training methods 1 naomi radke, seecon international gmbh
TRANSCRIPT
Training Methods
Training Methods
1
Naomi Radke, seecon international GmbH
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source!Copyright
Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open-source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations.
To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that:
You are free to: • Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document • Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve
this document.
Under the following conditions: • Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are
using.
Disclaimer
The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations.
Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.
Copyright & Disclaimer
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Contents
1. Lectures
2. Group Works
3. Discussions
4. Role Plays
5. World Café
3
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
What are Lectures?
• Traditionally: talking to a group (passive audience)
• Modified: include participation by the audience
4
1. Lectures
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
How to be a Good Lecturer
• Present in clear, logical sequence
• Make the material accessible, intelligible and meaningful
• Cover the subject matter adequately
• Be constructive and helpful in you criticism
• Demonstrate expert knowledge in your subject
• Pace lecture appropriately
• Be concise
• Illustrate the practical application of the theory presented
• Show enthusiasm for the subject
• Generate curiosity about the lecture material early in the lecture
5
1. Lectures
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Planning a Lecture (1/3)
Points to be considered:
1.Learning outcomes:◦ Learning what?◦ Key concepts?◦ Skills that participants
should develop?◦ How communicated?
6
1. Lectures
Source: SPUHLER (2012)
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Planning a Lecture (2/3)
2. Structure: systematic development of the main points
◦ Sign posts: indicate structure- “First, I will ...”
◦ Frames: begin/end of section- “That ends my
discussion ...”◦ Foci
- “So the mainpoint is ...”◦ Links: link one explanation
to another◦ Summaries
7
1. Lectures
Source: SPUHLER (2012)
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Planning a Lecture (3/3)
3. Delivery:
clear!
knowledgeable!
interesting!
8
1. Lectures
Source: SPUHLER (2012)
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Tips and Techniques (1/2)
9
Help to keep the participants’ concentration and retention!
1. Lectures
Source: SPUHLER (2012)
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Tips and Techniques (2/2)
10
• Plan your overall framework carefully
• In the beginning: introduce yourself, expectations, learning
objectives
• Presentation style: don’t be boring and monotone!
• Engage with the audience
• Leave them with a message
1. Lectures
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Advantages and Disadvantages
11
1. Lectures
ADVANTAGES
• Knowledge straight to participants
• Good for auditory learners
• Logistically easy
• Often used knowledge delivery method, people are used to it
DISADVANTAGES
• Difficult for people not used to auditory learning
• Difficult for people not good at note taking
• Participants may feel uncomfortable asking questions when they arise
• Lecturers may find it hard to feel whether participants understand
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Benefits from Group Works (1/2)
12
2. Group Works
• Enhancement of amount and depth of learning
• Development of communication and thinking skills
• Development of social skills and attitudes towards learning
• Achieve products of greater complexity/ size than as individuals
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Benefits from Group Works (2/2)
13
2. Group Works
More Benefits.... .Source: SPUHLER (2012)
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Types of Group Works
14
2. Group Works
Informal Learning Groups
• Temporary and ad-hoc• For a class/discussion
point• Often only a few
minutes
• Aim: focus student’s attention and opportunity to cognitively process material
• Comparing ideas with peers
Formal Learning Groups
• Complete a specific task
• Longer period of time
Informal learning group at an SSWM training.Source: MIZO (2010)
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
When useful?
15
2. Group Works
• Gathering ideas• E.g. In preparation for a lecture
• Summarizing or reviewing • E.g. Main outcomes in a lecture
• Assessing level of skills and understanding• E.g. To see whether the teacher brought his point
across
• Re-examining ideas
• Comparing and contrasting
• Brainstorming
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
When Do They Work Well?
16
2. Group Works
If group is held together through:
• Positive interdependence: “sink or swim together”
• Individual accountability
• Face-to-face interactions (not necessarily all the time)
• Interpersonal and small-group skills (discussion, problem
solving, ...)
• Group processing (evaluate what they are doing)
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
How to Do Group Works
17
2. Group Works
• Preparing: clear task, material, group size and composition
• Instructing and Starting: time for questions, time and
space for group work
• Management: be there if questions arise, check on groups
• Evaluation/Results Sharing: in formal groups allow
enough time for result sharing; in informal groups less time
e.g. only main findings
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Group Size
18
2. Group Works
small groups
• More participation by each participant
• Fewer social skills required
• Easier to coordinate meetings
• Easier to reach consensus
LARGE GROUPS
• More ideas are generated
• Wider range of perspectives and background knowledge
• More complex/sizable tasks
• Fewer groups in a class, thus more time can be devoted to each group’s presentation
Source: SPUHLER (2012)
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Advantages and Disadvantages
19
2. Group Works
ADVANTAGES
• Participant interaction and active working
• Spirit of communication, cooperation, coordination
• Develop responsibility, leadership, teamwork skills
• Participants receiving social feedback
DISADVANTAGES
• May not effectively pass on knowledge
• Distraction away from task can occur
• Effectiveness can be limited by some participants
• Dominant participants
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
How to lead a good discussion?
20
3. Discussions
To ensure that a discussion is substantive and even shy participants get a word, the trainer must be well prepared…
Source: REGIOSUISSE (2008)
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Preparation by Trainer
21
3. Discussions
• Determine learners’ relevant experiences, needs, strengths, interests
• Identify learning goals for the groups
• Plan activities for participants to prepare them for discussion
• Read and reflect on topics planned for the session
• Find or create appropriate resources
• Attend any relevant lectures that the participants attended prior to the discussion
• Identify/work on skills he/she has for leading the session
• Develop well-structured but flexible plan for session
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Initiating Discussions
22
3. Discussions
• Develop how to start/restart a discussion• E.g common experience, open-ended question,
document
• Offer example if problem seems too abstract
• Allow sufficient waiting time
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Moderating the Discussion (1/2)
23
3. Discussions
The trainer should ask different questions at different levels:
• Comprehension• Retell
• Application• E.g. how is … related to …?
• Analysis• E.g. how would you compare …?
• Synthesis• E.g. what would you infer …?
• Evaluation• E.g. what are your points of agreement/disagreement
and why?
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Moderating the Discussion (2/2)
24
3. Discussions
• Make sure no one dominates the discussion invite and encourage contributions from other participants
• Make sure only one group member speaks at a time
• Ensure the discussion does not drift off-topic
• Summarise the discussion afterwards and fill in points that have not been said
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Motivate Participation
25
3. Discussions
• Choose interesting topics
• Be enthusiastic about the topic
• Make it relevant
• Organise the discussion
• Appropriate level of difficulty
• Actively involve students
• Variety
• Use concrete, appropriate and understandable examples
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Common Problems and Solutions (1/3)
26
3. Discussions
Problem 1: Learner direct all answers to the trainer
Solution:
• Redirect questions to other learners
• Ask whether everyone agrees
• Help students see conflicts as a good thing
• Announce that you will be note-taker
• Break the class into small groups
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Common Problems and Solutions (2/3)
27
3. Discussions
Problem 2: Non-participating learners and excessive talkers
Solution:
• Email discussion questions to participants in advance
• Pause before calling on a student
• Look for non-verbal signs of readiness to speak
• Turn statements into questions: “Do you agree with that?”
• Ask non-participating learners to sum up what has been said
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Common Problems and Solutions (3/3)
28
3. Discussions
Problem 3: Trainer-dominated discussions
Solution:
• Do not answer your own questions
• Be patient, wait for responses
• Be a moderator: summarise, re-direct and keep the problem in view
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Recording Discussions
29
3. Discussions
Discussions may lead to important outcomes!
• Somebody should take minutes
OR
• Record discussions on coloured cards or flip charts
Source: SPUHLER (2012)
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Advantages and Disadvantages
30
3. Discussions
ADVANTAGES
• Greater interaction between trainer and learners
• Trainers check learners’ retention of the lesson
• Staying focussed through interaction
DISADVANTAGES
• Requires setting ground rules
• Not good for people that are weak at note-taking
• Some do not feel comfortable being put on the spot in discussions
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
What are Role Plays?
31
4. Role Plays
• A simulation in which every participant is given a role to play
• Vivid way to learn how to handle situations
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Types of Role Plays
32
4. Role Plays
• Multiple role play• Different groups acting out the same role play, followed by
an analysis of the interactions and learning points
• Single role play• One group plays the role for the rest of the participants, who
then analyse the interactions and learning points
• Role rotation• Starts as a single role play, trainer will stop and discuss what
happened, then character exchange among participants
• Spontaneous role play• One of the participants plays herself, other participants play
people with whom the first participant interacted before
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Why Role Plays?
33
4. Role Plays
• Help examine real life problems on the level of philosophy, emotional and physical response
• Try out different theories and tactics in a relatively safe setting
• Understand different people and their roles/thoughts/feelings
• Identify and anticipate possible problems/fears/anxieties people have about an event or action
Source: HEEB (2012)
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Steps in a Role Play (1/2)
34
4. Role Plays
Select a situationSelect a situation
Explain the situationExplain the situation
Cast rolesCast roles
Prepare the role players
Prepare the role players
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Steps in a Role Play (2/2)
35
4. Role Plays
Prepare the observersPrepare the observers
Set the sceneSet the scene
Run the role playRun the role play
Cut the role playCut the role play
DebriefDebriefSource: HEEB (2012)
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Advantages and Disadvantages
36
4. Role Plays
ADVANTAGES
• Develop greater involvement with the focus of the training
• Behavioural pre-training assessment in terms of skills
• Assessment of how well learner understands
• Practice in a safe environment/ no real world consequences
• Better understand other person’s position
DISADVANTAGES
• Player needs to get expert feedback
• Many people hate role plays
• Performance can become too artificial and sound funny
• Role plays in large groups often go out of control (time-wise and monitoring-wise) inefficient training
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Introduction
37
5. World Café
• Used for the discussion of clear questions
• Collaborative dialogues/conversations in a casual café atmosphere
• Set up in a cluster-type seating arrangement
Source: http://www.kstoolkit.org/The+World+Cafe. [Accessed: 14.05.2013]
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
How to Conduct a World Café
38
5. World Café
1. Setting: resembles ordinary café with cluster-style seating (4-5 chairs)
2. Welcome and introduction: introduce process and rules
3. Small group rounds: at least three discussion rounds. After 20 minutes of the first discussion, each member of a group changes to another table
4. Questions: new question applied for each new round or discuss same issue throughout several rounds. Question matters for real world situations and is clearly formulated
5. Whole group conversation: main ideas and results discussed, synthesise the findings
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Principles of a World Café
39
5. World Café
Source: THE CHANGE INITIATIVE
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Special Roles
40
5. World Café
• Café Convener: invites participants
• Cafe Host: manages, provides structure, facilitator role
• Table Host: stays constantly at one table during table change to welcome new arrivals
• Member/Participant
• Design Team
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
Advantages and Disadvantages
41
5. World Café
ADVANTAGES
• Informal and inclusive
• Cheap and easy to organise
• Personal involvement leads to commitment to resulting plans
• Social learning and consensus finding
DISADVANTAGES
• Requires clear and relevant questions
• Not suitable for making direct decisions
Training Methods
Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info.
THE CHANGE INITIATIVE (Editor) (): World Café. Bangkok: The Change Initiative Co., Ltd. URL: http://www.change-initiative.com/752/9143.html [Accessed: 25.06.2012].
42
6. References
Training Methods 43
“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture”
SSWM is an initiative supported by:
Created by: