WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR IUnit VDUnit VD

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Fundamental QuestionFundamental Question

To what extent was the American To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign public supportive of increased foreign involvement?involvement?

Great War in Europe (1914-1919)Great War in Europe (1914-1919)

Archduke and wife of Archduke and wife of Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary assassinated by assassinated by Serbian nationalist on Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914June 28, 1914

Alliances and Alliances and ultimatums dragged ultimatums dragged Europe into a Europe into a destructive conflictdestructive conflict

American Neutrality and OpinionAmerican Neutrality and Opinion Wilson proclaims neutrality on August 4, 1914Wilson proclaims neutrality on August 4, 1914 Economic prosperity key to American progress and Economic prosperity key to American progress and

continue trade with both sidescontinue trade with both sides American ships seized by British and sunk by Germans American ships seized by British and sunk by Germans

violating freedom of the seasviolating freedom of the seas American loans toward AlliesAmerican loans toward Allies American public and American and British press favored American public and American and British press favored

Allies while depicting Central Powers as brutal aggressorsAllies while depicting Central Powers as brutal aggressors Ethnic opinions based on nation’s allegianceEthnic opinions based on nation’s allegiance Populists, Progressives, William Jennings Bryan, Socialists, Populists, Progressives, William Jennings Bryan, Socialists,

Midwest, West, women, Jane Addams opposed becoming Midwest, West, women, Jane Addams opposed becoming more involved in warmore involved in war

Toward American InvolvementToward American Involvement German U-BoatsGerman U-Boats

LusitaniaLusitania sunk on May 7, 1915 killing 128 Americans sunk on May 7, 1915 killing 128 Americans Sussex Sussex in March 1916in March 1916 Wilson threatened sanctions and Germany promised to abide by freedom Wilson threatened sanctions and Germany promised to abide by freedom

of the seasof the seas National Security LeagueNational Security League

Preparedness by developing and increasing military during 1915-1917Preparedness by developing and increasing military during 1915-1917 Unrestricted submarine warfare by GermanyUnrestricted submarine warfare by Germany Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution Zimmermann TelegramZimmermann Telegram

German request for Mexico alliance in return for lost land by U.S.German request for Mexico alliance in return for lost land by U.S. Wilson requested declaration of war by Congress against GermanyWilson requested declaration of war by Congress against Germany

Given on April 6, 1917 by near unanimous voteGiven on April 6, 1917 by near unanimous vote

American Home FrontAmerican Home Front War agenciesWar agencies

War Industries Board – prioritized production, limited use of resources, set pricesWar Industries Board – prioritized production, limited use of resources, set prices Food Administration – rationing of foodFood Administration – rationing of food National War Labor Board – union concessions, no strikesNational War Labor Board – union concessions, no strikes

Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds Americans purchase government bonds to finance warAmericans purchase government bonds to finance war

Committee on Public InformationCommittee on Public Information Provide a pro-Allies perspective in the newspapers, arts, literature, theaters, musicProvide a pro-Allies perspective in the newspapers, arts, literature, theaters, music

American Protective LeagueAmerican Protective League Prejudice-based propaganda, especially against GermansPrejudice-based propaganda, especially against Germans

Espionage Act of 1917Espionage Act of 1917 Prohibit interference in military and obstruct the draftProhibit interference in military and obstruct the draft Schenck v. United States Schenck v. United States upheld; “clear and present danger”upheld; “clear and present danger”

Sedition Act of 1918Sedition Act of 1918 Prohibit criticism of U.S. governmentProhibit criticism of U.S. government

Selective Service Act of 1917Selective Service Act of 1917 American Society EffectsAmerican Society Effects

WomenWomen Filled in jobs as men fought warFilled in jobs as men fought war

BlacksBlacks Segregated as troopsSegregated as troops Job opportunitiesJob opportunities

MexicansMexicans Job opportunitiesJob opportunities

American PropagandaAmerican Propaganda

American War FrontAmerican War Front American Expeditionary Force (AEF)American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

Inspired to preserve democracy and defend American honorInspired to preserve democracy and defend American honor Reality of trench warfare and war of attritionReality of trench warfare and war of attrition

Naval convoys escort merchant ships to supply AlliesNaval convoys escort merchant ships to supply Allies Spring Offensive (1918)Spring Offensive (1918)

German offensive in Western theaterGerman offensive in Western theater Hundred Days Offensive (1918)Hundred Days Offensive (1918)

Allied counteroffensive; leads to end of the fightingAllied counteroffensive; leads to end of the fighting Armistice (11/11/1918)Armistice (11/11/1918)

German capitulationGerman capitulation 117,000 American casualties, most due to influenza117,000 American casualties, most due to influenza

Over 16 million total deadOver 16 million total dead 1 million British, 1.6 million French, 3.3. million Russian, 2.4 million German, 1 million British, 1.6 million French, 3.3. million Russian, 2.4 million German,

2.9 million Ottoman, 1.5 Austrian-Hungarian2.9 million Ottoman, 1.5 Austrian-Hungarian 650,000 Americans die due to Spanish Flu/Influenza outbreak across the 650,000 Americans die due to Spanish Flu/Influenza outbreak across the

worldworld

Wilson and PeaceWilson and Peace ““Peace without victory” and Peace without victory” and

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points Self-determination and League Self-determination and League

of Nationsof Nations Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

German guilt, reparationsGerman guilt, reparations League of NationsLeague of Nations

Treaty Ratification in U.S.Treaty Ratification in U.S. Republican majority in Republican majority in

Congress – 2/3 majority needed Congress – 2/3 majority needed for ratificationfor ratification

Henry Cabot Lodge and Henry Cabot Lodge and RepublicansRepublicans

Irreconcilables and Irreconcilables and ReservationistsReservationists

Never ratified; separate peace Never ratified; separate peace couple of years latercouple of years later

America After the WarAmerica After the War Economic turmoilEconomic turmoil

Recession hit in 1919 and more severely in Recession hit in 1919 and more severely in 1920-19211920-1921

Overproduction, increased labor force, Overproduction, increased labor force, adjustment from war production to peace adjustment from war production to peace production, labor strife/unions, Fed and interest production, labor strife/unions, Fed and interest ratesrates

First Red ScareFirst Red Scare Fueled by Russian Revolution and labor strikesFueled by Russian Revolution and labor strikes Targets included socialists, communists, Targets included socialists, communists,

anarchists, Wobbliesanarchists, Wobblies 1919 Bombings1919 Bombings Newspapers and government spearheaded Newspapers and government spearheaded

raids and deportations, but public soon detested raids and deportations, but public soon detested actions as violations of civil libertiesactions as violations of civil liberties

StrikesStrikes Led to anti-union sentiment as national security Led to anti-union sentiment as national security

and welfare threatened by strikesand welfare threatened by strikes Race riotsRace riots

Increased competition led to increased racism Increased competition led to increased racism in Northern cities and Southin Northern cities and South