World History

5/19/14

Warm-up

• Write the major event regarding French government in each of these years.– 1830– 1832– 1848– 1852– 1870

Franco-Prussian War

• 1868 Spanish Revolution: overthrow the Queen, meaning they need a new monarch.

• They search for a new monarch—the French don’t want it to be a German prince.

• Tensions between France and Prussia lead to war—German states support Prussia

• This 1870 war finalizes Prussian unification into…GERMANY

WHAT IF

• Napoleon III had ignored Wilhelm I’s warmongering & just waited to see what happened in Spain?

• Wilhelm & Bismarck may not have seized French land or united the German Empire—no World War I or World War II!

But let’s backtrack a little…

• Congress of Vienna (1815): meeting establishing peace after Napoleon

• Led by Klemens von Metternich

Klemens von Metternich

• Wealthy politician—wanted to return Europe to pre-1789 conditions.

• Against republics, voting, & freedom of the people.

• Why does he hate these new governments?

Impact of Congress Of Vienna & Metternich

• Attempt to balance powers within Europe—boundaries are changed to keep another superpower from emerging.

• Metternich’s policies of oppression and absolutism lead to revolutions around the continent.

Prince Metternich

• “The old Europe is nearing its end.”

4th period

• After the Congress of Vienna in ____, Klemens von Metternich encouraged __________________________. This led to __________________________.

Post-Napoleonic Europe

• Read about Post-Napoleonic Europe.

• Summarize each heading in a few sentences.

Choose one of the following

• Create a poster for Young Italy.– What is your cause?– Who is involved? Who are you recruiting?

• Write your own version of the Blood & Iron speech.– What were Bismarck’s opinions at the time?– How would he have expressed them?

Essential Question 1

• Which leaders were most pivotal in changing the political organization of Europe after Napoleon?

Pre-WWI events

• Lots of events around the globe—keep the EQ in mind.

The Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire never returned to its glory after Suleiman the Magnificent

• What would happen to the balance of power if they collapsed? This is called the Eastern Question.

• France & Great Britain prop up the empire.

Crimean War

• Ottomans control Jerusalem & give Roman Catholics control of the holy places there.

• Orthodox Russia invades the Ottoman Empire. France & England help the Ottomans.

• Lasts two years—Russians lose in a bloody war.• First use of railways, telegraphs, & ironclads!• Florence Nightingale: famous British nurse who saved

many. 10x lower death rate than other hospitals.

Balkan Wars

• Rise of nationalism led to discontent in the Ottoman Empire.

• 1912 & 1913: four Balkan nations win independence from the Ottomans (Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, & Montenegro)

Britain in India

• Mughal Empire is collapsing and Europeans have new, effective weapons.

• British East India Company (a business!) controls India.

• Introduce the English language, ban Indian customs, and spread Christianity.

• 1857: Sepoy Mutiny (sepoys = Indian soldiers in British army)– Two years of fighting before the British government

steps in and rules India directly.

British Raj

• Raj: Hindi word for “rule”• British Raj industrializes India—railroads needed for

trade.• Indian nationalism begins; resentful of British changes• Indian National Congress founded to request better

representation• Nationalism becomes radical—swadeshi (boycott of

British goods) from 1905-1908.• Muslim League: Muslim Indians, not Hindus like INC, to

advocate for India• Indian National Congress + Muslim League = desire for

independence in coming years.

China & foreign influence

• Qing dynasty is losing power; British begin to exert influence over China.

• British trade opium (drug) to China in return for tea and other goods. Leads to Opium Wars, which expand foreign influence in China.

• Rebellions in 1850s against the Qing: Taiping Rebellion– Hong Xiuquan vs. Qing leaders; lasted from 1850-1864

and killed 20 million Chinese• Qing come out on top and decide to reform

government; leads to industrialization

Chinese Rebellions

• Boxer Rebellion: 1899-1900– Hatred of foreign influence which led to killing of

missionaries and Christian converts.– Government supports Boxers, but they are defeated

by an alliance of foreigner armies.• Xinhai (1911) Revolution: led by Sun Yat-sen– Belief in nationalism, democracy, & unity– Qing overthrown due to weakness, resentment, &

foreign influence– Republic of China founded in 1912

Meiji Restoration

• In Japan, the Tokugawa Shogunate allows too much foreign influence. This leads to the rule of Emperor Meiji & the Meiji Restoration.

• Beginning in 1868, Japan begins to industrialize and build an empire.

• Japan’s economic power rivals the U.S.; they defeat China and Russia in wars to become the most powerful Asian country.

Scramble for Africa

• European countries try to gain political control of the continent from 1880-1914.

• Imperialism & nationalism fueled the desire of European countries to gain more colonies than others.

• 1884-1885: Berlin Conference—European leaders divide up Africa based on their own interests. Don’t pay attention to ethnic divisions.

• Africans resist: Shaka & Zulus lose to British; Menelik II & Ethiopians maintain independence against the Italians.

Berlin Conference• Yellow:

Belgian• Red: British• Blue: French• Green:

German• Neon Green:

Italian• Purple:

Portuguese• Pink: Spanish

Foreign influence in Latin America

• Monroe Doctrine wanted to keep Europe out of the Americas.

• Spanish colony of Cuba begins fighting for independence; advocate Jose Marti is killed.

• Yellow journalism (sensationalist) is published against Spain.• U.S. battleship explodes in Havana, Cuba—Spanish obviously

blamed.• Spanish-American War (1898): Spanish destroyed in three

months.• U.S. (ironically) makes Cuba a protectorate, rather than an

independent state.

American imperialism

• Roosevelt Corollary: “Chronic wrongdoing…in the Western Hemisphere…may force the United States, however reluctantly…to the exercise of an international police power.”

• Speak softly and carry a big stick.• Panama Canal—U.S. helps Panama achieve

independence so they can build the canal & save 8,000 miles on journey from NYC to San Francisco.

Russian conditions

• Russia still ruled by tsars—absolute power.• Agricultural society (not yet industrialized);

serfs are abused• Pogroms occur—waves of violent attacks on

Jews (blamed for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II)

Russo-Japanese War

• Japan’s empire views Russia as a threat.• Two sides are competing for Manchuria and

Korea.• Japan attacks Russia.• Tsar Nicholas II continues fighting for too long;

people are unhappy and Russia loses.

Russian Revolution of 1905

• Socialist ideas of Marx spread to Russia• Vladimir Lenin begins to call for an end to the

autocratic government.• Jan. 22, 1905: “Bloody Sunday”– Russian protestors fired upon; hundreds killed

• Strikes shut down the Trans-Siberian Railroad• Nicholas II writes the October Manifesto—

more freedom for Russians & a representative body called the Duma.

• Nicholas II still retains a lot of power, though…

Essential Question 2

• What factors fueled events in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

MAIN factors

• There were four MAIN factors that led up to World War I:– Militarism– Alliances– Imperialism– Nationalism