Unit 7: World War I

Chapter 22

From Neutrality to War

The March to War

Central Powers Germany Austro-Hungarian Empire Bulgaria Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers Great Britain Russia France Italy Greece Serbia Romania

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Throne of Austria-HungaryVisits Bosnia with his wife Sophie

The Black Hand Assassinated on June 28, 1914 Sparks WWI in Europe

Wilson Stands Neutral

Benefits Pleased Americans No loss of life Sell goods to both sides Wilson’s hopes for re-election

Drawbacks Citizen’s ties to homeland Overwhelming support for

Allies Prolonged the war

Britain Stops U.S. Trade

Blockade Britain creates a blockade around Germany Prevents Germans from receiving goods

U.S. Shipping Britain did not want U.S. ships delivering anything

that could help the German war effort.

German U-boats

U-Boat Submarines known as “Unterseeboot” Germans thought u-boats would break the British

blockade.

RMS Lusitania

Sinking of Lusitania British ocean-liner attacked by u-boat on May 7, 1915. 1,198 died including 128 Americans. Germans said the ship was carrying weapons and

ammunition. Theodore Roosevelt: "murder on the high seas"

Building to War

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare German war plan to use u-boats to control shipping. Wilson demands that Germans stop sinking U.S. ships.

Sussex Pledge After sinking the French ship Sussex, the Germans

promise to spare all lives in any future U-boat attacks on merchant ships

but the U.S. must force Britain to end its blockade on Germany.

The Preparedness Movement

The Preparedness Movement led by Theodore Roosevelt to prepare the U.S. in case

they were to enter the war. Wanted a million trained men and a larger navy the

Britain. Wilson backed movement due to U-boat attacks.

Propaganda

Propaganda information or rumor spread by a group or

government to promote its own cause or ideas or to damage an opposing cause or idea.

Zimmermann Note

Zimmermann Note Coded note sent by Germany to Mexico. Intercepted

by the British. The note promised Mexico that if it attacked the U.S.,

Germany would help Mexico regain loss territory the U.S. acquired in the Mexican-American War.

Entering World War I

Why did we get involved?U-boat attacks lead to American deaths. Zimmermann Note creates anti-German sentimentPro-Britain propaganda. Closer ties to the allies.Wilson's re-election. The need to make the world

"safe for democracy.” Economic reasons - "making payment on every debt certain and sure."

Chapter 23

The Course and Conduct of World War I

Selective Service Act

The Selective Service Act May 1917, a draft that required all men ages 21 to 30

to register for military service at local polling stations. 10 million registered.

The American Expeditionary Force

Troops arrived in France in June 1917. Nicknamed the "doughboys." Infantry force led by Gen. John J. Pershing. They acted as a separate military and took more

forceful and offensive tactics than the allied armies.

369th

369th Regiment An all African-American regiment. Fought under French command. Received the

highest military honor from the French. German soldiers call them "Hell Fighters."

New Technologies of WWI

Machine Gun Rapid fire weapon producing 600 rounds-per-minute

Howitzer Large Cannon

Chemical Weapons Toxic chemical weapons (Mustard Gas)

New Technologies of WWI

Airplanes Used for scouting enemy territory, shooting and bombing

Battleships 1906 HMS Dreadnought Heavily armed and armored

Trench Warfare

Machine Guns Could hold down an enemy advance Rushing machine guns was always not wise

Trenching due to machine guns, snipers and artillery, soldiers

dug into the ground and began fighting trench warfare.

Trench Warfare

Tactics Series of defensive trenches separated by "no-man's

land" complete with barbed wireConditions

Conditions were terrible. Muddy trenches smelled of rotting bodies, sweat, and

overflowing latrines. Trench foot infected soldiers. Disease and rodents led to death and suffering.

The Meuse-Argonne Offensive

Germans push into France, Spring 1918 As more Americans arrived, German victory seemed unlikely

Meuse-Argonne Offensive September 1918, offensive launched Allies broke through German lines and take control Sedan railroad Cuts of German communication and supplies

Armistice A truce reached by both sides November 11th, 1918 Central Powers Surrender

Chapter 24

The Home Front

Americans AGAINST the War

Pacifists People who opposed all war for political, moral, or religious reasons

Woman’s Peace Party Women led by Jane Addams who believed in limitation

of arms and mediation. Wanted progressive social reforms to eliminate

economic causes of the war.Conscientious Objectors

Primarily men, who opposed the war and therefore would not serve in the armed forces

Americans FOR the War

Liberty Bonds Pro-war Americans purchased war bonds Certificates issued which promised to pay back money plus interest Money went to the war effort

Committee on Public Information Government organization who used propaganda to help sell the war

Patriots People who believed that supporting the war was patriotic backed

the war effort on all fronts

Selling the War

CPI Hired artists, reporters, directors, writers and historians Created a pro-war, anti-German sentiment

Successful? Very successful, however it prompted persecution of many Germans in the U.S.

Food Helps Win the War

Food Administration Herbert Hoover heads Administration Encouraged Americans to conserve food and plant gardens Farmers to plant more food Food sent overseas

Fuel Helps Win the War

The Fuel Administration Ask Americans to conserve fuel Introduce daylight savings time Excess fuel helped run military overseas

African-American Response

W.E.B. DuBois Encouraged African Americans to join war effort Attempt to show patriotism and loyalty

William Monroe Trotter Said the U.S. should end segregation here before fixing problems

overseas.

The Great Migration

Great Migration High production of goods in northern factories Provoked African Americans to migrate north Race riots

“Americanization”

American Protective League Tried to enforce 100% Americanization Went into immigrant neighborhoods Threatened immigrants

Acts of 1917 & 1918

Espionage Act of 1917 Law that made interfering with the draft illegal Also set severe penalties for spying, sabotaging, and “obstruction of

the war effort.”Sedition Act of 1918

Act that made saying anything “disloyal, profane, or abusive” about the U.S. government

Socialists Speak Out

Eugene V. Debs tells followers: Wars have been waged for conquest and plunder. They are ordered by the master class and fought by

the subject class.Wobblies

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) were against war “Capitalists of America, we will fight against you, not for you.”

Schenck v. United States

Charles Schenck, 1919 Socialist Charged with attempting to disrupt a military draft

Freedom of Speech Defense Failed Convicted for causing a panic

Symbolic Speech

Symbolic Speech Conduct that conveys a message without spoken words

U.S. v. O’Brien 1966, David O’Brien burned his draft card Court ruled that he was not allowed to break a law in which the

government has a “substantial interest.”Texas v. Johnson

1984, Gregory Johnson burned American flag in protest Court ruled that flag burning is protected under symbolic speech

Chapter 25

The Treaty of Versailles:To Ratify or Reject?

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points Wilson’s blueprint for world peace Make the world “fit and safe to live in.” Designed to protect “every peace-loving nation” and people from

“force and selfish aggression”

The Fourteen Points

Point 1 Countries could not make

secret treaties and alliancesPoint 2

Freedom of the seasPoint 3

Free trade among countriesPoint 4

Countries would reduce their stockpiles of weapons

Point 5 International arbitration in

all colonial disputesPoint 6 – 13

Land taken during WWI will be restored to previous owner

Point 14 Creation of a League of

Nations

Clarification of the Points

Freedom of the Seas The right of merchant ships to travel freely in international waters in

times of peace and warReduction in Armaments

Reducing the amount of weapons of war instead of building for competition

League of Nations An international organization designed to ensure world peace Territorial Integrity

Nations will respect another nation’s borders

The Big Four

Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) David Lloyd George (U.K.)

Georges Clemenceau (France) Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

Punishing Germany

War-Guilt Clause Held Germany responsible for the war and forced them to make

reparations to Allied nationsReparations

$33 Billion must be paid to Allied powers to offset the cost of warMandates

Territories controlled by League of Nations until they were ready for self rule

Include:Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and some German colonies

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Versailles Peace treaty signed by allied powers and Germany on

June 18, 1919. Assigned Germany responsibility for the war. Required Germany to pay reparations. Reduced Germany's territory. Included the covenant for the League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

Reservationists Republicans in the Senate that would votes yes only if a

number of reservations including the Collective Security clause was removed

from the treaty.Irreconcilables

16 Republican Senators who firmly opposed the treaty. They cited Washington's farewell address as grounds for

voting no.Internationalists

Mostly Senate Democrats who supported the treaty. They believed the greater international cooperation

the more benefits everyone can reap.

Wilson’s Attempt to Gain Support

Touring the Nation Wilson embarked on an 8,000 mile speaking tour 40 speeches in 29 cities Suffered a stroke, ending the tour

Partisanship

Partisanship Complete support of a single political party,

preventing progress through negotiationDeath of Treaty

Republicans and Democrats could not agree on a treaty

Republicans try to amend treaty, but Wilson votes it down

Original treaty fails to pass a 2/3’s vote

Election of 1920

Warren G. Harding (R) vs. James M. Cox (D)

Harding defeats Cox in a landslideSeparate Treaty

October 1921, U.S. sign separate peace treaty with Germany