united states department of the interior selected bibliography on ground subsidence · ·...

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Selected Bibliography on Ground SubsidenceCaused by Dissolution and Removal ofSalt and Other Soluble Evaporites

By

John R. Ege

Open-File Report 79-1133

1979

This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey standards and nomenclature.

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction............................................................. 1

Reference ............................................................... 2

Selected references...................................................... 3

Evaporites.......................................................... 3

Genera]........................................................ 3

Geology, hydrology, geophysics................................. 6

Mining, rock mechanics, engineering............................ 15

Subsi dence..................................................... 21

Underground storage............................................ 25

Reference

Ege, J. R., 1979, Selected bibliography on subsidence processes and related

engineering problems in carbonate rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Open-

File Report 79-1214, 24 p.

Selected References

EVAPORITES

General

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, 1974,

Solution Mining Symposium, Apian, F. F., McKinney, W. A., and Pernichele,

A. D., eds.: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum

Engineers, 103d, 1974, Dallas, Proceedings, 469 p.

____1975, Industrial minerals and rocks (Nonmetallics other than fuels) [4th

ed.], Lefond, S. J., ed.: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical,

and Petroleum Engineers, 1360 p.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, 1949, Salt report for the B & 0 area:

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, Traffic Department Industrial

Development, 56 p.

Calvert, A. F., 1915, Salt in Cheshire: London,- E. & F. N. Spon, 1206 p.

Institute for Environmental Studies, 1977, Symposium on salt dome utilization

and environmental considerations, Martinez, J. D., and Thorns, R. L.,

eds., Baton Rouge, 1976, Proceedings: Institute for Environmental

Studies, Louisiana State University, 423 p.

International Association of Engineering Geology, 1973, Symposium on sink

holes and subsidence--engineering-geological problems related to soluble

rocks [with English, French, and German summaries], Hannover, 1973,

Proceedings: [450] p.

International Association of Hydrogeologists, 1977, Karst hydrogeology,

Jolson, J. S., and Doyle, F. L., eds. International Congress of the

International Association of Hydrogeologists, 12th, Huntsville, Alabama,

1975, Proceedings: Alabama Geological Survey, 578 p. _ _ ._ .

International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 1977, Symposium on land

subsidence, Rodda, J. C., ed., 2d, Anaheim, California, 1976,

Proceedings: International Association of Hydrological Sciences,

Pub. 121, 669 p.

Lefond, S. J., 1969, Handbook of world salt resources: New York, Plenum

Press, 384 p.

Mattox, R. B., ed., 1968, Saline deposits International Conference on Saline

Deposits, Houston, 1962, Symposium: Geological Society of America

Special Paper 88, 701 p.

Northern Ohio Geological Society, 1963, First symposium on salt, Bersticker,

A. C., ed., Cleveland, 1962, Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological

Society, 661 p.

____1966, Second symposium on salt, Rau, J. L., ed., Cleveland, 1965,

Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological Society, v. 1, 443 p., v. 2,

422 p.

____1970, Third symposium on salt, Rau, J. L., and Dellwig, L. F., eds.,

Cleveland, 1969, Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological Society, v. 1,

474 p., v. 2, 486 p.

1974, Fourth symposium on salt, Coogan, A. H., ed., Houston, 1974,

Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological Society, v. 1, 530 p., v. 2,

517 p.

Piper, T. B., 1978, Solution mining research an overview: Solution Mining

. Research Institute, Woodstock, Illinois 60098, 8 p. [written

communication],

Wallwork, K. L., 1974, Salt and environmental planning; an historical

perspective to a contemporary land-use problem, in Coogan, A. H., ed.,

Fourth symposium on salt, Houston, 1974, Proceedings: Northern Ohio

Geological Society, v. 1, p. 435-441.

Geology, Hydrology, Geophysics

Adams, S. S., 1975, Potash, j_n Le fond, S. J., ed., Industrial minerals and

rocks (Nonmetallics other than fuels) [4th ed.]: American Institute of

Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, p. 963-990.

Ameely, L., Holtz, S., and Prinz, H., 1973, Seismische Messungen an

Korrosionssenken im Mittleren Buntsandstein liber tiefem Salinarkarst

(Osthessen, BRD) [Seismological investigations on corrosion subsidences

in the Middle Buntsandstein (Lower Triassic) over deep-seated salt karst

(Eastern Hesse, Federal Republic of Germany)] [with English summary], in

Symposium on sink-holes and subsidence engineering-geological problems

related to soluble rocks, Hannover, 1973, Proceedings: International

Association of Engineering Geology, p. T3-F, 1-10.

Appleyard, F. C., 1975, Gypsum and anhydrite, jjn Le fond, S. J., ed.,

Industrial minerals and rocks (Nonmetallics other than fuels) [4th

ed.]: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum

Engineers, p. 707-723.

Bachman, G. 0., and Johnson, R. B., 1973, Stability of salt in the Permian

Basin of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico, with a section on

Dissolved salts in surface water, by F. A. Swenson: U.S. Geological

Survey Open-File Report 73-14, 62 p.

Baker, R. C., 1977, Hydrology of karst features in evaporite deposits of the

upper Permian in Texas, _in^ Dilamarter, R. R., ed., Hydrologic problems in

karst regions: Bowling Green, Kentucky, Western Reserve University,

p. 333-339.

Bogomolov, G. V., Klementjev, V. P., and Shpakov, 0. N., 1977, The karst of

technogenic saline deposits, Jn_ Jolson, J. S., and Doyle, F. L., eds.,

Karst hydrogeology International Congress of the International

Association of Hydrogeologists, 12th, Huntsville, Alabama, 1975,

Proceedings: Alabama Geological Survey, p. 9-19.

Borchert, Hermann, and Muir, R. 0., 1964, Salt deposits; the origin,

metamorphism and deformation of evaporites: London, Van Nostrand, 338 p.

Braitsch, Otto, 1971, Salt deposits, their origin and composition: New York,

Springer-Verlag, 297 p.

Christiansen, E. A., 1967, Collapse structures near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,

Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 4, no. 5, p. 757-767.

____1971, Geology of the Crater Lake collapse structure in southeastern

Saskatchewan: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 8, no. 12,

p. 1505-1513.

Cook, J. C., 1970, Electromagnetic exploration within salt domes, in Rau,

J. L., and Dell wig, L. F., eds., Third symposium on salt, Cleveland,

1969, Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological Society, v. 2, p. 386-390.

DeMille, G., Shouldice, J. R., and Nelson, H. W., 1964, Collapse structures

related to evaporites of the Prairie Formation, Saskatchewan: Geological

Society of America Bulletin, v. 75, no. 4, p. 307-316.

Drescher, Joachim, and Jordan, Heinz, 1973, Bedeckter Sulfatkarst bei

Osterode/Harz und seine Auswirkungen auf Ingenieurbauwerke [Covered

sulphate karst near Osterode/Harz Mountains and its effects on

engineering projects] [with English summary], jh^ Symposium on sink-holes

and subsidence engineering-geological problems related to soluble rocks,

Hannover, 1973, Proceedings: International Association of Engineering

Geology, p. T4-H, 1-8.

Frye, J. C., 1950, Origin of Kansas Great Plains depressions: Kansas

Geological Survey Bulletin 86, p. 1-20.

Frye, J. C., and Schoff, S. L., 1942, Deep-seated solution in the Meade Basin

and vicinity, Kansas and Oklahoma: American Geophysical Union

Transactions, v. 23, pt. 1, p. 35-39.

Gendzwill, D. J., 1978, Winnipegosis mounds and Prairie Evaporite Formation of

Saskatchewan seismic study: American Association of Petroleum

Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, no. 1, p. 73-86.

Gendzwill, D. J., and Hajnal, Z., 1971, Seismic investigation of the Crater

Lake collapse structure in southeastern Saskatchewan: Canadian Journal

of Earth Sciences, v. 8, p. 1514-1524.

Gittinger, L. B., 1975, Sulfur, _ir[ Lefond, S. J., ed., Industrial minerals and



Griggs, R. L., 1958, The Silurian salt deposits of the Northeastern United

States: U.S. Geological Survey TEI-710, 29 p.

Grimm, Arnulf, and Lepper, Jochen, 1973, Schlotformige Erdfalle im

Sollinggewolbe und deren Beziehung zu Salzwasservorkommen [Pipel ike sink

holes of the Soiling arch and their relations to saltwater extrusions]

[with English summary], in_ Symposium on sink-holes and subsidence

engineering-geological problems related to soluble rocks, Hannover, 1973,

Proceedings: International Association of Engineering Geology,

p. T2-E, 1-7.

8

Grube, F., 1973, Ingenieurgeologische Erkundung der Erdfalle im Bereich des

Salzstockes Othmarschen-Langenfelde (Hamburg) [Experiences of engineering

geology on the top of the saltdome Othmarschen-Langenfelde (Hamburg)]

[with English summary], jn_ Symposium on sink-holes and subsidence

engineering-geological problems related to soluble rocks, Hannover, 1973,


p. T4-B, 1-7.

Harrison, T. S., 1927, Colorado-Utah salt domes: American Association of

Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 11, no. 2, p. 111-133.

Herrmann, Friedbert, and Hofrichter, Erich, 1973, Subrosion, Bodensenkungen

und Erdfalle an Salzstbcken NW-Deutschlands am Beispiel des Salzstockes

Benthe bei Hannover [Subrosion, subsidence and sink-holes related to salt

domes in Northwestern Germany, exemplified by means of the Benthe salt

plug near Hannover] [with English summary], j_n_ Symposium on sink-holes

and subsidence engineering-geological problems related to soluble rocks,


Geology, p. Tl-F, 1-10.

Hildebrand, Gerhard, and Prinz, Helmut, 1973, Fallgewichtsseismische und

ingenieurgeologische Untersuchungen fu'r Strassenbauten iiber Zechstein-

Sulfat [Shallow refraction seismical and engineering geological

investigations made for road-constructions in Permian gypsum areas] [with

English summary], j_n Symposium on sink-holes and subsidence--engineering-

geological problems related to soluble rocks, Hannover, 1973,


p. T3-E, 1-10.

Jan, John, 1975, Iodine, jm Lefond, S. J., ed., Industrial minerals and rocks

(Nonmetallics other than fuels) [4th ed.]: American Institute of Mining,

Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, p. 725-728.

Jaron, M. G., 1970, Investigation of solution collapse breccia in mature salt

cavities, jji Rau, J. L., and Dellwig, L. F., eds., Third symposium on

salt, Cleveland, 1969, Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological Society,

v. 1, p. 422-428.

Jensen, J. H., 1975, Bromine, j[n_ Lefond, S. J., ed., Industrial minerals and



Johnson, W. D., 1901, The high plains and their utilization: U.S. Geological

Survey 21st Annual Report, pt. 4, p. 601-741.

Kunasz, I. A., 1975, Lithium raw materials, w_ Lefond, S. J., ed., Industrial

minerals and rocks (Nonmetallics other than fuels) [4th ed.]: American

Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, p. 791-803.

Lakshmanan, J., 1973, Cartographie micro-gravimetrique et radioactive des

zones de dissolution du gypse du Lutetien au Nord-Est de Paris [Gravity

and gamma mapping of sink-hole areas in Lutetian gypsum, North East of

Paris] [with English summary], jjn_ Symposium on sink-holes and

subsidence--engineering-geological problems related to soluble rocks,


Geology, p. T3-N, 1-5.

Landes, K. K., 1945, Mackinac breccia, Chapter 3, jji Landes, K. K., Ehlers,

G. M., and Stanley, G. M., Geology of the Mackinac Straits region and

subsurface geology of the northern part of the southern peninsula:

Michigan Geological Survey Publication 44, Geological Series 37,

p. 123-154.

10

1963, Origin of salt deposits, in Bersticker, A. C., ed., First

symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1962, Proceedings: Northern Ohio

Geological Society, p. 3-9.

1963, Effects of solution of bedrock salt on the earth's crust, in

Bersticker, A. C., ed., First symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1962,

Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological Society, p. 64-73.

Lang, W. B., 1957, Annotated bibliography and index map of salt deposits in

the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1019-J, p. 715-753.

Lefond, S. J., and Jacoby, C. H., 1975, Salt, jh^ Lefond, S. J., ed.,




Lienhardt, G., and Pachoud, A., 1973, Les effondrements de la region de La

Lechere--Petit Coeur (Savoie) [The sink-holes of the region of La

Lechere--Petit Coeur (Savoy)] [with English summary], in Symposium on

sink-holes and subsidence engineering-geological problems related to

soluble rocks, Hannover, 1973, Proceedings: International Association of

Engineering Geology, p. T3-G, 1-4.

Lohmann, M. M., 1972, Salt dissolution in subsurface of British North Sea as

interpreted from seismograms: American Association of Petroleum

Geologists Bulletin, v. 56, no. 3, p. 472-479.

Maley, V. C., and Huffington, R. M., 1953, Cenozoic fill and evaporite

solution in the Delaware Basin, Texas and New Mexico: Geological Society

of America Bulletin, v. 64, p. 539-546.

11

Mannion, L. E., 1975, Sodium carbonate deposits, j_n Lefond, S. J., ed.,




Middleton, G. V.,"1961, Evaporite solution breccias from the Mississippian of

southwest Montana: Sedimentary Petrology Journal, v. 31, p. 189-195.

Morgan, A. M., 1942, Solution phenomena in the Pecos Basin in New Mexico:

American Geophysical Union Transactions, v. 23, no. 1, p. 27-35.

Nicholson, Alexander, Jr., and Clebsch, Alfred, Jr., 1961, Geology and ground

water conditions in Lea County, New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines

and Mineral Resources Ground-Water Report 6, 123 p.

Niedermayer, Josef, 1973, Einfluss des Klimaablaufs auf die Erdfallbildung an

norddeutschen Salzstbcken [Influence of the climate on the formation of

collapse sinks at salt plugs (salt domes) in Northern Germany] [with

English summary], in Symposium on sink-holes and subsidence engineering-



p. Tl-C, 1-3.

Ozoray, Gyorgy, 1977, The Athabasca carbonate and evaporite buried karst, in

Jo!son, J. S., and Doyle, F. L., eds., Karst hydrogeology International

Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists, 12th,

Huntsville, Alabama, 1975, Proceedings: Alabama Geological Survey,

p. 85-98.

Parker, J. M., 1967, Salt solution and subsidence structures, Wyoming, North

Dakota, and Montana: American Association of Petroleum Geologists

Bulletin, v. 51, no. 10, p. 1929-1947.

12

Pierce, W. G., and Rich, E. I., 1962, Summary of rock salt deposits in the

United States as possible storage sites for radioactive waste

materials: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1148, 91 p.

Prinz, Helmut, 1973, Grundung eines Bauwerkes in einer Korrosionssenke im

Zechsteinsulfat [Foundation of a bridge in a depression of corrosion

within the basal anhydrite] [with English summary], jn_ Symposium on sink

holes and subsidence engineering-geological problems related to soluble

rocks, Hannover, 1973, Proceedings: International Association of

Engineering Geology, p. T4-C, 1-4.

____1973, Zur Entstehung von Einbruchsschloten und Korrosionskesseln liber

tiefem Salinarkarst [The origin of pi pel ike sink-holes and corrosion

depressions over deep-seated saline karst] [with English summary], in

Symposium on sink-holes and subsidence--engineering-geological problems

related to soluble rocks, Hannover, 1973, Proceedings: International

Association of Engineering Geology, p. T2-D, 1-6.

____1973, Verbreitung von Erdfallen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

(Vorlaufige ausgabe) [Distribution of sinkholes in the Federal Republic

of Germany] [preliminary edition]: Bundesanstalt fur Bodenforschung,

36 p., map 1:1,000,000.

Ramberg, Hans, 1970, Experimental and theoretical study of salt-dome

evolution, j_n_ Rau, J. L., and Dellwig, L. F., eds., Third symposium on


v. 1, p. 261-270.

Smith, G. I., Jones, C. L., Culbertson, W. C., Ericksen, G. E., and Dyni,

J. R., 1973, Evaporites and brines, in United States mineral resources:

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 820, p. 197-216.

13

Speed, R. C., 1970, Gravity anomalies from cavities in salt beds [Pt.] 1 of

The surface field, _in_ Rau, J. L., and Dellwig, L. F., eds., Third



U.S. Army Corps Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, 1977, Symposium on

detection of subsurface cavities, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1977,

Proceedings: U.S. Army Corps Engineers Waterways Experiment Station,

169 p.

Unterberger, R. R., 1974, Electromagnetic wave propagation in salt; probing

into salt with radar, in Coogan, A. H., ed., Fourth symposium on salt,

Houston, 1974, Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological Society, v. 2,

p. 11-26.

Vine, J. D., 1960, Recent domal structures in southeastern New Mexico:

American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 44, no. 12,

p. 1903-1911.

Weir, G. W., Puffett, W. P., and Dodson, C. L., 1961, Collapse structures of

southern Spanish Valley, southeastern Utah, in Short papers in the

geologic and hydrologic sciences: U.S. Geological Survey Professional

Paper 424-B, p. B173-B175.

Weisman, W. I., and Tandy, C. W., 1975, Sodium sulfate deposits, in Lefond.

S. J., ed., Industrial minerals and rocks (Nonmetallics other than fuels)

[4th ed.]: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum


14

Mining, Rock Mechanics, Engineering

Abel, J. F., 1970, Rock mechanics can it pay its way?, J_n Rau, J. L., and

Dellwig, L. F., eds., Third symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1969,

Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological Society, v. 2, p. 197-207.

Baar, C. A., 1975, The deformational behavior of salt rocks in situ

hypothesis vs. measurements: International Association of Engineering

Geology Bulletin, v. 12, p. 65-72.

_____1977, Applied salt-rock mechanics; 1 The in-situ behavior of salt

rocks, in the series Developments in geotechnical engineering, v. 16A:

Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 294 p.

Bays, C. A., 1963, Significant uncertainties in current salt solution

extraction operations, j[n_ Bersticker, A. C., ed., First symposium on


p. 467-481.

Bays, C. A., Peters, W. C., and Pullen, M. W., 1960, Solution extraction of

salt using wells connected by hydraulic fracture: American Institute of

Mining Engineers Transactions, v. 217, p. 266-277.

Bradshaw, R. L., and Lomenick, T. F., 1970, Rheology of salt in mine workings,

in Symposium on geology and technology of Gulf Coast salt, Baton Rouge,

1967, Proceedings: Louisiana State University, School of Geoscience,

p. 109-123.

Caldwell, J. W., and Strabala, J. M., 1970, Application of modern well logging

methods to salt solution cavities, j[n_ Rau, J. L., and Dellwig, L. F.,

eds., Third symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1969, Proceedings: Northern

Ohio Geological Society, v. 2, p. 341-352.

15

Chao, Robert, 1974, Long term creep closure of solution cavity system, in

Coogan, A. H., ed., Fourth symposium on salt, Houston, 1974,


Cook, J. C., 1974, How to locate water hazards in salt mines, in Coogan,

A. H., ed., Fourth symposium on salt, Houston, 1974, Proceedings:

Northern Ohio Geological Society, v. 2, p. 27-31.

____1974, Yes, we can locate solution cavity boundaries, j^ Coogan, A. H.,

ed., Fourth symposium on salt, Houston, 1974, Proceedings: Northern Ohio


Dreyer, W. E., 1972, The strength properties of rocks, Pt. 1 of_ The science of

rock mechanics: Rock and Soil Mechanics Series, v. 1 (1971/73), no. 2,

500 p.; available from TRANS TECH Publications, 21330 Center Ridge Road,

Cleveland, Ohio 44116.

Durie, R. W., Jr., and Jessen, F. W., 1964, Mechanism of the dissolution of

salt in the formation of underground cavities: Society of Petroleum

Engineers Journal, v. 4, no. 2, p. 183-190.

Eaton, B. A., 1974, Fracture gradient prediction and applications, in Coogan,



Haimson, B. C., 1974, Well communication in salt formations, J_n Coogan, A. H.,



Hardy, H. R., Jr., 197_, Application of acoustic emission in fundamental

studies of salt behavior: International Symposium on Salt, 5th, Hamburg,

1978, Proceedings (in press).

16

197 , Investigations of residual stress in salt: International

Symposium on Salt, 5th, Hamburg, 1978, Proceedings (in press).

Jacoby, C. H., 1970, Faults in salt mines their impact on operations, in Rau,

J. L., and Dellwig, L. F., eds., Third symposium on salt, Cleveland,


Jahns, D. F., 1957, Formation strength in salt cavern storage: Petroleum

Engineer, v. 29, no. 8, p. 13-96.

J.essen, F. W., 1970, Solution mining operations in the presence of vertical

fracture systems, jm_ Rau, J. L., and Dellwig, L. F., eds., Third



____1970, Solution of salt in a horizontal fracture system between wells, in

Rau, J. L., and Dellwig, L. F., eds., Third symposium on salt, Cleveland,


Manker, E. A., 1970, Hydraulic fracturing in salt and potash formations, in



Marsden, R. W., and Lucas, J. R., coordinating eds., 1973, Specialized

underground extraction systems, sec. 21 Jj^ Cummins, A. B., and Given,

I. A., eds., SME mining engineering handbook: Society of Mining

Engineers of American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum

Engineers, v. 2, p. 21-1 to 21-118.

17

Nair, Keshavan, Chang, C.-Y., Singh, R. D., Abdullah, A. M., 1974, Time-

dependent analysis to predict closure in salt cavities, j[n_ Coogan, A. H.,



Nair, Keshavan, and Singh, R. D., 1974, Creep rupture criteria for salt, in



Pegler, A. V., 1966, An examination of the fracturing of rocks by hydraulic

pressure, J_n Rau, J. L., ed., Second symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1965,


Querio, C. W., 1977, Current practices in solution mining of salt, in

Martinez, J. D., and Thorns, R. L., eds., Symposium on salt dome

utilization and environmental considerations, Baton Rouge, 1976,

Proceedings: Institute for Environmental Studies, Louisiana State

University, p. 3-41.

Remson, D. R., Dommers, 0. B., and Jessen, F. W., 1966, Techniques for

developing predetermined shaped cavities in solution mining, in Rau,

J. L., ed., Second symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1965, Proceedings:


Robertson, E. C., 1962, Physical properties of evaporite minerals: U.S.

Geological Survey TEI-821, 90 p.

18

Rossi, J. L., 1973, Problemes de prospection et d'adaption relatifs a la

presence de gypse dans le Nord-Est de Paris (Seine-Saint-Denis-Nord)

[Problems of investigation and adaption related to the presence of gypsum

in the North-East of Paris (Seine-Saint-Denis-Nord)] [with English

summary], jjvSymposium on sink-holes and subsidence engineering-



p. T4-J, 1-8.

Schonfeldt, H. A. von, 1974, Model studies in solution mining, in Coogan,



Schonfeldt, H. A. von, and Remolina, Luis, 1974, Mechanism of solution and

cavity control in a two-well system with emphasis on jetting, in Coogan,

A. H., ed., in Fourth symposium on salt, Ho.uston, 1974, Proceedings:


Sellers, J. B., 1970, Rock mechanics instrumentation for salt mining, in Rau,



Serata, Shosei, 1966, Continuum theory and model of rock salt structures, in

Rau, J. L., ed., Second symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1965,


____1973, Rock mechanics problems of solution cavities used for storage of

gaseous and solid matters: Society of Mining Engineers, American

Institute of Mining Engineers, preprint 73-AM-79, 26 p.

____1974, Utilization of stress envelopes in design of solution cavities, in



19

Serata, Shosei, and Gloyna, E. F., 1960, Principles of structural stability of

underground salt cavities: Geophysical Research Journal, v. 65, no. 9,

p. 2979-2987.

Shock, D. A., and Davis, J. G., 1970, Solution mining test site--Carlsbad

Basin, New Mexico, jjn_ Rau, J. L., and Dellwig, L. F., eds. Third



Shoemaker, R. P., 1948, A review of rock pressure problems: American

Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers Technical Publication

2495, p. 1-14.

Singhal, R. S., 1971, Determination of stress in evaporites: Canadian Mining

Journal, v. 92, no. 8, p. 35-47.

Snow, R. H., and Nielsen, H. J., 1970, IITRI-SMRI solution mining studies, in



Society of Mining Engineers of American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical,

and Petroleum Engineers, 1973, SME mining engineering handbook, Cummins,

A. B., and Given, I. A., eds: v. 1, p. 1-1 to 16-87 [1308 p.], v. 2,

p. 17-1 to 35-34 [1306 p.], index 52 p.

20

Subsidence

Bass, N. W., 1931, Recent subsidence in Hamilton County, Kansas: American

Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 15, no. 2, p. 201-205.

Bell, F. G., 1975, Salt and subsidence in Cheshire, England: Engineering

Geology, v. 9, no. 3, p. 237-247.

Burgat, V. A., and Taylor, W. K., 1972, Highway subsidence caused by salt

solutioning: Association of Engineering Geologists Annual Meeting,

Kansas City, Missouri, 1972, Program and Abstracts, no. 15, p. 20.

Chang, C.-Y., and Nair, Keshavan, 1974, Analytical methods for predicting

subsidence above solution-mined cavities, j_n Coogan, A. H., ed., Fourth

symposium on salt, Houston, 1974, Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological

Society, v. 2, p. 101-117.

Deere, D. U., 1961, Subsidence due to mining A case history from the Gulf

Coast region of Texas, j_n_ Mining engineering series--Symposium on rock

mechanics, 4th, 1961, Proceedings: Pennsylvania State University Mineral

Industries Experiment Station Bulletin 76, p. 59-64.

Dunrud, C. R., and Nevins, B. B., 1979, Solution mining and subsidence in the

United States: U.S. Geological Survey [written communication].

Emery, C. L., 1966, An experiment to define the strain redistribution at

surface caused by a growing cavity at depth [abs.], in Rau, J. L., ed.,

Second symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1965, Proceedings: Northern Ohio

Geological Society, v. 2, p. 103.

Fader, S. W., 1975, Land subsidence caused by dissolution of salt near four

oil and gas wells in central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-

Resources Investigations 27-75, 28 p.

21

Falkie, T. V., 1961, Strata movement from underground openings, jm Mining

engineering series Symposium on rock mechanics, 4th, 1961,

Proceedings: Pennsylania State University Mineral Industries Experiment

Station Bulletin 76, p. 243-245.

Goldman, M. I., 1931, Bearing of cap rock on subsidence on Clay Creek salt

dome, Washington County, Texas, and Chestnut dome, Natchitoches Parish,

Louisiana: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 15,

no. 9, p. 1105-1113.

Herrmann, Rudolf, 1973, Zur Beurteilung der Gefahr fiir Bauvorhaben nahe bei

Erdfallen besonders tiefen Ursprungs [Estimating the endangering of

building projects close to subsidences of very deep origin] [with English

summary], in Symposium on sink-holes and subsidence engineer ing-



p. T4-E, 1-5.

Hofrichter, Erich, 1973, Ursache eines Erdfalles bei Vienenburg--Salzauflbsung

in ersoffenen Grubenraumen [The causes of the formation of sink-holes

near Vienenburg--leaching of salt in drowned mines] [with English

summary], in Symposium on sink-holes and subsidence--engineering-



p. Tl-H, 1-6.

Howell, F. T., and Jenkins, P. L., 1977, Some aspects of the subsidences in

the rocksalt districts of Cheshire, England, JJT^ International Symposium

on Land Subsidence, 2d, Anaheim, California, 1976, Proceedings:

International Association of Hydro!ogical Sciences, p. 507-520.

22

Hull, Edward, 1883, On the recent remarkable subsidences of the ground in the

Salt Districts of Cheshire: Royal Dublin Society of Science Proceedings,

v. 3, new ser., 381 p.

Landes, K. K., 1931, Recent subsidence, Hamilton County, Kansas: American

Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 15, no. 6, p. 708.

Landes, K. K., and Piper, T. B., 1972, Effect upon environment of brine cavity

subsidence at Grosse He, Michigan, 1971: Solution Mining Research

Institute, Woodstock, Illinois 60098, 52 p.

Lewis, G. J., 1970, The problem of subsidence in salt-producing areas, in Rau,



Martinez, J. D., Thorns, R. L., and Jindal, V. K., 1970, Model studies of

effects of closure of solution caverns in salt domes, Jj^ Rau, J. L., and

Dell wig, L. F., eds., Third symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1969,


Moore, R. C., 1925, Subsidence in part of Hutchinson, Kansas: Kansas

Geological Survey open-file report, March 25.

Nieto-Pescetto, A. S., and Hendron, A. J., Jr., 1977, Study of sinkholes

related to salt production in the area of Detroit, Michigan: Solution

Mining Research Institute open-file report, 812 Muriel Street, Woodstock,

Illinois 60098, 49 p.

Olive, W. W., 1957, Solution-subsidence troughs, Castile Formation of Gypsum

Plain, Texas and New Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin,

v. 68, no. 3, p. 351-358.

23

Osmanagic, Muris, and Jasarevic, Ibrahim, 1977, Land subsidence in the town of

Tuzla due to uncontrolled salt extracting through boreholes, in

International Symposium on Land Subsidence, 2d, Anaheim, California,

1976, Proceedings: International Association of Hydrological Sciences,

p. 521-532. *

Panek, L. A., 1970, Methods and equipment for measuring susidence, in Rau,



Sellards, E. H., 1930, Subsidence in Gulf Plain salt domes: Texas University

Bulletin 3001, p. 9-36.

Sill, R. T., and Baker, D. M., 1945, Prevention of seepage in foundations for

dams: American Geophysical Union Transactions, v. 26, no. 2, p. 269-273.

Terzaghi, R. D., 1970, Brinefield subsidence at Windsor, Ontario, in Rau,



Thomas, T. M., 1973, Solution subsidence mechanisms and end-products in

southeast Breconshire: Institute of British Geographers Transactions,

no. 60, p. 69-86.

Walters, R. F., 1977, Land subsidence in central Kansas related to salt

dissolution: Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin 214, 82 p.

Young, C. M., 1926, Subsidence around a salt well: American Institute of

Mining Engineers Transactions, v. 74, p. 810-817.

24

Underground Storage

Albrecht, H., and Langer, M., 1974, The rheological behavior of rock salt and

related stability problems of storage caverns, j[n_ Advances in rock

mechanics: Third Congress of International Society of Rock Mechanics,

Denver, 1974, Proceedings, v. 2-B, p. 967-974.

Alien, Kermit, 1971, Eminence; natural gas storage in salt comes of age, in

Special mining and exploration issue: Society of Mining Engineers,

Transactions, v. 250, no. 4, p. 276-279.

Bays, C. A., 1963, Use of salt solution cavities for underground storage, in


Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological Society, p. 564-578.

Bradshaw, R. L., Epson, F. M., Boeghy, W. J., Kubota, H., Parker, F. L., and

Struxness, E. G., 1968, Properties of salt important in radioactive waste

disposal, J_n_ Mattox, R. B., ed., Saline deposits International

Conference on Saline Deposits, Houston, 1962, Symposium: Geological

Society of America Special Paper 88, p. 643-658.

Branyan, S. G., 1963, Operation and maintenance of underground storage, in


. Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological Society, p. 609-615.

Dreyer, W. E., 1974, Results of recent studies on the stability of crude oil

and gas storage in salt caverns, j[n_ Coogan, A. H., ed., Fourth symposium

on salt, Houston, 1974, Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological Society,

v. 2, p. 65-92.

25

Empson, F. M., Boeghy, W. J., Jr., Bradshaw, R. L., McClain, W. C., Parker,

F. L., and Schaffer, W. F., Jr., 1966, Demonstration of disposal of high-

level radioactive solids in salt, j_n Rau, J. L., ed., Second symposium on


v. 1, p. 432-443.

Empson, F. M., Bradshaw, R. L., McClain, W. C., and Houser, B. L., 1970,

Results of the operation of Project Salt Vault a demonstration of

disposal of high level radioactive solids in salt, j[n_ Rau, J. L., and

Dellwing, L. F., eds., Third symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1969,


Gera, Ferruccio, 1972, Review of salt tectonics in relation to the disposal of

radioactive wastes in salt formations: Geological Society of America

Bulletin, v. 83, no. 12, p. 3551-3574.

Hardy, H. R., Jr., 1977, Dimensional stability of solution mined cavities in

salt, in_ Martinez, J. D., and Thorns, R. L., eds., Symposium on salt dome

utilization and environmental considerations, Baton Rouge, 1976,



____197_, Development of design criteria for salt cavity storage of natural

gas: International Symposium on Salt, 5th, Hamburg, 1978, Proceedings

(in press).

Institute For Environmental Studies, 1977, Symposium on salt dome utilization

and environmental considerations, Mattox, J. D., and Thorns, R. L., eds.,

Baton Rouge, 1976, Proceedings: Institute for Environmental Studies,

Louisiana State University, 423 p.

26

Jacoby, C. H., Szyprowski, Stephen, and Paul, D. K., 1974, Earth science

aspects in the disposal of inorganic wastes, jn_ Coogan, A. H., ed.,



Katz, D. L., 1974, Outlook for underground storage, jm Coogan, A. H., ed.,



Martinez, J. D., 1974, Role of salt domes in energy production, in Coogan,



____1977, Potential of Gulf Coast salt domes for isolation of radioactive

wastes, in_ Martinez, J. D., and Thorns, R. L., eds., Symposium on salt

dome utilization and environmental considerations, Baton Rouge, 1976,



Myers, A. J., 1963, Sonar measurements of brine cavity shapes, in Bersticker,

A. C., ed., First symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1962, Proceedings:

Northern Ohio Geological Society, p. 546-554.

Piper, T. B., 1970, Offset access well offers solution to problem of debris

accumulation in bedded salt storage cavities, j_n Rau, J. L., and Dellwig,

L. F., eds., Third symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1969, Proceedings:

Northern Ohio Geological Society, v. 1, p. 470-474

Rogers, Z. W., Jr., 1974, Process for refuse disposal in solution-mined salt

cavities, jrn Coogan, A. H., ed., Fourth symposium on salt, Houston, 1974,


27

Rohr, H. U., 1974, Mechanical behavior of a gas storage cavern in evaporitic

rocks, _ir^ Coogan, A. H., ed., Fourth symposium on salt, Houston, 1974,


Schul, J. H., 1963, Storage operations in a salt mine, _ir^ Bersticker, A. C.,

ed., First symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1962, Proceedings: Northern

Ohio Geological Society, p. 413-416.

Struxness, E. G., 1963, Storage of radioactive waste in mine cavities [abs.],

j[n_ Bersticker, A. C., ed., First symposium on salt, Cleveland, 1962,

Proceedings: Northern Ohio Geological Society, p. 412.

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