Elizabeth Larson, PMP, CBAP, CSMCo‐Principal and CEOWatermark Learning
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Presenter Biography
• CBAP, PMP, PMI‐PBA, CSM• Extensive BA and PM experience• Trained thousands of students• Co‐authored 5 books, many articles• Keynotes and presentations on 5 continents• Lead author on BABOK, PMBOK, PMI‐PBA
Practice guide
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Describe the top visual models to use during business analysis
Learn how models work together and complement each other
Learn how to leverage modeling for more effective elicitation and complete requirements
Objectives
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Modeling Clay
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Modeling requirements is extremelyuseful in elicitation
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Modeling is hard at first…
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Could get confusing
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...especially if we get distracted by using the one and only “correct” notation
Facilitation Tip #1
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Represent current or future realities
Communicate abstract concepts…
…to different audiences
Models… Isn’t modeling just a collection of text, diagrams and matrices?
Model
Iterative Elicitation and Modeling
AskConfirm
Synthesize Listen
Model
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Um…
So, how you which models to ?
# contact id (FK)# location id (FK)
Contact Location
# customer numbero company nameo date of incorpo number of house-
hold members credit limit date added ...
Customer# order number customer number (FK) date of order time of order order status ...
Order
Contact# contact id customer number (FK) last name first name middle initialo title phoneo email address ...
Order ItemShipment# shipment number actual ship date actual ship time location nbr (FK) ship mode shipper tracking nbr ...
# order number (FK)# product id (FK)# location nbr (FK)o invoice nbr (FK) selling price projected ship date quantity ordered ...
Order Fulfillment# order number (FK)# product id (FK)# location nbr (FK)# shipment nbr (FK) quantity shipped
# location id address city state/province country postal code ...
Location
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Analysis Patterns
U S E
KNOW
DataData
ScopeScope
UserInterfaceUser
Interface
Know
Do
Use
DO
KNOW
P r o c e s s
Interaction
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Where do I even begin?
My goal is to review these models and show‐‐• How they relate to each other• How to get started by asking 3‐5 questions
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Process Models
• Process models depict how to get the job done
• Models include: SIPOCs
Process Maps/Flowcharts
Workflow diagrams
Activity diagrams
Data flow diagrams
State diagrams
What is a process?
P ro ce s s
Process Model Example
Sample Questions 1. What are initial inputs and final
outputs?2. Who produces inputs and gets
outputs?3. Which steps are done and in what
sequence? What happens most commonly?
4. What are the alternates and exceptions?
5. How many, how often, and when (what triggers the process)?
P ro ce s s
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Data Models
• Data models show the data and the rules of the business
• Models include:
Entity/relationship diagrams
Class diagrams
Data dictionaries
• Logical models – not physical data models or physical database design
Data
Data
Entity/Relationship Diagram (ERD)
# contact id (FK)# location id (FK)
Contact Location
# customer numbero company nameo date of incorpo number of house-
hold members credit limit date added ...
Customer# order number customer number (FK) date of order time of order order status ...
Order
Contact# contact id customer number (FK) last name first name middle initialo title phoneo email address ...
Order ItemShipment# shipment number actual ship date actual ship time location nbr (FK) ship mode shipper tracking nbr ...
# order number (FK)# product id (FK)# location nbr (FK)o invoice nbr (FK) selling price projected ship date quantity ordered ...
Order Fulfillment# order number (FK)# product id (FK)# location nbr (FK)# shipment nbr (FK) quantity shipped
# location id address city state/province country postal code ...
Location
Data Model Example
Facts
Default to United States?
What are the allowed values?
Business Rules
Minimums and maximums—
Each customer can place any number of orders, but each order has to be placed by a single customer
Sample Questions 1. What business information do you care about?2. What are the facts about that information? 3. Can you leave the screen without filling in the
information? What are the defaults (if any) and allowed values?
4. Is the relationship between two pieces of business information required? Can you set up one piece of business information without setting up the other?
5. What are the min/max for each relationship?
Business Info
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Interaction Models
• How process interacts with data
State diagrams
CRUD matrix
• Interaction models show how actors interact with a
system
◦ Use case diagrams/narratives
Interaction
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Use Case ModelsOrder Processing System
Operations
CustomerAccounting
Specialist
Inventory System
Credit Authorization
Reserve items in inventory
Request items
Check credit
Invoice customer
Ship product
Interaction
ActorActor
System
User Interface
Use Case
Sample Questions:1. What is the solution?2. Which stakeholders are
involved?3. How do stakeholders want to
use the system?4. How do other systems
interface with the system?5. How do the actors and system
interact with each other?
Number and Name: UC 100 – Reserve Item in InventoryActor(s): CSR, CustomerPre-condition: Actor is logged on; system is available;line item page is displayedPost-conditions: Item Reserved message is displayedActor Action System Response1. Enter item
number2. Perform check digit
verification3. Send item number
to IMS4. IMS sends item
description to OP5. Display item
description6. Display reserve
request message7. Confirm
reservation request
8. Send reservation request to the Inventory system
9. IMS sends Item Reserved message to OP
10. Display Item Reserved Message
Alternate Flow A1: Item number entered is not valid
1. System displays “item numbernot found” message
2. System launches a search on item description
3. System displays all close matches4. Actor selects item…5. . . .6. Return to primary flow step 3
Exception Flow
Exception Flow E1: Actor cancels transaction (any point)1. Actor indicates wish to cancel transaction 2. System displays “ item transaction cancelled”
confirmation question 3. System requests IMS to back out reserved item 4. System displays item cancelled message5. Exit use case
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4
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Use Case NarrativeInteraction
Sample Questions 1. What has to occur before the process can
begin? 2. When is done done? 3. What is the most common way to get from the
beginning to the end?4. What other ways will get to the end
(alternatives) What prevents us from getting to the end (exceptions)?
5. What happens when exceptions occur?
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Interface Models
• Interface models graphically depict how people interact
with the system
• Models include:
Prototypes, mockups/wireframes
UserInterfaceUser
Interface
Know
Do
Use
Login was successful
You may now perform the following activities:
View Line ItemsReserve Line ItemsCalculate Shipping
Process
We thought it should be “intuitively obvious!”
Nope. Users want a “Go” button
Go
Sample Questions
1. Where does UI begin and end? How do we know when we’re done?
2. Process-screen navigation: What are the most common, alternative, exception paths?
3. Data - look and feel of the screen: how should the data be arranged?
4. Data: what edits are needed to prevent errors?
5. When exceptions occur, what message is displayed? (data) What action does the user take? (process)
User Interface (UI) ModelLow‐Fidelity Prototype
Input and Display Data
UserInterfaceUser
Interface
Know
Do
Use
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Scope ModelsScope
• Scope models depict the boundaries of the solution to be implemented
• Models include:
Goals, objectives, lists, rules
User stories/features list
Use case diagrams
Context diagrams
Functional decomposition diagram (expanded)
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Scope
Define
Process Interaction Data Interface
unt number sit amount
Validate account number
Perform reasonability check on the
deposit amount
Notify teller of successful completion
Display “account number not found”
message
Search on customer name
Display all close matches
Receive selected customer name
B[Amt out of range]
A[Amt in range]
[Account number not valid]
[Account number valid]
Update teller transaction file
C
eposit amount rrent account balance
Log in to CTCEnter User ID and Password Below
User ID
Password
Forgot userid/password (link)New user (link)
Login
Actor1
System
AB
CActor2
Use Case APri Flow -------------------
-----------------------------
Alt Flow 1 --------------------------
Excp Flow 1 --------
Realtor Property
Seller Buyer
Use Case APri Flow ------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------
Alt Flow 1 ---------------------------------------------------
Alt Flow 2 ----------------Excp Flow 1 ------------
----------------Excp Flow 2 ---------------
Interface Views• User• Realtor• Property• Offers Counters• Closing
Levels of Modeling
Detail
Data Models: Entity-Relationship Diagram, and/or Class Diagram
User Interface Models Prototype, Mockup, Wireframe, Storyboard
Use Case Models: Use Case Model: Diagram and Narrative, Activity Diagram, Sequence Diagram
Process ModelsBusiness Process Model/Map, Activity Diagram,Swim Lane Diagram
ScopeModeling
Questions:What is the order/sequence? Which functions and activities are done? How many, how often, and when? Who produces inputs and gets outputs?, Where does process begin and end?
Questions:When to begin? When is done done? What are the most common path, alternatives, exceptions? What happens when exceptions occur?
Questions:What messages appear with exceptions? What edits are needed to prevent errors? Where does UI begin and end?
Questions:What area the min/max for each relationship? Is it required? What are the defaults? What business info matters and the related facts?
Do Know
Use
Iterative Elicitation & Modeling
For more information on Watermark Learning courses, please visit us at www.WatermarkLearning.com. Copyright 2014© Watermark Learning.
Sample QuestionsWhat are the goals of solution?What are the boundaries of our solution?What are the components of the solution?Which stakeholders are impacted?What other systems interface?
UserInterfaceUser
InterfaceKnow
Do
Use
DataModeling
DataModeling
ProcessModelingProcessModeling
Use CaseModelingUse CaseModeling
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Scope
Define
Process Interaction Data Interface
unt number sit amount
Validate account number
Perform reasonability check on the
deposit amount
Notify teller of successful completion
Display “account number not found”
message
Search on customer name
Display all close matches
Receive selected customer name
B[Amt out of range]
A[Amt in range]
[Account number not valid]
[Account number valid]
Update teller transaction file
C
eposit amount rrent account balance
Log in to CTCEnter User ID and Password Below
User ID
Password
Forgot userid/password (link)New user (link)
Login
Actor1
System
AB
CActor2
Use Case APri Flow -------------------
-----------------------------
Alt Flow 1 --------------------------
Excp Flow 1 --------
Realtor Property
Seller Buyer
Use Case APri Flow ------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------
Alt Flow 1 ---------------------------------------------------
Alt Flow 2 ----------------Excp Flow 1 ------------
----------------Excp Flow 2 ---------------
Interface Views• User• Realtor• Property• Offers Counters• Closing
Levels of Modeling
Detail
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Summary
Warning – corny cute animal images ahead
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Remember
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Use Models to Elicit
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Say what?!
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Choose models that make sense
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Col‐lab‐orate
Elizabeth Larson, CBAP, PMI‐PBA, PMP, CSM, CEO Watermark Learning
Sponsor Questions?
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Contact Slide
Elizabeth Larson, CBAP, PMP, PMI-PBA, CSMCEO, Watermark Learning
@e_larson
Elizabeth Larson