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You are cordially invited to a special weekend on Mt.

Umunhum which includes a service-based workshop on

restoration ecology. This is a once in a lifetime event, which

is limited to 15 volunteers who will help MROSD and Golden

Hour Restoration Institute install the first 1500 native plants

over the course of the weekend of September 9th and 10th.

Weekend will include:

staging plants - digging, planting, and watering

backcountry dinner

evening naturalist program

breakfast and two lunches

Participants must be 18 years old and have their own

tents and camping equipment.

Moonlight on Mount Umunhum: A special weekend restoration invitation for our volunteers – INVITE ONLY

Day Start Time Task/Goal Notes

9:00 Arrival of volunteers at parking lot to drive

9:30 Training, Safety Talk, Introduction to

10 Install Tower Garden area with plants that

12:30 Lunch staged on the overlook,

1 Commence plant installation on East

3:30 Commence plant installation in 4 beds in

5 Depart summit for camping area. Set up

6

Dinner served and program at base

camp

8 Sunset hike to summit and evening

10 Quiet time, bed

7

Egg and bagel breakfast with warm

drinks

8 Commence plant installation in Scarp

11 Complete planting around flagpole area

12 Lunch at basecamp area

12:45 Clean up plant installation areas, tools,

3 Shuttles depart for parking area

Amanda Mills: 206 920 8489

Lech Naumovich: 510 495 5885

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Project contacts:

Schedule for Mt. Um Overnight Sept 9-10

www.openspace.orgwww.goldenhour.org

A dynamic, inspiring field-based restoration ecology

institute powered by community

Golden Hour Restoration Institute 510.495.5885

2150 Allston Way Suite 320 Berkeley CA 94704. www.goldenhour.org

Plant Installation in Rocky Soils

Proper installation of plants is critical to their survival and establishment. Although this task is seemingly simple in

fertile, loamy soils, this task will be more difficult and include more steps in the rock substrate.

The procedure for installing plants is based on numerous training techniques. Figure 1 serves as a visual guide

that will help explain the procedure. The text that follows explains each step in detail.

The standard planting sequence for substrates that are ready to plant are as follows:

1. Flag all planting sites with color coded flags to allow for a visual inspection prior to installation. Planting

should commence from the upper portion of the planting island, moving downward on a slope so fewer

plants are impacted as additional plants are installed.2. Plant is selected and hole is dug to approximately two times the diameter of the pot (e. g. if a plant is in a

5-inch pot that is 5 inches tall, a hole that is 10 inches in diameter and 10 inches deep should be

excavated. Large rocks should be removed and placed in a separate pile for rock mulching.3. 6 inches of soil should be returned to the bottom of the hole. This soil will provide an easy rooting area for

the new plant.4. Soils at base of hole should be watered with approximately 4 inches of water.

Figure 1: General

planting diagram with

approximate hole depth,

width, inoculant

placement, and rock mulch

placement.

http://www.goldenhour.org/

A dynamic, inspiring field-based restoration ecology

institute powered by community

Golden Hour Restoration Institute 510.495.5885

2150 Allston Way Suite 320 Berkeley CA 94704. www.goldenhour.org

5. Plant should be inspected and removed from pot. If plant is root-bound at bottom, roots should be

separated “tickled” such that the plant “knows” it is out of the pot and new roots can grow downward and

sideways. Root-bound plants whose roots are not properly released often fail to establish.

6. Plant should be placed in hole

and the plant collar should be

placed 0. 5 inches above the soil

grade.

7. Remaining soil will be used to fill

around edges. Soils should be

compacted by hand to remove

large air pockets.

8. Place large rocks (2- 6” diameter)

around the plant collar, acting as

a mulch (Figure 2) , downhill and

far enough away that rocks will

not slide and impact plant collar.

Rock mulching will be critical for

the establishment of plants on hot

slopes. A small cover of rocks

near the base of a plant can

greatly increase soil-water

retention and provide a cooler

microsite for the plant to flourish.

9. Plant should be irrigated with

water within 5 hours of

installation, preferably over two

courses with 3- 5 minutes in

between watering.

10. Visit plant in next 24 hours to look

for obvious stress, exposed roots,

defoliation. Consider applying more water by

hand. Revisit site again in 3 and 7 days.

Figure 2: Sample rock mulching technique.

http://www.goldenhour.org/

bristly jewelflower Streptanthus glandulosus ssp. glandulosus

BRASSICACEAE

Bristles along stem

Petals and sepals bilateral and dark maroon to lilac.

Petals form an “X” with a prominent mid-vein and white along the edges.

Leaves oblong, hairy and lobed.

Loma Prieta hoita Hoita strobilina

FABACEAE CNPS 1B.1

Serpentine, Flw 13-19 mm, common spc 9-10 mm

<2 m high and erect, common spc <6.5 cm high and low lying

3 leaflets with fine hairs.

irregular sepals (calyx)

Mt. Hamilton thistle Cirsium fontinale var. campylon

ASTERACEAE CNPS 1B.2

Serpentine tolerant, Leaf wavy, spiny-lobed and velvety with short, erect, jointed hairs

Flower green to purple, nodding and, with clasping leaves under the flowers.

Stems branch into multiple flowers

woodland woolythreads Monolopia gracilens


Ray flowers without lobes or slightly toothed.

Common species 3-lobed ray flowers

Flower branches at the top of the stalk, like a tree.

Grows in disturbed, sunny and open areas.

Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District

Mount Umunhum Guide Rare and unusual plants

smooth lessingia Lessingia micradenia var. glabrata


Petals white, pink, or lavender

*Skinny flower base with hairless phyllaries

leaves at base of plant withered when in bloom

rock sanicle Sanicula saxatilis

APIACEAE CNPS 1B.2, State Rare

Compound leaves with deeply serrated lobes

Grows in rocky areas and talus slopes

© Ken Hickman © Ken Hickman © Ken Hickman

pistil stigma style ovary

receptacle pedicel

anther filament

stamen

petal (corolla) sepal (calyx)

Typical bisexual flower

disk flowers

ray flowers

phyllaries

peduncle

Typical composite flower of the Asteraceae (sunflower) family

radial symmetry

bilateral symmetry

INCHES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 .25 .5 .75 .25 .5 .75 .25 .5 .75 .25 .5 .75 .25 .5 .75 .25 .5 .75 .25 .5 .75 .25 .5 .75

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210

MILLIMETERS

Brewer’s clarkia Clarkia breweri

ONAGRACEAE CNPS 4.2

Serpentine tolerant

Sparse, narrow leaves

pink to lavender, petals 2 cm long and wide with 3 lobes, middle lobe is spoon shaped

<20 cm stems, sparse, narrow leaves

Santa Clara red ribbons Clarkia concinna ssp. automixa

ONAGRACEAE CNPS 4.2

flowers with four looping sepals of red to pink

erect herbaceous stems

Mount Umunhum Rare and unusual plants

Brewer’s redmaids Calandrinia breweri

MONTIACEAE CNPS 4.2

Disturbed areas

Thick hairless stems <45 cm long

pink to red flower with 3 stigmas

Fruit larger than sepals by 3 mm or greater

serpentine leptosiphon Leptosiphon ambiguus

POLEMONIACEAE CNPS 4.2

Serpentine endemic. lavender flower, with maroon flower tube. Anthers yellow (Gillia has blue anthers). Sta-mens attached above hairy ring inside flower.

opposite to whorled needle-like leaves

flower tube greater than petals (lobes) © Ken Hickman © Ken Hickman

Leaf placement

alternate opposite whorled

Mt. Umunhum Vegetation Restoration Plan 18

Mt. Umunhum Vegetation Restoration Plan

LECH NAUMOVICH, VIC CLAASSEN & RESTORATION DESIGN GROUP

December 1, 2016

1 Mt. Umunhum Vegetation Restoration Plan

THIS PAGE HAS BEEN LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY.


TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5

Background .............................................................................................................................. 5

Revegetation Goals .................................................................................................................. 5

Success Criteria ........................................................................................................................ 6

Implementation Phasing .......................................................................................................... 6

Project Expectations and Limitations ........................................................................................ 6

2 Existing Conditions ........................................................................................................................... 6

Climate .................................................................................................................................... 6

Existing Soil Types on Adjacent slopes and Reconstructed Summit Substrates ......................... 7

2.2.1 Soil Fertility Analysis for Plant Growth ............................................................................ 11

Vegetation Types ................................................................................................................... 11

Site Landform Restoration and Soil Amendment .................................................................... 13

Constraints to Revegetation Success ...................................................................................... 13

3 Revegetation Plan .......................................................................................................................... 14

General Considerations .......................................................................................................... 14

Species Selection and Plant Propagation ................................................................................ 14

Planting Plan .......................................................................................................................... 16

3.3.1 Tower Area ..................................................................................................................... 21

3.3.2 West Summit .................................................................................................................. 23

3.3.3 Ceremonial Space ........................................................................................................... 24

3.3.4 East Summit ................................................................................................................... 25

3.3.5 Scarp Area ...................................................................................................................... 26

3.3.6 Rock Garden detail: sub-areas ........................................................................................ 27

Soil Preparation ..................................................................................................................... 27

Phase I and II Plant Installation Methodology ......................................................................... 28

3.5.1 Planting density and physical arrangement of plants ...................................................... 28

3.5.2 Microsite selection ......................................................................................................... 28

3.5.3 Plant Installation into Soil ............................................................................................... 29

3.5.4 Recommended treatments for treating subsurface conditions ........................................ 30

Seeding Plan .......................................................................................................................... 32

4 Maintenance ................................................................................................................................. 33

Installation Maintenance........................................................................................................ 33


4.1.1 Plant Protection ............................................................................................................. 33

4.1.2 Post-installation Maintenance: Weed Control................................................................. 33

4.1.3 Dead Plant Replacement ................................................................................................ 34

4.1.4 Irrigation ........................................................................................................................ 34

5 Success Criteria and Monitoring ..................................................................................................... 34

Section Overview ................................................................................................................... 34

Percent Cover Monitoring and Success Criteria ...................................................................... 35

Seeding success...................................................................................................................... 35

Invasive plant cover ............................................................................................................... 35

Photo-documentation ............................................................................................................ 35

Management Recommendations ........................................................................................... 36

Pathogen testing .................................................................................................................... 36

Other Considerations ............................................................................................................. 36

6 References ..................................................................................................................................... 36

7 Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 37

Rapid Assessment Survey Forms providing information on reference vegetation (undisturbed

sites near the summit) from February 2015 ....................................................................................... 37

Best Management Practices Program ..................................................................................... 40

Acterra Nursery Spreadsheet and Notes From Deanna Giuliano ............................................. 42

Seed Collection Protocol and Recommendations (From Golden Hour Restoration Institute) ... 45

Organic Amendment and Soil Installation Specifications......................................................... 46

Soil Fertility Analyses for Mt Umunhum summit substrates .................................................... 47

Images of mapped soils and potential example of soil parent material effect on north-slope vs

south-slope vegetative cover ............................................................................................................. 50


Executive Summary

The Mt. Umunhum Restoration Vegetation Plan is intended to help guide the process of restoring

ecologically appropriate vegetation to the summit of Mt. Umunhum. This plan provides site background,

constraints analysis and recommendations for planting areas and densities that will meet a set of

ecological restoration goals, while also aligning with aesthetic and recreation goals. Upon the

completion of the two-phase planting recommendations, the document recommends qualitative and

quantitative monitoring methods to ensure that the promulgated goals are met. This document also

provides guidance with regard to plant pathogens.


1 INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND Mount Umunhum is the fourth-highest peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California. The mountain is

in Santa Clara County, southeast of Los Gatos and south of South San Jose. The summit of Mount

Umunhum is the site of the former Almaden Air Force Station, an early-warning radar station built in

1957 that operated from 1958 to 1980. In constructing the Air Force Station, the U.S. Air Force leveled

the summit and other nearby areas, built roads, and constructed nearly 80 structures.

In 1981, the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District (MROSD) acquired the property and included it

within the Sierra Azul Open Space Preserve. In 2009, MROSD received federal funding to clean up the

site and subsequently removed all structures except the 80-foot tall support for the radar sail near the

summit known as the Tower. In 2015, MROSD initiated regrading of the summit to return it to a more

natural condition. In 2016, MROSD will continue the regrading while improving public access facilities

(e.g., parking, trails, ADA access, and staircases) to accommodate visitors when the site opens to the

public.

This revegetation plan for the summit of Mount Umunhum has been developed in conjunction with

MROSD’s summit grading and soil amendments that will be completed by Spring 2017. Plants and seeds

for revegetation will be provided by Acterra Native Plant Nursery. This document provides a

revegetation plan for the summit that directs the installation of Acterra’s plants, establishes

performance criteria, outlines a monitoring plan, and recommends adaptive management approaches in

response to monitoring results.

REVEGETATION GOALS The general goal of the summit revegetation is to install appropriate native plants, via direct seeding and

container plant installation, onto the summit with the intent that they will eventually self-propagate and

spread throughout the summit with minimal management. More specifically, the main goals of the

revegetation are to:

Re-establish appropriate native vegetation on the summit from locally appropriate and available

materials so that the revegetated summit will start to be indistinguishable from surrounding

vegetation after a period of approximately 10 years.

Restore summit vegetation so that it becomes naturally recruiting and reproducing with minimal

annual input from stewardship actions.

Installed plants in Phase 1 and 2 should meet a 60% survival performance criterion within 3-

years of the initial installation. In Year 5, survival shall not be lower than 80%. Installed plants

should also be a minimum of 20% absolute cover in the restoration areas after 5 years.

Achieving these goals will require an initial investment of time associated with planning, propagule and

plant material collection, growing the plants, and replanting following by regular maintenance and

monitoring. To achieve these goals, MROSD intends to:

Successfully install all the plants provided by the nursery in the defined planting areas and

replace failed plants.


Directly sow collected seed into the soil in delineated seeding sites. Determine which plants

establish successfully from seed. In subsequent years, collect seed from a suite of established

plants and continue direct seeding of bare areas with appropriate soils.

Record and assess survivorship based on site, aspect and species planted. Use survivorship

information to prioritize nursery recommendations for the following year.

SUCCESS CRITERIA Establishing success criteria is essential for reviewing the success of a given project. This restoration plan

recommends the use of both qualitative photopoints and quantitative measurements to ensure that

vegetation is establishing as anticipated. Since few mountaintop restoration projects of this magnitude

have occurred in the Bay Area, this plan attempts to provide reasonable success criteria based on

professional opinion. Success criteria are presented and discussed in detail in Section 5.

IMPLEMENTATION PHASING Revegetation for this project is divided into two initial stages: Phase 1, to be completed in Year 1 (Oct

2016-Sept 2017) and Phase 2, to be completed in Year 2 (Oct 2017-Sept 2018). Phase 1 is will install

plants and directly sow seed into priority areas defined by the Restoration Design Group (project

landscape architects) and MROSD staff. Phase 2 will ensure that Phase 1 areas are established and

replanted as needed in those areas, and then expand into new Phase 2 areas. Implementation phasing is

further discussed in Section 3.

PROJECT EXPECTATIONS AND LIMITATIONS Re-establishing plants on a summit with highly altered soils will be difficult. This plan is attempting to

use all known and reasonable methods to increase plant establishment on site. Successful plant

establishment will require proper timing of installation (cooler, wet season), proper microsite selection,

local soil amendment, proper watering and weeding. Even with successful installation and maintenance,

we expect that mortality will occur. With this expectation, monitoring will be critical to determine what

species are favored by various microsite variables, by tracking which plants successfully establish in what

location. This monitoring information will then be used to instruct Phase 2. Phase 1 is expected to have a

learning curve which should be applied to Phase 2.

2 EXISTING CONDITIONS

CLIMATE The Santa Cruz Mountains climate is considered to be a “cool summer Mediterranean climate,

characterized by low average summer temperatures.” (Thomas, 1961) Yearly average temperatures are

approximately 56F (Thomas, 1961) in the Ben Lomond area, which is most similar to Mt. Umunhum.

Average annual precipitation can vary from 15 to 60 inches in this area, with Mt. Umunhum usually on

the higher end of this spectrum. Summer months often bring coastal fog that extend over Mt.

Umunhum which may be advantageous for plant establishment. Fog drip is also known to provide

significant precipitation to plants if plants are within the drip line of larger trees.


EXISTING SOIL TYPES ON ADJACENT SLOPES AND RECONSTRUCTED SUMMIT SUBSTRATES A soil scientist, Vic Claassen, PhD, based in Davis CA, who specializes in evaluation and regeneration of

drastically disturbed substrates, was involved with project planning and development. He visited the

site numerous times, evaluated soils and excavated substrates and worked to integrate soil regeneration

with other project activities. His findings are presented here below. Soil amendments and treatment

recommends are included later in this plan.

Santa Clara County soil surveys mapped the original Mt Umunhum summit and the surrounding slopes

as ‘complexes’ of soils, meaning a repeated combination of several different soils that are grouped into

a single unit. The general characteristics of these various reference soils that are located around and

adjacent to the summit are summarized in Table 1. The following narrative describes the various

characteristics that support vegetation cover under local climatic conditions.

In general, the current growth environment of the summit project is intermediate between the existing

north-facing and south-facing slopes. Temperatures and evapotranspiration rates are also expected to

be intermediate. Therefore, the substrate to be used for planting on the summit is designed to be

intermediate between the described characteristics of the surrounding soils.


Table 1. Summary of basic soil conditions of mapped soil series from around the Mt Umunhum summit.

Key to abbreviations: *texture modifier: for 15-35% rocks add ‘gravelly or stony’ texture; 35 to 60% add ‘very

gravelly or stony’ texture; > 60 % add ‘extremely’ gravelly or stony texture; SBK is sub angular blocky structure.

Geological parent materials of all soils are generally from the same source. These are seafloor sediments

that are fractured and lofted to this summit position. The soils with the deepest rooting depths are

those with shale or mudstone included in the geological strata. These rocks are weaker and weather

more easily than the hard dense quartz-sourced rocks like sandstone or the heated and metamorphosed

schists. The hardest stones and cobbles found in the summit substrates are dense sandstones. The fine

soil fraction materials are a mix of all rocks, but probably contain more material weathered from the

softer rock types. The sand and gravel sized materials are probably derived from the harder sandstones

and metamorphosed minerals that persist.

The texture of the fine soil material (< 2 mm fraction) is similar for all soils and project substrates,

ranging from sandy loam to loams to clay loams. The samples collected from the summit materials

during construction during had clay contents ranging from 10 to 31 % with an average of 17 %. The

average texture of all sampled materials is 68 % sand, 15 % silt and 17 % clay, which is classified as a

sandy loam texture. This suggests that the fine soil fractions of the substrates are a viable growth media

on the summit as they are on the existing slopes. The high rock content, however, is an issue for the

summit substrates and appears to be higher than on many mapped slope soils.

The soil aggregate structure (subangular blocky (SBK) or granular or uniformly packed and non-

structured (massive) are indicators of growth conditions on the slope soils but these characteristics

would be destroyed during excavation and grading.

Soil horizonation is also mixed during excavation. Organic enriched A horizons, clay enriched B horizons

and decomposed rock Cr horizon and the growth influences they generate are all disintegrated and

blended, either by historic or current excavation activity.

Coarse fragment content in all soils is greater than 15 % gravels and some are greater than 35 %. These

gravels displace fine soil materials that hold moisture, lowering the moisture retaining capacity of the

profile as a whole. Materials exposed after initial landscape grading at the summit were about 50% rocks

Soil Elsman Maymen Sanikara Mouser Katykat

geological parent

material

sandstone shale

shale schist greenstone sandstone

sandstone greenstone

sandstone mudstone greenstone

sandstone mudstone

texture: surface subsurf

sandy loam sand clay loam

sand clay loam sand clay loam

sandy loam sandy loam

loam loam clay loam

structure surf subsurf

SBK to granular SBK

SBK massive

SBK to gran SBK

granular SBK

SBK to granular massive

horizonation O /A /Bw /Bt A /Bw / Cr O / A / R O /A /Bt / Cr O /A /Bt / BCt

coarse fragment

very gravelly gravelly very gravelly gravelly paragravelly

soil pH 5.6 to 6.5 5.3 to 5.5 6.6 to 6.8 5.7 to 6.3 5.7 to 6.7

rooting depth 66 inches 10 inches 12 inches 51 inches 50 inches


greater than 3 inches (cobble and stone sized). This decreases the moisture retention by half. But during

non-saturating rains it also delivers moisture more deeply and encourages plants to root more deeply as

well. If the substrates are supported by rock-to-rock contact (i.e. clast-supported) rather than resting on

compacted fine soil materials (i.e. matrix-supported), the potential for compaction may be reduced.

Soil acidity (pH) ranges from 5.6 to 6.8, which is typical for similar soils and is not growth limiting.

Substrates sampled through the project had a similar range and averaged 6.3, which is ideal for plant

growth.

Rooting depth appears to occur over a mixture of deep and shallow soils. Roots can spread many feet

laterally to access moist substrates. Extensive fracturing of these geological materials suggests that

rooting may be available beyond the mapped soil profiles.

In each of the soil mapping units on or around the summit area, about a third of the area is indicated to

have a soil that has very deep rooting, ranging from 50 to 66 inches deep (Table 1). About two-thirds of

each mapping unit has soils with shallow rooting from 10 to 12 inches deep. Since the summit is

relatively flat compared to the steep north-facing or south-facing slopes, an adequate rooting depth for

plant cover is also expected to be intermediate between the very deep and very shallow soil depths.

The reconstructed summit substrates have rocks mixed throughout the profile and in greater

concentrations than indicated on the mapped soils. Therefore, several steps should be taken to ensure

adequate rooting. One approach is to have wider plant to plant spacing to allow adequate rooting

volume since rooting is less deep. Another strategy is to selectively remove rock from the local planting

area or “planting pocket” to facilitate initial plant establishment.

Because of the heterogeneity of substrate conditions following land-forming work at the summit, rock

content must be determined on the final grade surface and substrates for each planting area. Three

potential rooting issues may occur that would make these substrates less able to support plant growth

than the reference soils on the slopes:

1) Open void spaces between rocks in the near-surface substrates:

Some substrates are clast-supported (rock to rock contact) and may have pore space or voids between

the rocks that are not filled. Roots perceive these voids as very dry and un-rootable compared to the

adjacent soils. Larger void spaces must be filled with fine soil material.

2) Filled and compacted substrate materials in the spaces between rocks:

When the space between the rocks in clast-supported substrates is filled with soil material, the soil

should not be compacted. This condition slows infiltration, retains moisture nearer to saturation and

prevents aeration and root growth.

3) Compacted fine substrates in non-rocky substrates:

In areas with low rock content the soil matrix itself carries the weight of soil, water and surface traffic.

These matrix-supported substrates may become compacted and should receive a final mechanical

decompaction treatment but no rock removal is needed.

Because the high rock content and the variable status of the rooting substrates is potentially limiting for

infiltration and revegetation, a modified planting method is recommended that combines cursory

evaluation of local substrate conditions and decompaction or rock removal. It also integrates

incorporation of organics and creation of a small planting hole at the same time, to fully prepare the site


for the planting crew. Most of these substrates are so rocky that they are practically unworkable by

hand labor and tools. These recommendations are described below and also in Section 3.5.3. Plant

Installation into Soil.

.

Figure 1: Detail photograph of soils on summit. Note the occurrence of small spaces between gravels and roots

extending several feet into the soil (arrows)

Figure 2. As the vegetated edge of the summit is pulled back, the existing root channels and soil structure is

mixed. Existing root channels and drainage pores are destroyed. Mixing of coarse wood materials and care to not

re-compact the substrates are the primary treatments to regenerate pore space for root growth and drainage.


Figure 3. Existing or regraded areas of excavated soils have various dense subsoil layers or are compacted. A final

re-excavation, mixing of coarse organics, and replacement without compaction are basic treatments to regenerate

infiltration and allow root growth to re-enter these substrate volumes.

2.2.1 Soil Fertility Analysis for Plant Growth

A total of 20 soil samples were collected during the planning and pre-construction phases of the project

(Appendix 7.5). These were evaluated for soil fertility and interpreted for wildlands planting conditions.

Substrates varied greatly from sample to sample. But, in general, fertility levels in these substrates are not

limiting to growth of wildlands plants. Because of their low organic content and because of disturbance from

excavation, they are expected to be susceptible to compaction and are expected to be droughty in late

summer. The general fertility from organic amendments is expected to provide basic, modest fertility for

plant establishment. A critical emphasis is placed on treatments that regenerate rooting volume to allow

plants to acquire moisture in the droughty late summer season, as discussed in the previous section.

VEGETATION TYPES Undisturbed vegetation downslope of the active restoration site is being used as a reference for what

we expect to establish on the summit. This section will provide a brief description of adjacent vegetation

types that will serve as references for the restoration goals.

Due to differences in wind exposure, hydrology, and different soils, the downslope vegetation can differ

from what is expected on an undisturbed summit. Since the scope of our surveys extends only 100-200

feet from the summit, we expect the reference systems to present a similar community of plants and

vegetation stands as the summit prior to the development and grading of the site by the Air Force. A

preliminary list of plants considered appropriate for restoration (from 9/10/2014) was compiled by

Deanna Giuliano and can be used to present a more detailed snapshot of the vegetation present near

the summit (Appendix 7.3).

The south facing slopes (Figure 4) are particularly applicable of our project goals. Vegetation on these

slopes are characterized by patchiness, bare ground and rocky, exposed soils; this is the natural


vegetation of a mountain summit. The vegetation on these slopes is dominated by 4-8 foot tall shrubs

primarily consisting of: mountain mahogany (Cercocapus betuloides), chamise (Adenostoma

fasciculatum), redberry (Rhamnus crocea), coyote brush (Bacharris pilularis), and black sage (Salvia

melifera). There is a diverse mix of subshrubs present (1-4 foot tall) as well, including: golden fleece

(Ericameria arborescens), yerba santa (Eriodictyon californicum), red rock penstemmon (Keckiella

cormybosa), and many others. A few larger foothill pines (Pinus sabiniana) occur in groves scattered

across this exposure. Annuals (such as Clarkia spp., Chaenactis glabriuscula, Madia spp. and Trifloium

spp.), bulbs (such as soap plant (Chlorogalum pomeridanum) and blue dicks (Dichelostemma

capitatum)), and perennial grasses (blue wild rye (Elymus glaucus) and one-sided bluegrass (Poa

secunda) are a notable portion of this vegetation.

Mosses and lichens are an important aspect of this system often occurring on rocks and bare soils. Two

rapid assessments were completed on site in February 2015, in order to provide information on existing

vegetation, planting density and composition. One assessment site was located near the West Summit

and a second assessment was conducted on the southern slopes near the West Summit. Notable results

from these two rapid assessments of reference areas is that bare ground, including rock, was visually

estimated to be approximately 45% (West Summit) and 70% (East Summit Area) of the absolute cover.

Planting recommendations were derived from what was observed at these two reference sites near the

summit.

Figure 4: South facing slope just below the re-contoured East Summit Area. This vegetation community is serving

as a reference and restoration target for much of the summit restoration. Note plant locations along cracks and

fissures. These locations may lead roots to deeper, late-season soil moisture or may allow subsurface moisture

during rains to seep from up-slope locations to the plant roots.

North facing slopes are characterized as a diverse bay-oak woodland vegetation dominated by mature trees such as coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), bay trees (Umbellularia californica), canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) and California buckeyes (Aesculus californica) which create large expanses of closed canopy forest. The shrub layer fills in the majority of the openings in the forest canopy. Dominant shrubs include leather oak (Quercus durata), holly-leaf cherry (Prunus ilicifolia), wavy leaf ceanothus (Ceanothus papilosus), coast silktassel (Garrya elliptica). There are a few bare, rocky areas which hold a


unique assemblage of plants including red rock penstemon, various Clarkia species, rock sanicle (Sanicula saxatilis), rock buckwheat (Eriogonum confertiflorum) and a diversity of other annuals, bulbs, and unique perennials. This vegetation occurs directly north of the restoration site and represents a later seral stage than is expected on the restoration site for some years. It is possible that in the long term (20-50 years) the existing woodland will extend up toward the restoration site.

SITE LANDFORM RESTORATION AND SOIL AMENDMENT As described above, the site has been highly modified over the course of the past 80 years. The

restoration of the summit was initiated in 2015, and at the date of this document, restoration of the site

topography is well underway. MROSD staff began rough grading at the summit in the fall of 2015

summit (Figure 5) with available on-site material. Throughout the summit area, side cast materials on

the sides of the existing flattened top were pulled up to establish a naturalized summit

topography. Soils were over-excavated, mixed and filled to establish a soil profile that will support plant

growth: a mixed soil depth of 5 feet was targeted to promote deep root penetration.

The following soil amendment prescription has been recommended by Vic Claassen, Ph.D. and is

expected to be completed during the construction phase, before the planting described in this

document.

In order to regenerate some portion of this growth potential on the final grade surface, the

recommended treatment was to dig, decompact, and mix in coarse organic matter to 18 inches depth at

coarse, 1 – 2 foot intervals across the planting area. It is assumed that the underlying substrates below

18 inches are not extensively compacted which can restrict downward root growth.

Because of the great variability of rock content, compaction, grade and landscape position across the

site, more detailed specifications were not made for particular locations or plant types. Rather, a general

treatment was recommended to remediate growth limitations resulting from construction activities.

Going forward, more specific substrate treatments can be made on a case-by-case basis for specific

plantings in specific substrate locations. Details of these compensatory treatments will need to be made

based on the resulting as-built conditions and the vegetative plantings designed for each location.

Figure 5: Before and after photos of re-contoured east summit area after rough grading and structure removal.

Grading will be refined in 2016-2017.

CONSTRAINTS TO REVEGETATION SUCCESS The most difficult ecological component to restore on this project site is related to soil structure and soil

microbiota. In particular, the soils of this site have been greatly altered by grading and mixing, which has

completely destroyed the native soil and its physical properties. Soils are notably important in areas


with nutrient limitations, such as mountain summits. In addition, semi-angular crust was observed on

site in 2015, which will increase runoff and decrease water infiltration. Soil amendments have been used

to reduce crust formation.

Soil pathogens also pose a threat to restoration. Phytophthora species have been identified to be both

in the vicinity of the project area and known to be in nursery stock. This pathogen is known to infect

over 100 different host plants, ultimately causing a high degree of plant mortality in infected areas.

Understanding about this genus of pathogens is rapidly developing. Seed collection, nursery growing

conditions and outplanting all need to consider the risk of spreading this pathogen. For instance, plant

cuttings that were collected in 2015 tested positive for Phytophthora in 2016. These plants were

removed from the project stock. With added vigilance and sensitivity around this pathogen, historic

plant propagation methods have been dramatically altered. We anticipate a greater effort will be

required to grow fewer plants.

Environmental variability is likely the most important factor to weigh on restoration success. Given the

stretch of drought, likely El Nino precipitation and hot summers, container plants and seedlings will

likely have a more difficult time establishing.

3 REVEGETATION PLAN

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS The revegetation plan for this site includes 3 distinct methods of revegetation:

Container planting

Direct seeding

Natural recruitment

Each of these methods is anticipated to play a critical role in establishing the target vegetation onsite. In

this portion of the document, the container plantings (out-planting) and direct seeding strategy are

presented. Natural recruitment will naturally follow if the out-planted and seeded plants establish and

reproduce successfully. After 5 years, it is anticipated that natural recruitment will start to be a visible

mechanism by which the site continues to mature and restore as native mountain-top vegetation.

As stated in the Section 1.2, the main revegetation goals for this project are as follows:

Re-establish appropriate native vegetation on the summit from locally appropriate and available

materials so that the revegetated summit will start to be indistinguishable from surrounding

vegetation after a period of approximately 10 years.

Restore summit vegetation so that it becomes naturally recruiting and reproducing with minimal

annual input from stewardship actions.

Installed plants in Phase 1 and 2 should meet a 60% survival performance criterion within 3-

years of the initial installation. In Year 5, survival shall not be lower than 80%. Installed plants

should also be a minimum of 20% absolute cover in the restoration areas after 5 years.

SPECIES SELECTION AND PLANT PROPAGATION To determine an appropriate species palette for direct seeding and container plant installation, a series

of field surveys of nearby reference sites were conducted by the revegetation team in 2014 and 2015.

Direct-seeded species selection focused on identifying early successional, often annual or short-lived


species which colonize disturbed, bare ground. Reference sites for this suite of species included

recently-graded areas along Mt Umunhum Road and the new Summit Trail, as well as two recently-

burned sites near Loma Prieta. The Loma Prieta sites were particularly informative due to the similar

elevation, slope, and aspect, and close proximity to, the restoration site. The sites were heavily

disturbed by the Loma Fire of 2009, and more recent disturbance was evident along power-line

corridors.

Container plant species selection was based on numerous reconnaissance-level surveys of undisturbed

habitat in the Mt Umunhum vicinity, and focused on identifying the dominant species of the mature

mixed evergreen forest, oak woodland, and chaparral in the region. A comprehensive species list of the

summit area (Hickman and Rawlings 2016) was also consulted.

Following compilation of an initial species list (Appendix 7.3), which was expanded to include traditional

or medicinal use of each species, the revegetation team met with representatives from the Amah

Mutsun Tribal Band, including the Tribal Ecologist, to gather input on specific ceremonial or

management requests. Feedback received at this meeting confirmed the general goals to use local,

native species that provide habitat for wildlife. Individual species were not identified beyond those

already listed for revegetation.

The container plant species list was then refined to identify “core” plants, locally-dominant species

known for ease of propagation and transplanting, as well as hardiness and aesthetic qualities. These

core plants are targeted to be the dominant constituents of the Summit plant community and include

deer weed (Acmispon glaber var. glaber), California fucshia (Epilobium canum), golden yarrow

(Eriophyllum confertiflorum), silver bush lupine (Lupinus albifrons var. albifrons), foothill penstemon

(Penstemon heterophyllus), coyote mint (Mondardella villosa), and imbricate phacelia (Phacelia

imbricata).

Plant propagation was completed by Deanna Giuliano and the staff and volunteers of Acterra Nursery.

The nursery has adopted strict standards for limiting plant pathogen spread (Appendix 7.2) which

include best management practices around seed collection, plant growing areas and various other

propagation and cultural practices. In addition, annual plant seed was collected and will be used in order

to attempt to grow annual seed in the nursery. The nursery has since been updated with a new, sterile

growing area that follows best management practices for the control of plant pathogens such as

Phytophthora.


PLANTING PLAN The planting plan presented includes several elements designed to increase the project’s success.

Additionally, the plan incorporates several redundancy measures to ensure vegetation establishes in

important Phase 1 areas. Nutrient and microbial soils amendments, planting palette, a high density

planting layout, direct seeding, phasing and monitoring will all help ensure goals for this project are met.

The overall planting diagram is presented in Figure 6.

A total area of approximately 13,000 ft2 will be planted with container plants in Phase 1. Phase 2 total

planting area is highly dependent on the establishment of Phase 1 plants, but it is anticipated that

another 5-10,000 ft2 will likely be planted with container stock in Phase 2.

Total seeded area is anticipated to be on the order to 5,000 ft2 per year. The actual area seeded will be

subject to seed availability, notably the seed collected and propagated by the nursery. We anticipate

this number will be highly variable dependent upon environmental factors such as climate and

precipitation in any given year.


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SCARP AREA

SUMMIT SHELTER


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Planting areas have been divided into two phases: Phase 1 planting to be completed in fall-winter of

2016-2017 and Phase 2 to be completed in fall-winter of 2017-2018. This phasing is subject to change

based on the Summit Project construction schedule and staffing availability. The total area to be planted

was planned based on anticipated plant availability from Acterra Nursery.

Phase 1 planting areas are typically considered to be higher priority and should receive attention before

Phase 2 areas. Planting areas have been selected based on a number of factors including, but not limited

to:

Potential for restoration and plant establishment, which is derived from a combination of

factors including:

a. north facing (cooler, wetter) slopes,

b. areas adjacent to standing native vegetation which may provide incidental propagules,

c. anticipated soil fertility for plant growth

Ability to steward and maintain areas – areas with easy access for staff and volunteers where

slopes not too steep, nor eroding

User visibility and aesthetics – locations where park users will congregate and observe

vegetation

Areas where vegetation will interact with interpretative information – locations such as rock

gardens in the Tower area may help with the interpretation of the site by users

Planting priorities were established after discussion with the project team. The sites are presented in

order of importance for Phase I planting. If plants are missing, or haven’t been grown for Phase I, they

should first be removed from the lower priority areas. Those plants will then be inserted into the

appropriate area in Phase II.

Tables include two calculations to allow for understanding the plant density in each planting area. The

first figure states the overall density of plants, which tend to be from 9 to 10 ft2 per plant. The second

number “clustered spacing” assumes that plants will be in clusters, rather than regularly distributed on

site. Therefore, if one assumes on average 30% of the site will be in a clustered planting area, plant

density increases to an average of 2.7 to about 3.2 ft2 per plant, or roughly the area of a medium sized

cooler. If adjustments are needed on site, this calculation allows one to move plants from one denser

planting area to another which may need more plants.


3.3.1 Tower Area

The Tower Area is a 4,000 square foot area located between the Tower and the Summit Shelter and

Turnaround. This area will likely be the most visited revegetation area since the trail to the East Summit,

the Tower, and interpretative displays all converge near this area. This area will receive the highest

number of plants (326) and relatively high density of plants (average of one plant per 10.7 ft2). In

additional, the Tower Area will be the site of a storm water swale which will have specific vegetation

cover requirements outlined in the final engineering documents.

Table 2: Tower Area Planting Plan

Scientific Name Common name Quantity

TREES Ceanothus oliganthus Hairy Ceanothus 5 Quercus durata (*may be planted by acorn) Leather Oak 3 TOTALS 8 SHRUBS

Artemisia californica California Sagebrush 5 Keckiella corymbosa Red Rock Penstemon 20 TOTALS 25

PERENNIALS

Acmispon glaber var. glaber Deerweed 3 Dudleya cymosa Canyon Dudleya 20 Epiloium canum California Fucshia 20 Eriogonum saxitile Rock Eriogonum 20 Eriophyllum confertiflorum Golden Yarrow 20 Lomatium dasycarpum Biscuit root 40 Lupinus albifrons var. albifrons Silver Bush Lupine 5 Penstemon heterophyllus Foothill Penstemon 40 Monardella villosa Coyote Mint 40

Phacelia imbricata Imbricate Phacelia 30

TOTALS 238

GRASSES

Koeleria macrantha Junegrass 40 Melica californica California Melic 15 TOTALS 55

SITE TOTAL 326

Spacing (sf per plant) 10.7

Clustered Spacing at 30% (sf per plant) 3.2


3.3.2 West Summit

The West Summit is a 1,665 square foot area that faces south between the Ceremonial Space, a loop

trail, and the entry to the Summit Stair. This area will include the expansion of a grove of pine trees as

well as other well-suited perennial vegetation that may break up the rocky, barren appearance of this

summit while not obscuring views. This area will receive the second densest spacing (1 plant per 9.2 ft2)

in order to allow for small, dense clusters of vegetation to establish on this exposed summit. We expect

plants in this area may have a difficult time establishing due to the exposure and highly graded nature of

the soils.

Table 3: West Summit Planting Plan

Scientific Name Common name Quantity TREES

Arctostaphylos glauca Manzanita 5

Pinus sabiniana Grey Pine 3

TOTALS 8

SHRUBS

Keckiella corymbosa Red Rock Penstemon 10

TOTALS 10

PERENNIALS

Epiloium canum California Fuchsia 20

Eriogonum saxitile Rock Eriogonum 15

Eriophyllum confertiflorum Golden Yarrow 20

Lupinus albifrons var. albifrons Silver Bush Lupine 6

Penstemon heterophyllus Foothill Penstemon 20

Monardella villosa Coyote Mint 40


TOTALS 131

GRASSES

Melica californica California Melic 30

TOTALS 30

SITE TOTAL 179




3.3.3 Ceremonial Space

This 2,540 square foot area will be near the site of Native American (Amah Mutsun) and other group

ceremonies. This area will be vegetated with appropriate summit vegetation and include rock garden

features. This area will highlight vegetation around trails and paths allowing for users to enjoy the

summit and its views without tall vegetation being planted in view-sheds. Due to the inherently small

plants used in rock gardens and around the ceremonial space, this location will have the highest density

of plants (1 per 9 ft2).

Table 4: Ceremonial Space Planting Plan

Scientific Name Common name Quantity

TREES

Arctostaphylos glauca Manzanita 4

Prunus ilicifolia Holly Leaf Cherry 4

Quercus durata (*may be planted by acorn) Leather Oak 1

TOTALS 9

SHRUBS

Artemisia californica California Sagebrush 4

TOTALS 4

PERENNIALS

Dudleya cymosa Dudleya 5

Epiloium canum California Fuchsia 13

Eriogonum saxitile Rock Eriogonum 15

Eriophyllum confertiflorum Golden Yarrow 15

Lomatium dasycarpum Biscuit root 20

Penstemon heterophyllus Foothill Penstemon 15

Monardella villosa Coyote Mint 30


TOTALS 133

GRASSES

Poa secunda Junegrass 30

TOTALS 30

SITE TOTAL 176




3.3.4 East Summit

The East Summit provides one of the best views from Mt. Umunhum. This 2,420 square foot site will be

restored to vegetation that will blend with plants downslope. Much of this site is rocky and hot and will

support a stand of pines near the summit to provide a shade opportunity. This area is listed as the fourth

priority because it is physically separate from the other areas and can be easily signed with a

“restoration coming soon sign” while minimally impacting the user experience and effort occurring near

the tower and West Summit.

Table 5: East Summit Planting Plan

Scientific Name Common name Quantity TREES Pinus sabiniana Grey Pine 7 Quercus durata (*may be planted by acorn) Leather Oak 3 TOTALS 10 SHRUBS

Artemisia californica California Sagebrush 10 Keckiella corymbosa Red Rock Penstemon 10 TOTALS 20 PERENNIALS

Acmispon glaber var. glaber Deerweed 11 Epiloium canum California Fuchsia 20 Eriogonum saxitile Rock Eriogonum 15 Eriophyllum confertiflorum Golden Yarrow 20 Monardella villosa Coyote Mint 40

Phacelia imbricata Imbricate Phacelia 10 TOTALS 116 GRASSES

Poa secunda Junegrass 20 Melica californica California Melic 30 TOTALS 50

SITE TOTAL 196 Spacing (sf per plant) 10.20



3.3.5 Scarp Area

The 2,840 square foot Scarp Area is a previous road cut that has been regraded and now slowly ascends

upwards towards the West Summit. This area is unique because as it was re-graded exposing two large

boulders which can serve as native landscaping features. These boulders will serve as an anchor for the

restoration plantings. This area is selected as the lowest priority because it is a steep slope which is

exposed and not expected to be a location where visitors might expect to see plants establishing.

Additionally, the exposed boulders alone provide a unique view of the bedrock geology.

Table 6: Scarp Area Planting Plan

Scientific Name Common name Quantity TREES Prunus ilicifolia Holly Leaf Cherry 2 Quercus durata (*may be planted by acorn) Leather Oak 3 TOTALS 5 SHRUBS

Artemisia californica California Sagebrush 15 Keckiella corymbosa Red Rock Penstemon 25 TOTALS 40 PERENNIALS

Acmispon glaber var. glaber Deerweed 10 Dudleya cymosa Dudleya 5 Epiloium canum California Fuchsia 25 Eriophyllum confertiflorum Golden Yarrow 25 Lomatium dasycarpum Biscuit root 40 Lupinus albifrons var. albifrons Silver Bush Lupine 5 Penstemon heterophyllus Foothill Penstemon 25 Monardella villosa Coyote Mint 50


TOTALS 205 GRASSES

Poa secunda Junegrass 20 Melica californica California Melic 25 TOTALS 45

SITE TOTAL 295




3.3.6 Rock Garden detail: sub-areas

For planning ease, all rock garden sub-areas are included as part of three of the above five mentioned

areas: Tower Area, Scarp, and Ceremonial Space. These special “sub-areas” are included here to

highlight their importance in the restoration of appropriate summit vegetation.

Rock Gardens are an

essential part of

vegetation typically

found on summits in

the Santa Cruz

Mountains. These

areas are typified by

lots of bare ground,

large rocks, and distinct

microsites where

plants grow and thrive.

These often diminutive

plants produce

beautiful flowers and

deserve more attention

(Figure 7). Plant species

closely associated with

rocks found near the

Mt. Umunhum summit include: canyon dudleya (Dudleya cymosa), rock eriogonum, California fuchsia,

flat-leaved onion (Allium falcifoium), most-beautiful jewelflower (Streptanthus glandulosus), rock sanicle

(Sanicula saxatilis), Santa Clara red-ribbons (Clarkia concinna ssp. automixa), and biscuit root, to name a

few.

SOIL PREPARATION There are two aspects of soils that need to be considered prior to planting: how to speed up the soil

rehabilitation process so that the substrate supports vigorous plant growth and how to ensure that bare

soils will not erode during early plant establishment and revegetation. In order to improve soils, we

recommended following soil amendment actions occur in Phase I Planting Areas (Pers. Comm. Claassen

2015). These treatments will be completed by the contractor pre-revegetation, thus preparing the site

for planting the container stock.

1. Wood shreds should be incorporated into the fill substrate at low volumes, 5 to 10 %, to

facilitate rooting. University of California Davis plant pathologists say the risk of root pathogens

is not with dead woody material in the field but with contaminated nursery stock. This shredded

material will be added to soils as outlined in the formal Construction Bid documents (RDG,

2016).

2. Final surface grading and drainage will be completed in order to mitigate surface runoff.

All other soil amendments will be limited to direct placement in the planting holes when plants are

installed. These amendments will be added by persons planting the container stock. Amending each

planting with a cup (8 oz dry, native soil) at the base of each hole can greatly help plant establishment.

Figure 7: Rock Garden detail plants including geophytes and other wildflowers.


This native soil will serve as an inoculum in order to help build bacterial and mycorrhizal associations

with the plant. A topsoil donor sites near the summit will be approved with MROSD staff where impact

to existing vegetation will be minimal and where there are no weed seeds or soil diseases. This site will

be pretested for the presence of Phytophthora in 2016 by MROSD.

PHASE I AND II PLANT INSTALLATION METHODOLOGY Plant layout, microsite selection and plant installation into soil are all presented in this section. Proper

plant installation is vital for survival and this plan details step-by-step instructions for plant installation.

As work proceeds on-site, some steps may be amended or altered as needed.

3.5.1 Planting density and physical arrangement of plants

Because this is a harsh environment, higher density, clumped planting will be utilized. Instead of typical

plant spacing of 24-36”, smaller more condensed patches of vegetation are recommended where plants

can grow together and form a distinct “vegetation island”. Plants will be planted on approximately 18”

centers, as a general rule (see spacing recommendations below).

Each of these island areas will include

20-40 plants of several species. One

such typical island is diagramed (Figure

8) where plants are noted as polygons

and inside each of those polygons,

numbers denote the plant center

(where it is to be installed). This

diagram includes 4 plant taxa: CF =

California fuchsia, CM = coyote mint,

SBL = silver bush lupine, IP = imbricate

phacelia.

Planting areas will be laid out with

color-coded flags and/or other marking

prior to installation.

One section should be completed at a

time, from most important to less

important. We recommend the

following order of plant installation:

Tower Area, West Summit, Ceremonial

Site, East Summit, and finally the Scarp

area.

3.5.2 Microsite selection

Successful plant establishment will

require plants to quickly adapt to rocky

soils conditions and have adequate rooting opportunity. In addition, any form of shade from rocks may

help retain moisture in the soil for the plant to use. Therefore, plants should be placed to the north and

east of any large rock, with rock mulch to be installed from large rock fragments found in the planting

hole (see more in following section on plant installation into soil).

Figure 8: Planting island with 4 species of plants around a prominent rock feature.


3.5.3 Plant Installation into Soil

Proper installation of plants is critical to their survival and establishment. Although this task is seemingly

simple in fertile, loamy soils, this task will be more difficult and include more steps in the rock substrate.

The procedure for installing plants is based on numerous training techniques. Figure 9 serves as a visual

guide that will help explain the procedure.

The standard planting sequence for substrates that are ready to plant are as follows:

1. Flag all planting sites with color coded flags to allow for a visual inspection prior to installation.

Planting should commence from the upper portion of the planting island, moving downward on

a slope so fewer plants are impacted as additional plants are installed.

2. Plant is selected and hole is dug to approximately two times the diameter of the pot (e.g. if a

plant is in a 5 inch pot that is 5

inches tall, a hole that is 10 inches

in diameter and 10 inches deep

should be excavated. Large rocks

should be removed and placed in a

separate pile for rock mulching.

3. 6 inches of soil should be returned

to the bottom of the hole. This soil

will provide an easy rooting area

for the new plant.

4. Soils at base of hole should be

watered with approximately 4

inches of water.

5. Plant should be inspected and

removed from pot. If plant is root-

bound at bottom, roots should be

separated “tickled” such that the

plant “knows” it is out of the pot

Figure 9: General planting diagram with approximate hole depth, width, inoculant placement, and rock mulch placement.

Figure 10: Sample rock mulching technique.


and new roots can grow downward and sideways. Root-bound plants whose roots are not

properly released often fail to establish.

6. Plant should be placed in hole and the plant collar should be placed 0.5 inches above the soil

grade.

7. Remaining soil will be used to fill around edges. Soils should be compacted by hand to remove

large air pockets.

8. Place large rocks (2-6” diameter) around the plant collar, acting as a mulch (Figure 8), downhill

and far enough away that rocks will not slide and impact plant collar. Rock mulching will be

critical for the establishment of plants on hot slopes. A small cover of rocks near the base of a

plant can greatly increase soil-water retention and provide a cooler microsite for the plant to

flourish.

9. Plant should be irrigated with water within 5 hours of installation, preferably over two courses

with 3-5 minutes in between watering.

3.5.4 Recommended treatments for treating subsurface conditions: Create a ‘planting pocket’

Rocky soils or substrates may be very difficult to dig using hand tools. A special treatment step is

recommended that utilizes small equipment (low ground pressure mini-excavator) to combine the final

excavation activity with plant installation (Details in Section 2.2.1) and organic amendment (specification

in Appendix 7.5). If the subsurface condition of the substrate is not known ahead of time (open void

spaces, compacted fines), a recommended treatment involves using a 12-inch excavator bucket to pull

back the material in a 18 – 24 inch deep planting pocket. The area may vary from a foot across to 10 ft

or more for a planting bed. This step allows the crew to evaluate rock content and confirm that there is

at least 50% finer soil content in the rooting volume (< gravel in size). Add the equivalent volume of a 3”

layer of organic amendment across the area of the planting pocket. Areas may vary by planting location.

At this point, rocks can be removed to increase the proportion of fine soil. The loose material can be

roughly mixed by pushing with the back of the bucket into the pocket such that the organic material is

roughly mixed throughout the pocket volume and so that about 25 % is left on the surface as a mulch.

This creates an approximate 10 % mixture of organics to total planting volume. A small, 12-inch-deep

divot may be left in the specific planting location for easy installation of container plants.

A. “Open void spaces” substrates:

These are clast-supported materials with rock to rock contact open void spaces between the rocks. The

treatment is to pull bucket through the substrate to scoop out 18 – 24 inch depths in the planting area;

remove rocks from the excavated material until the spaces between the rocks (approximately 50% of

total volume) is filled with gravel size material or finer; apply a 3 inch surface layer of organics over the

spoil pile (or an area equivalent to the area of the planting pocket), mix organics and finer soil with the

back of the bucket while replacing spoil in the planting pocket. Approximately 25 % of the organic

amendment should remain on the surface as a mulch.

B. “Filled and compacted” substrates:

These areas have the spaces between clast-supported rocks filled with non-compacted, gravel-sized

material or finer. The treatment is to scoop out a plant rooting volume 18-24 inches deep; apply a 3 inch

surface layer of organics equivalent to the area of the planting pocket, mix organics and finer soil with


the back of the bucket while replacing spoil in the planting pocket. Approximately 25 % of the organic

amendment should remain on the surface as a mulch.

C. “Compacted fine” substrates:

These are matrix-supported areas with load-bearing substrates that are gravel-sized or finer that may be

compacted during construction. The treatment is to scoop out a 18-24 inch depth to decompact fine

substrates, apply a 3 inch surface layer of organics equivalent to the area of the planting pocket, mix

organics and finer soil with the back of the bucket while replacing spoil in the planting pocket.

Approximately 25 % of the organic amendment should remain on the surface as a mulch.

*treatments are envisioned to be installed with a small 10,000 to 25,000 lb tracked excavator. The

bucket width should be 12 inches for more small-scale mixing.

*specifications for organic amendments, amounts and incorporation method are listed in Appendix 7.5.


SEEDING PLAN Direct seeding can be a cost effective way to revegetate a disturbed site with little financial and labor

input. Direct seeding, or broadcast seeding, can be completed in a variety of manners. Critical aspects

for direct seeding are ensuring that seeds are fresh (1-2 years old optimally), seeds are pathogen-free

and fungus-free, proper soil contact is possible so that germination will occur, and timing is coordinated

with natural cycle of target plants. We recommend the use of seeds that do not require stratification.

Seeds should be collected on site using proper seed collection protocol so as not to impact the existing

vegetation or future seed sets (Appendix 7-4). If seeding and planting efforts are successful, seeds

should be collected from those plants for use in Phase 2 and beyond. Recommended taxa for collection

include a mix of location specific annuals that may grow quickly along with perennials that may root

more deeply. Based on what was observed on site in May 2016, we recommend the following

preliminary list for seed collection (Table 7).

Table 7: Plant species suitable for seed collection

SHRUBS Cercocarpus betuloides Mountain Mahogany Ericameria arborescens Golden Fleece Keckiella corymbosa Red Rock Penstemon ANNUALS AND SUBSHRUBS Acmispon glaber var. glaber Deerweed

Clarkia spp. Annual clarkia around summit

Chaenactis glabriscula Inner Coast Range Chaenactis

Delphinium nudicale Red larkspur Dudleya cymosa Dudleya Epiloium canum California Fuchsia Eriogonum nudum naked-stem buckwheat

Eriogonum saxitile Rock eriogonum Eriophyllum confertiflorum Golden Yarrow Lomatium spp. Biscuit root Lupinus annual spp. Annual lupines Lupinus albifrons var. albifrons Silver Bush Lupine Penstemon heterophyllus Foothill Penstemon Monardella villosa Coyote Mint Phacelia imbricata Rock Phacelia Trifolium willdenovii tomcat clover GRASSES Koeleria macrantha Junegrass Melica torreyana Torrey's Melic Poa secunda One-sided bluegrass

Direct seeding (broadcast seeding) will be employed in specified areas in Phase 1 and 2 (Figure 4 from

Section 3 of this document, also located in Appendix 7.3) if seeds are available.

The following general instructions are recommended (adapted from Bankosh, 2008).


1. When soils are lightly wet (but not muddy or dry), use a heavy-tined rake or McLeod, to create swath

measuring 3’ in width. Make sure the swathes are perpendicular to the slope to ensure that seeds don’t

drain down the slope during the rainy season. Swaths should be about 10’ apart. Swathes should not be

straight lines, but should be wavy and irregular so site does not look “row-cropped”.

2. Spread 1-2 handfuls of seed mix over every 10 feet in length (seeding rate= 15 and 20 lbs/acre).

Example: If you create a swath measuring 3’ across and 20’ long, you would spread 2 handfuls of shrub

mix and 2 handfuls of annuals and grass mix over the area. If unequal amounts of seed is present, adjust

seeding such that annuals and grass seed is evenly spread throughout the target area.

3. Lightly rake loose soil over seeds to cover to a depth of about ¼”.

4. Soil should be lightly tamped with back of shovel or tamper to increase soil contact with seeds.

4 MAINTENANCE

INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE The revegetation of site will require persistence and regular maintenance. Anticipated activities include:

plant protection from herbivory, weed control, and replacement of dead plants. Due to the difficult

climate and soil conditions, plant establishment may be difficult. The following protocol is adapted from

Bankosh, 2008 with some minor changes.

4.1.1 Plant Protection

Browse damage to the plantings from wildlife could be severe if protective measures are not taken, but

herbivory is not well documented in this restoration area. It is possible that herbivory will be negligible,

and plant protection is not warranted. One method of plant protection is offered below. This method

can be replaced by another method as appropriate.

As a first step, it is recommended that ecologically sensitive browsing deterrents be used at the time of

plant installation. Perennial and annual plants can be sprayed with a deer deterrent such as rotten eggs

(active ingredient in Liquid Fence) or capsicum (pepper) spray. Liquid fence, if used, should be applied

immediately at installation and after any heavy rains. Instructions for each product should be followed.

The specific product needs to be approved by MROSD staff and is subject to substitution as appropriate.

If herbivory continues to be a significant problem on the summit, temporary caging of plants may be

necessary until those plants can get established. Cages should be used as a last resort.

4.1.2 Post-installation Maintenance: Weed Control

Maintenance is expected to be necessary at regular intervals. During the active growing season as

possible) for the first few years and will decrease over time. Maintenance includes the removal of

invasive, non-native vegetation, such as yellow star-thistle; replacement of dead plants; and irrigation.

During the first growing season after plant installation, site monitors should maintain a record of

invasive vegetation found on-site, distribution, population and how it was treated. These records will

allow for land managers to prioritize weeds and fit maintenance tasks into a budget. We recommend

the following target weeds receive treatment with the goal of eradication: yellow star-thistle (Centaurea

solstitialis), tocolote (Centaurea melitensis), non-native thistles (Carduus spp., Cirsium vulgare). A

decision will need to be made by staff whether to treat other weeds such as non-native Fabaceae (for

example, rose clover, Trifolium hirtum) and annual grasses. We recommend that if populations are


small, these plants should be treated. Information on best management practices for treatment of

various invasives is found at the California Invasive Plant Council website (www.cal-ipc.org).

In general, hand tools and hand pulling are the preferred management methods for invasive plants, with

the goal of minimizing soils disturbance while not using herbicides.

Monitoring data (see following section) will be used to evaluate the continued need for maintenance to

ensure the success of the restoration project.

4.1.3 Dead Plant Replacement

During the first three years of the five-year Plant Establishment Period, dead plants will be replaced if

the average plant survival for all installed species combined falls below the 80% plant survival criterion

outlined in the next section. An adaptive management approach towards plant replacement will be

instituted. Thus, the plant species chosen for replacement will be based upon a critical evaluation of the

vigor and growth of the plantings installed. Those species that are well adapted to the plantings sites

and are rapidly establishing will generally be used to replace dead plants. Phase 2 will include the

replacement of plants lost from Phase 1 planting areas. These replacements will occur when weather is

cooler and season is conducive (fall-winter 2017).

4.1.4 Irrigation

Irrigation will not be installed in this project. If plants are properly installed at the correct time of year,

hand watering with a water truck during extended periods of heat (7-10 days of extreme heat combined

with lack of rainfall). Bridging the gap for first year plants during these extreme weather periods is

important for plant establishment.

5 SUCCESS CRITERIA AND MONITORING

SECTION OVERVIEW The ultimate goal of this revegetation plan is to restore the summit of Mt. Umunhum with appropriate

summit vegetation. The following 5-year success criteria are recommended:

1. After 5 years, 80% of the container plants have established

2. After 5 years, percent cover of container plants and natural propagules is 20% absolute cover

3. After 5 years, there are recognizable patches of seeded areas

4. After 5 years, invasive plant cover in restoration areas is less than 5% absolute cover

Each success criteria will be measured using a specific monitoring protocols mentioned below.

Monitoring of the mitigation site by a qualified biologist will be conducted throughout the five-year

plant establishment period, and monitoring reports will be prepared annually. Monitoring once every 6

months should provide adequate information on how Phase 2 can be improved. By the final year of

monitoring, native habitat should be sufficiently well established to determine if they would eventually

achieve the long-term goals of establishing native vegetation on the summit and less than 5% cover of

invasive species. The following elements will be monitored to evaluate the site’s progression towards

this goal:


PERCENT COVER MONITORING AND SUCCESS CRITERIA Percent cover will be used as the primary indicator of restoration success. There are numerous ways of

measuring percent cover, and we provide one such method that can be used efficiently, accurately and

repeatedly.

The goal for percent cover is a steady increase in native cover over time. Percent cover will be

determined using the line intercept method employed along 20 meter transects in 2-3 representative

areas. Absolute percent cover of both the installed, seeded and naturally recruiting plants will be

reported in years 2 and 5. Table 8 offers percent cover success criteria.

Table 8: Percent Cover Criteria

Restoration Site Year 2 Year 5

Phase I 10% 20%

Phase II N/A 20%

Installed plants in Phase 1 and 2 should meet a 60% survival performance criterion within 3-years of the

initial installation. In Year 5, survival shall not be lower than 80%. If by Year 5, 80% survival has been

achieved, plant survival monitoring can cease. Plant survival monitoring will take place in Years 1-3 and

5.

SEEDING SUCCESS Direct seeding and seeding success will be measure by a simple 10-meter band transect through 3

seeded areas. This transect will measure presence/absence of seeded plants in 1 m2 plots (typically

using 1 meter PVC transect squares) lined up as follows along the transect: e.g. read cover at 1-2m plot,

4.5-5.5m and 8-9m plot along the 10 meter transect. Density will be reported in 4 absolute cover

classes: not present (0% cover), low (< 1 % cover), medium (1-5% cover), high (> 6% cover) for annual

and short-lived perennial plants. If recognizable patches of seeded areas are present after 5 years, the

seeding was successful. If woody perennials establish from seed, they will be measured by ocular

estimate in each plot.

INVASIVE PLANT COVER A preliminary list of invasive plants that are recommended for control are listed in Section 4.1.2. Invasive

cover of target plants should ultimately be determined by field staff one full year after site grading has

been finalized. This timeframe allows likely invasives to germinate and then be identified. We

recommend creating this target list of invasives to control with the goal of having their cover (total) be

no greater than 5% in another restoration area. A visual estimate of percent cover can be conducted at

the end of the growing year for each site.

PHOTO-DOCUMENTATION Annual photo-documentation of the site will be conducted throughout the 5-year plant establishment

period. Photographs will also be taken to record any events that may have a significant effect on the

success of restoration such as flood, fire, or vandalism. The locations for photo-documentation will be

selected during initial site monitoring and will be clearly marked on a figure as well as in the field with a


labeled metal t-post, or less obtrusive ground marker such as a round orange rebar cap buried to be just

above soil surface. Caps can be engraved with a number to denote the photopoint ID and the direction

the photo should be taken.

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Management recommendations will be included in each monitoring report. Recommendations will

identify potential impediments to restoration efforts and will propose solutions to site problems as

appropriate.

PATHOGEN TESTING Although best management practices are being used in order to minimize pathogen spread, it will be

important to observe, record, and test areas where plant mortality is higher than expected.

Phytophthora testing was considered prior to planting, but it seems as though this technique will likely

not produce reliable results because typically plant material is tested, rather than soil without

vegetation (Swiecki, pers. com.).

Instead, after Phase I, it is recommended that material from dead and dying plants (as per stated

protocol by Phytosphere Research) is collected for analysis in their laboratory (or other equipped

laboratory).

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Significant aspects of site performance and conditions not covered in the formal monitoring plan will

also be discussed. These will include such items as vandalism, irrigation problems, maintenance

requirements, and any aspects of the site that may be inhibiting restoration efforts.

6 REFERENCES

Bankosh, L. Skyline Ridge Tree Farm Restoration Project – Revegetation Plan. May, 2008.

Ecosystems West Consulting Group. 2008. BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE SIERRA AZUL OPEN SPACE

PRESERVE, SANTA CLARA AND SANTA CRUZ COUNTIES, CALIFORNIA.

Claassen, V. 2016. Personal Communication during site visit.

Claassen, V. 2015. Mt. Um Soil Regeneration Recommendations. Memorandum written on 6/16/2015.

Hickman, K. and J. Rawlings. 2016. Comprehensive list of Plants found at the Summit of Mt. Uhumnum.

In preparation.

Restoration Design Group (RDG). 2016. Mt. Umunhum Construction Bid Documents. Submitted to

MROSD. May, 2016.

Thomas, John Hunter. 1961. Flora of the Santa Cruz Mountains of California. Stanford Press, Stanford,

CA.

Tree of Life Nursery. 2016. Planting Guide. http://www.californianativeplants.com/


7 APPENDICES

RAPID ASSESSMENT SURVEY FORMS PROVIDING INFORMATION ON REFERENCE VEGETATION

(UNDISTURBED SITES NEAR THE SUMMIT) FROM FEBRUARY 2015

Please see adjoining pages.


BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES PROGRAM

These are the current best management practices (BMPs) for as of 12/1/2016. These guidelines will

likely change and be updated. Please check the California Oak Mortality Task Force website for the most

current standards. Information presented in this Appendix is linked to webpages with the appropriate

information.

Main Webpage: www.SuddenOakDeath.org

Nursery Management Resources

Guidelines to Minimize Phytophthora Pathogens in Restoration Nurseries – The Working Group for Phytophthoras in Native Habitats complied these guidelines to help design and maintain a nursery system that excludes Phytophthora and other plant pathogens to the best extent possible. These are intended for professional nursery growers that supply plants to wildland restoration projects. (Latest draft updated September 22, 2016)

Understanding results from the CDFA lab – a handout for nurseries

A systems approach to producing healthy container-grown plants: webinar with Dr. Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University. April 28, 2015. See all online resources and view a recording at http://uc-d.adobeconnect.com/r91g3to9726/.

Presentations from the Do No Harm Restoration workshop, Palm Desert, November 2015

Exotic Phytophthora Species in Native Plant Nurseries, Restoration Plantings, and Wildlands, video recording. Courtesy of the Central California Native Plant Nursery Network, December 2, 2014

Plant pathogen movement: around the world on planting stock – Susan Frankel, USDA-Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station (http://youtu.be/KZAlexLWNGY)

Phytophthora species: life cycle, distribution, dispersal, impacts in California – Ted Swiecki, Phytosphere Research (http://youtu.be/lMw4NpDgCTs)

P. tentaculata: History, Host Range, and Status in California Nurseries – Suzanne Rooney Latham, CDFA (http://youtu.be/HK4-NMsDbm8)

Best Management Practices to minimize the risk of Phytophthora and other pests and pathogen introductions into nurseries – Kathy Kosta, CDFA (http://youtu.be/oKEQqDBU3vw)

Systems approach to Phytophthoras in nurseries – Karen Suslow, NORS-DUC (http://youtu.be/CuPYc9lcCcc)

Phytophthora Effects on Native Habitat Restoration – Greg Lyman, SF Public Utilities Commission (http://youtu.be/ypRe4nX6fSo)

Case Study: Incorporating CDFA BMPs at a restoration nursery – Diana Benner, The Watershed Nursery (http://youtu.be/7AEnZp2-_14)

Resources from the “Managing Phytophthoras in Native Plant Nurseries: A hands-on workshop on prevention and early detection,” June 16, 2015

Workshop agenda and speaker information The horticulture behind Phytophthora management Hands-on Irrigation Training Determining container physical properties worksheet Recognizing disease symptoms and sampling plants for the lab Examination & sampling for rotten roots and stems – root diagram CDFA Protocol for Baiting the Root Ball in a Pot for Phytophthora spp. CDFA Flow Through Protocol for Baiting of potted plants to detect presence of Phytophthora spp. Video overview of hand-on stations

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Restoration.Nsy_.Guidelines.final_.092216.pdf

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Understanding-lab-results.pdf

http://uc-d.adobeconnect.com/r91g3to9726/

http://uc-d.adobeconnect.com/r91g3to9726/

http://donoharm.ucdavis.edu/index.php/presentations/

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpzaBF1U82SzP1E8eqdTZNA

http://youtu.be/KZAlexLWNGY

http://youtu.be/lMw4NpDgCTs

http://youtu.be/HK4-NMsDbm8

http://youtu.be/oKEQqDBU3vw

http://youtu.be/CuPYc9lcCcc

http://youtu.be/ypRe4nX6fSo

http://youtu.be/7AEnZp2-_14

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Workshop.Phytos.June16.agenda-FINAL-061515.pdf

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/The-horticulture-behind-Phytophthora-management.pdf

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Hands-on-Irrigation-Training.pdf

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/determining-container-physical-properties-with-worksheet.pdf

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Recognizing-disease-symptoms-and-sampling-plants-for-the-lab.pdf

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Examination-sampling-for-rotten-roots-and-stems.pdf

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/CDFA-Protocol-for-Baiting-the-Root-Ball-in-a-Pot-for-Phytophthora-spp..pdf

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/CDFA-Flow-Through-Protocol-for-Baiting-of-potted-plants-to-detect-presence-of-Phytophthora-spp..pdf

https://youtu.be/qKMQRDcpUNI


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Guidelines for Restoration Activities

These draft guidelines were developed to prevent and manage Phytophthoras during various aspects of restoration. This guidance is targeted for use in rare plant and other high-value habitats.

“Restoration guidance” covers General Construction; Guidelines for Planting at Field Sites; Procedures for sanitizing tools, surfaces, and footwear; and Clean water specifications.

“Contaminated site guidance” is for restoration sites that has been confirmed to contain an Phytophthora

infestation. “Holding nursery guidance” presents a set of practices to avoid contamination of nursery stock being held for

planting at restoration sites.

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/welcome-to-calphytos-org-phytophthoras-in-native-habitats/#top

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Restoration_guidance_FINAL-111716.pdf

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Sensitive-contam-site-bmp-FINAL-111716.pdf

http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Holding_Nursery_Guidelines_FINAL-111716.pdf


ACTERRA NURSERY SPREADSHEET AND NOTES FROM DEANNA GIULIANO

9/10/2014 Plant Species Observed

Mt Umunhum Near Summit /

Summit

List compiled By Deanna Giuliano

Nursery Manager/Botanical Consultant

Acterra Native Plant Nursery Trees Species Common Part Used Uses

Aesculus californica California Buckeye

Wood,Bark, Fruit

Tools, Medicine, Fish poison, Food when leached

Cercocarpus betuloides Mountain Mahogany Wood Tools

Pinus sabiniana Foothill Pine Pitch, Nuts, Needles Medicine, Food, Basketry

Prunus ilicifolius Hollyleaf Cherry Bark, Fruit Medicine, Food

Quercus chysolepias Canyon Live Oak Bark, Galls, Acorn Medicine, Food

Quercus durata Leather Oak Bark, Galls, Acorn Medicine, Food

Sambucus nigra var caerulea Blue Elderberry Wood,Bark, Fruit Instruments, Medicine, Food

Umbellularia californica California Bay Leaves, Fruit Medicine, Food Shrubs Adenostomma fasciculatum Chamise Wood,Leaves Tools, Medicine

Arctostaphylos crustacea Brille leaf Manzanita Whole Plant Medicine, Food

Arctostaphylos glauca Big Berry manzanita Whole Plant Medicine, Food

Artemisia californica Sagebrush Whole Plant Ritual, Medicine, Tools Bachcharis pilularis Coyote Brush Leaves External Medicine

Ceanothus papilosus Wavy Leaf Ceanothus

Root, Bark,Branches, Seed Medicine, Basketry, Food

Dendromecon rigida Bush Poppy Leaves Smoking Ericameria arborescens Golden Fleece Whole Plant Medicine

Ericameria nauseosa var. speciosa

Showy Rabitbrush Whole Plant Medicine

Garrya elliptica Coast Silktassl Leaves, Bark Medicine

Keckiella corymbosa Red Rock Penstemon

Lepichina calycinia Pitcher Sage Whole Plant Medicine Salvia melifera Black sage Leaves, Seeds Medicine

Eriodictyon californicum Yerba santa Leaves, Branches Medicine

Pickeringia montana Chaparral Pea Rhamnus crocea Redberry


Perennials Achiellea millefoilium Yarrow Whole Plant Medicine Acmispon glaber var. glaber Deerweed Leaves Medicine

Epilobium canum California Fuchsia Whole Plant External Medicine

Erigeron petrophilus Rock Daisy

Eriogonum nudum Naked stem Buckwheat

Whole Plant, Seeds Medicine, Food

Eriogonum saxatile Rock Buckwheat Seeds Food Eriophyllum confertiflorum Golden Yarrow Escscholzia californica Poppy Whole Plant Medicine Corethrogyne filaginifolia California Aster

Lupinus albifrons var. albifrons

Silver Bush Lupine Whole Plant Medicine

Penstemon heterophyllus Foothill Penstemon Leaves, Roots Medicine

Monardella villosa Coyote Mint Whole Plant Medicine Phacelia imbricata Rock Phacelia Leaves, Roots Medicine Pseudonaphalium californica Everlasting Whole Plant Medicine

Rubus ursinus Western Blackberry Whole Plant Medicine, Food

Toxicodendron diversilobum Poison Oak Leaves, Roots External Medicine Grasses Elymus glaucus Blue Wild Rye Festuca idahoensis Idaho Fescue Koeleria macrantha June Grass Melica californica California Melic Bulbs

Allium falcifolium Sickle Leaved Onion Root Food

Chlorogalum pomeridanum Soap Plant Root Fish Poison, Food, Soap Dichelostemma capitatum Blue Dicks Root Food Annual Acmispon brachycarpus Hillside Lotus

Cirsium occidentale var. venustum Venus Thistle Stems, Seeds Medicine, Food

Clarkia brewerii Brewers Clarkia Seeds Food

Clarkia purpurea var. quadrivulnera

Winecup Clarkia Seeds Food

Chorizanthe membranacea Pink Spineflower Whole Plant Medicine

Cryptantha flaccida Crypthantha


Eriogonum luteolum Goldencarpet Buckwheat Seeds Food

Gilia achilleifolia ssp. multicaulis

Few Flowered Gilia

Madia gracilis Slender Tarweed Seeds Food

Mentzelia lindleyi Lindleys Blazzing Star

Plagiobotrys spp. Popcorn Flower Phacelia rattanii Phacelia

Salvia columbariae Chia Leaves, Seeds Medicine, Food

Trifollium microdon Thimble Clover Leaves, Seeds Food

Trifolium willdenovii Tomcat Clover Leaves, Seeds Food

Uropappus lindleyii Silverpuffs


SEED COLLECTION PROTOCOL AND RECOMMENDATIONS (FROM GOLDEN HOUR

RESTORATION INSTITUTE)

Steps to a Maximizing Seed Collection Effort - Identify locations – Acquiring permission, permits, do no harm by ensuring that collection will

not negatively impact population of native plants

- Identify target taxa – What species will you collect, can you accurately identify them later in the

season? Plants tend to look very different in fruit!

- Planning ahead for proper phenology – When is plant in flower, in seed, allow for a 2-3 week

collection buffer

- Preparing information on collection area – Find collection location on map, take a GPS point for

future reference. Note your collection location with respect to the larger distribution of the

taxon. Is it on an edge, or in the middle of the range? Is this a unique ecotype?

- How much to collect – Always start with a small percentage of the population – say 2-5%.

Never collect more than 10-20% of the seed of an established population (source). Seed

collection should allow for collection from at least 30-50 individuals to ensure genetic diversity.

No more than 5% of rare plant seeds should ever be collected in one year (for an annual).

- Identify mature seeds – Make sure the seeds have

hardened and matured if planned for storage. Some signs of

maturity: Characteristics to observe include the size and color

of the fruit, whether the embryo is firm and swollen and

whether the seed coat collapses when cut, is the seed is easily

collected, is the fruit/capsule/etc. dry and mature, are the

berries/drupes wrinkled.

- Inspect seed quality - Look for infestations of insects,

bugs, grubs in seeds and on plant. Avoid collections wherein

pests are obvious. Earliest seeds for each individual tend have

the highest fertility and energy stores. Later seeds are often

less productive/fertile.

- Collection vessels – Envelops are an industry standard,

although brown paper bags can work – use paper. Separate seeds by taxon as possible.

- Storage – Store seeds in a cool dry place – like a low humidity fridge. Check for stratification

needs of seeds – freezing, desiccation, etc. Make sure your seeds are mature and dry before

any long-term storage, otherwise you will have some unpleasant guests.

- Distribution – Please limit seed distribution to the watershed wherein the seed was collected.

For gardening, this is less sensitive unless your property is on a wildland boundary. Help

preserve unique ecotypes!

- Germination – High germination rates (>80%) are achievable for most well collected and stored

seeds. Variation from species to species is normal


ORGANIC AMENDMENT AND SOIL INSTALLATION SPECIFICATIONS

(Reference: Mount Umunhum Summit Project 90% Set / 11 April 2016. SECTION 02300 – EARTHWORK

and DRAINAGE )

Subsection 2.1 K.

K. Soil Amendment for amending Restoration Areas shall be produced from a City of San Jose certified waste diversion facility or equal approved by O.R. The fine or coarse compost materials shall be derived from composted green / yard waste debris only and shall otherwise conform to Caltrans 2015 Standard Specification section 21-2.02K. Wood chip materials shall be derived from clean recycled construction wood debris only and shall otherwise conform to Caltrans 2015 Standard Specification 20-5.03E(2)(c)#3. All materials shall be free of phyophthora and canker pathogens. Caltrans 2015 Standard Specification source: http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/oe/construction_contract_standards/std_specs/2015_StdSpecs/2015_StdSpecs.pdf.

The soil amendment material may be composed of 100 % Coarse Compost as specified in

Caltrans 2015 Standard Specification section 21-2.02K.

Alternatively the soil amendment material may be composed of a mixture of one quarter

(volume basis) of Fine Compost as specified Caltrans 2015 Standard Specification section 21-

2.02K mixed uniformly with three quarters Wood Chips as specified in Caltrans 2015

Standard Specification 20-5.03E(2)(c)#3.

Subsection 3.5 A – E.

3.5 RESTORATION AREA EXISTING SOIL AMENDMENT

A. FLAG (VISUALLY DELINEATE) SOIL AMENDMENT RESTORATION AREA (SARA) ONSITE (SEE ATTACHED FIGURE FOR

SARA) B. Install Soil Amendment to all restoration areas at the rate of either: 1) a 3 inch surface-applied

layer of Wood Chips plus an additional 3/4 inch layer of Fine Compost or 2) a single 3 inch surface layer of Coarse Compost (a.k.a. compost overs).

C. Mix Soil Amendment into the existing soil with excavators or backhoes to incorporate the specified Soil Amendment into the top 18 inches of existing soil by digging at intervals of one- to two-feet with a 12 inch bucket or such that, after incorporation, a quarter of the surface is remains covered with organic materials.

D. Fine grade the surface of the SARA under the direction of O.R. to original grade to shed surface water and to not erode onto adjacent pavements, drainage inlets, or structures. Site should have smooth, non-furrowed, and de-compacted appearance at completion.

E. Leave non-SARA sites untracked and uncompacted.

http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/oe/construction_contract_standards/std_specs/2015_StdSpecs/2015_StdSpecs.pdf

http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/oe/construction_contract_standards/std_specs/2015_StdSpecs/2015_StdSpecs.pdf


SOIL FERTILITY ANALYSES FOR MT UMUNHUM SUMMIT SUBSTRATES

Mt Umunhum summit substrate samples

Set 1 OM ENR P1 HCO3_P pH pH CEC K Ca Mg Na K Ca Mg Na Ca:Mg

SAMPLE % lb/ac ppm ppm water buffer cmol/kg ppm ppm ppm ppm % % % % ratio

MUB 2.1 71 14.9 11.3 5.7 6.6 15.6 89.9 1632 471.5 24.8 1.5 52.1 24.8 0.7 2.1

MUV 3.7 104.8 23.4 12.6 5.8 6.7 11.0 119.1 1146 344.3 11.2 2.8 52.0 25.8 0.4 2.0

MUE east 3.6 102.8 47.4 26.5 5.6 6.7 9.9 52.9 1041 267.8 16.4 1.4 52.3 22.2 0.7 2.4

MUS saddle 1.4 58.8 9.5 9.2 6 6.7 16.4 57.7 1858 534.5 20.0 0.9 56.7 26.9 0.5 2.1

MUC center 2.3 76 6.8 6.2 6.3 6.8 16.5 46.4 1807 670.9 28.8 0.7 54.6 33.4 0.8 1.6

MUW west 2.2 74.8 7.5 6.5 6.2 6.7 16.9 39.7 1722 739.2 28.8 0.6 50.8 35.9 0.7 1.4

Set 2 location OM ENR P1 HCO3_P pH pH CEC K Ca Mg Na K Ca Mg Na Ca:Mg

trailhead % lb/ac ppm ppm water buffer cmol/kg ppm ppm ppm ppm % % % % ratio

M9B trail area 60-110cm,no fuel 3.0 90.6 7.5 3.8 6.7 -- 16.7 36.4 1983.0 683.0 68.2 0.6 59.4 33.7 1.8 1.8

M9SUB gray subsoil, fuel smell 2.3 76.6 12.1 1.2 8.2 -- 16.2 14.7 1755.0 674.5 423.0 0.2 54.1 34.3 11.4 1.6

lower west parking

MP2 lower parking S end 2.0 70.6 17.3 7.5 7.2 -- 11.9 47.0 1743.0 363.4 32.6 1.0 72.8 25.0 1.2 2.9

M14T lower park N end, dist topsoil 2.9 87.6 12.5 6.1 6.8 -- 11.6 56.1 1804.0 250.2 13.2 1.2 77.5 17.7 0.5 4.4

west summit area

M6A C west sum, flat 1.9 68.4 11.3 7.9 6.8 -- 13.6 58.1 2032.0 349.9 16.7 1.1 74.3 21.1 0.5 3.5

6BT C west sum, side, buried topsoil 2.1 72.0 10.2 5.1 5.7 6.6 15.7 31.2 1792.0 396.4 18.9 0.5 57.1 20.8 0.5 2.7

M11 E west sum, flat, yellow gravel 2.9 87.0 14.8 8.7 6.2 6.8 13.6 43.6 1718.0 398.2 11.6 0.8 62.8 24.0 0.4 2.6

M13T NW west sum, buried topsoil 8.8 206.6 22.2 15.0 5.4 6.5 15.9 45.8 1783.0 277.7 14.3 0.7 56.0 14.4 0.4 3.9

M7 SW west sum, typical push matl 2.6 82.2 10.7 5.8 6.3 6.8 15.3 53.7 1949.0 449.6 21.6 0.9 63.8 24.2 0.6 2.6

M12BT W west sum, buried topsoil 3.1 91.8 34.8 17.8 5.8 6.7 10.5 29.0 1306.0 205.7 45.6 0.7 62.2 16.2 1.9 3.8

M12A W west sum, yellow fill 2.7 83.4 12.1 4.9 5.7 6.7 12.1 39.2 1339.0 333.3 17.4 0.8 55.0 22.6 0.6 2.4

Set 3 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION OM ENR P1 HCO3_P pH buf CEC K Ca Mg Na K Ca Mg Na Ca:Mg

Mt Um rough grades % lb/ac ppm ppm pH cmol/kg ppm ppm ppm ppm % % % % ratio

'fine' substrate 2.1 72.0 29.0 13.0 6.7 -- 11.5 44.4 1448.0 423.3 31.1 1.0 63.0 30.3 1.2 2.1

'typical' substrate 4.0 109.6 14.0 10.9 6.9 -- 14.2 69.3 2005.0 457.9 20.3 1.2 70.2 26.4 0.6 2.7

organics-rich layer 6.6 162.8 15.0 10.7 5.9 6.7 12.0 64.1 1354.0 357.5 13.6 1.4 56.5 24.6 0.5 2.3

OM ENR P1 HCO3_P pH buf CEC K Ca Mg Na K Ca Mg Na Ca:Mg

% lb/ac ppm ppm pH cmol/kg ppm ppm ppm ppm % % % % ratio

AVERAGES 3.1 92.5 16.7 9.5 6.3 6.7 13.9 51.9 1660.9 432.4 43.9 1.0 63.2 25.2 0.8 2.5

Set 1 NO3 S Zn Mn Fe Cu B EC (salts) SAND SILT CLAY Textural

SAMPLE ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm mmhos/cm % % % class

MUB 1.7 3.7 0.9 2.7 14.4 0.9 0.3 0.2 81.6 8.0 10.4 LOAMY SAND

MUV 4.4 3.2 4.9 5.2 20.6 1.1 0.3 0.2 77.6 12.0 10.4 SANDY LOAM

MUE 1.8 2.7 17.7 3.2 29.4 1.2 0.3 0.1 67.6 20.0 12.4 SANDY LOAM

MUS 1.2 2.2 2.5 2.5 17.8 0.8 0.3 0.1 75.6 12.0 12.4 SANDY LOAM

MUC 0.8 3.4 2.1 4.3 12.7 0.8 0.3 0.1 63.6 14.0 22.4 SANDY CLAY LOAM

MUW 1.7 3.0 1.5 4.5 13.0 0.9 0.3 0.1 63.6 20.0 16.4 SANDY LOAM

Set 2 location NO3 S Zn Mn Fe Cu BEC (salts) SAND SILT CLAY Textural

trailhead ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm mmhos/cm % % % class

M9B trail area 60-110cm,no fuel 2.9 6.4 0.4 2.3 26.2 2.5 0.7 0.1 62.8 18.0 19.2 SANDY LOAM

M9SUB gray subsoil, fuel smell 3.5 9.4 0.4 60.9 16.4 3.2 0.2 0.2 68.8 12.0 19.2 SANDY LOAM

lower west parking

MP2 lower parking S end 3.6 12.7 2.0 1.5 14.9 1.0 0.2 0.3 66.8 14.0 19.2 SANDY LOAM

M14T lower park N end, dist topsoil 7.7 1.8 6.0 2.4 14.1 3.6 0.2 0.1 70.8 14.0 15.2 SANDY LOAM

west summit area

M6A C west sum, flat 21.1 3.1 56.9 1.1 13.7 0.6 0.2 0.1 70.8 12.0 17.2 SANDY LOAM

M6BT C west sum, side, buried topsoil band3.1 1.3 5.1 1.1 19.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 76.8 10.0 13.2 SANDY LOAM

M11 E west sum, flat, yellow gravel 5.1 1.4 0.6 2.1 18.1 0.9 0.2 0.1 72.8 12.0 15.2 SANDY LOAM

M13T NW west sum, buried topsoil 4.0 2.6 1.2 4.6 61.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 76.8 12.0 11.2 SANDY LOAM

M7 SW west sum, typical push matl 4.1 1.3 0.6 1.6 23.3 0.7 0.1 0.1 76.8 8.0 15.2 SANDY LOAM

M12BT W west sum, buried topsoil 13.6 6.2 0.9 1.4 17.2 0.9 0.1 0.2 70.8 16.0 13.2 SANDY LOAM

M12A W west sum, yellow fill 4.3 1.8 0.2 1.3 22.9 0.8 0.1 0.1 70.8 14.0 15.2 SANDY LOAM

Set 3 NO3 S Zn Mn Fe Cu B EC sand silt clay texture

Mt Um rough grades ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm dS/m % % %

'better' substrate 10.8 4.4 1.9 3.1 16.5 1.4 0.1 0.2 52.8 20.0 27.2 SANDY CLAY LOAM

'typical' substrate 8.4 3.4 0.2 1.3 26.8 0.8 0.1 0.2 52.8 16.0 31.2 SANDY CLAY LOAM

organics-rich layer 24.8 8.5 19.3 4.9 34.8 1.6 0.2 0.5 38.8 30.0 31.2 CLAY LOAM

NO3 S Zn Mn Fe Cu B EC sand silt clay Textural

ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm dS/m % % % class

AVERAGES 6.4 4.1 6.3 5.6 21.7 1.2 0.2 0.1 71.6 14.3 14.1


Overall nutrient status of Mt Um soils using averages for 20 samples gathered throughout the planning and construction process. In general, these substrates are not limiting to growth of wildlands plants, but they are expected to be droughty in late summer. Organic Matter (OM%) Organic matter levels are moderately low but not atypical for wildlands soils. The surfaces will need mulch or accumulated organics to avoid surface crusting, as was observed. The low organic levels are expected to provide limited long term nitrogen or sulfur for extended plant growth. A few samples came from darker, well rooted horizons indicating concentrations of former topsoil materials. Phosphorus (P1 or PHCO3) Phosphorus levels vary widely at different amoung different substrates. Other than at start-up, these are not growth limiting levels for wildlands plants. A modest amount of slow-release nutrient should be provided in the planting hole. The higher levels of the east samples for the PHCO3 extract relates to the higher organic content. pH These soil acidity levels are not limiting to plants. The Buffer pH indicates that pH levels can be easily elevated with other potential amendments such as composts. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Cation Exchange Capacity is the amount of ionic charge on the mineral surface that attracts and holds cations. Nearly all samples have adequate exchange capacity. Potassium (K) Potassium levels should approach 100 ppm and should exceed 1.5 % of the CEC. Various samples are low in this nutrient. Organic amendments (composts, woodchips) as specified can supply this nutrient. Calcium (Ca) Calcium levels are high in total availability (ppm) and as proportion of all available cation nutrients (Ca %exch). No amendment is needed. Magnesium (Mg) Magnesium levels are adequate for plant growth. Magnesium levels are not at high enough amounts relative to Ca to indicate a serpentinitic character. Serpentine growth conditions are indicated by Ca:Mg ratios of less than about 1.0. All of these samples are easily above this ratio and are interpreted as having no exclusionary serpentine edaphic quality. Sodium (Na) Sodium is low enough to have no negative effect on plant growth. Nitrate (NO3) Nitrate extraction levels are variable but not limiting to plant growth. A main source for nitrate in this location will be atmospheric N deposition. Organic amendments are designed to limit the effect of excess nitrate inputs from local airsheds. Sulfur (S) Sulfur is present in modest levels, but this indicator is a poor indicator for wildlands systems. This is not a growth limiting condition. Zinc (Zn)


Zinc levels should be above 1 ppm so these levels are not limiting. Manganese (Mn) Manganese levels are not growth limiting for wildlands plants. Iron (Fe) Iron levels should be above 10 ppm. All samples have adequate iron levels for wildlands plants. Copper (Cu) Target levels for copper levels are around 1 ppm and nearly all samples are close to this level. Organic amendments will additionally supplement this micronutrient. Boron (B) Boron target levels are 1 ppm, so these samples are uniformly low in B. Organic amendment materials can safely add the small amounts of B needed. Salts (EC) Salts are uniformly low and are not limiting to plant growth. Soil particle size distribution (texture). Substrates generally have sandy loam textures. Samples from the non-vegetated bench had loamy sand textures while samples from the central part of the west summit had sandy clay loam textures. Clays ranged from 10 to 31 % clay with an average of 14.1%. These clay levels are adequate for moisture holding capacity within the fine soil fraction itself (< 2 mm). But a much larger issue is that the whole soil volume is excessively rocky. Even though these fine soil fractions are amenable for plant growth, large rooting volumes are needed to provide adequate levels of nutrients and moisture given the high rock content of the whole soil volume in its entirety. For these reasons, soil regeneration recommendations focus on maintaining infiltration, percolation to the subsurface horizons and adequate rooting volumes.


IMAGES OF MAPPED SOILS AND POTENTIAL EXAMPLE OF SOIL PARENT MATERIAL EFFECT ON

NORTH-SLOPE VS SOUTH-SLOPE VEGETATIVE COVER

Figure 7.7.1. Each of the groups of intermixed soils surrounding Mt Umunhum are given a mapping unit number.

Map Unit 552 contains Elsman (35%)-Maymen (25%)-Sanikara (20%), 30 to 50 percent slopes.

It is mapped on the summit area and has the following soil series in a repeating pattern:

35 % of the area is Elsman; 25% Maymen; 20 % Sanikara; 10 % Mouser; 5 % Elsman; 3 % Santerhill.

Map Unit 567 contains Sanikara (45%)-Mouser (30%)-Rock outcrop complex, 50 to 75 percent slopes

This mapping unit is located on the N, S, and E slopes of the summit.

Map Unit 566 contains Mouser (40%)-Katykat (30%)-Sanikara (25%) complex, 50 to 75 percent slopes.

This mapping unit occurs on the NW slopes.

The fact that the soils are mapped as intermixed ‘complexes’ indicates that the group of soils occurs in a

repeating pattern that is too small in scale to be delineated on a soils map. The soil series covering the

majority of these areas were evaluated and the critical components for revegetation were listed in Table

1. These are compared in the narrative to describe the average growing condition surrounding the Mt

Umunhum summit. From these reference site examples, the soil functions that are needed on the

summit project itself can be estimated.

http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/soil_web/ssurgo.php?action=explain_mapunit&mukey=1882915&ogc_fid=1772703



Figure 7.7.2. A potential example of the effect of aspect on vegetation growth. The curved band could be explained

by an upturned layer of more easily weathered rock is tilted downward to the east and is exposed on the south and

north sides of this ridge. These geological strata are visible elsewhere in the local area. The south slope half can be

expected to be hotter and drier and less soil formation through centuries of time. The north-facing slope could be

expected to be cooler and retain more moisture after rains. It would therefore develop more vegetation inputs and

a deeper soil. Sampling of this band should show weaker sedimentary rocks such as shales and weakly cemented

sandstones. This has not been confirmed in the field.


Each of the groups of intermixed soils surrounding Mt Umunhum are given a mapping unit number. Map Unit 552 contains Elsman (35%)-Maymen (25%)-Sanikara (20%), 30 to 50 percent slopes. It is mapped on the summit area and has the following soil series in a repeating pattern: 35 % of the area is Elsman; 25% Maymen; 20 % Sanikara; 10 % Mouser; 5 % Elsman; 3 % Santerhill.

Map Unit 567 contains Sanikara (45%)-Mouser (30%)-Rock outcrop complex, 50 to 75 percent slopes

This mapping unit is located on the N, S, and E slopes of the summit.

Map Unit 566 contains Mouser (40%)-Katykat (30%)-Sanikara (25%) complex, 50 to 75 percent slopes.

This mapping unit occurs on the NW slopes.

The fact that the soils are mapped as ‘complexes’ indicates that the group of soils occurs in a repeating pattern that is too small in scale to be delineated on a soils map. The soil series covering the majority of these areas were evaluated and the critical components for revegetation were listed in Table 1. These are compared in the narrative to describe the average growing condition surrounding the Mt Umunhum summit. From these reference site examples, the soil functions that are needed on the summit project itself can be estimated.



Mount Umunhum Plants

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Plantobserva-onsforMountUmunhumsummitarea(upper1,000'),upperGuadalupeCanyonandnewSummitTrailKenHickman,JohnRawlingsandbotany-wisefieldcompanions:SaraTimby,PaulHeiple,KenHimes,StellaYang...Lastupdated:endof2016

352Taxa,71Families,8CNPSRanked,1StateRare,72Non-na-ves

Highligh-ngindicatestaxaaddedin2016?UncertainorincompleteIDs(s-llneedflower,fruit,expertconfirma-on...)#CNPSRankedandspecialstatuseNon-na-ves(exo-cs)vVoucheredspecimeninSJSUSharsmithHerbariumpPhoto(s)inFlickralbum

Family Scien&ficName CommonNameAdoxaceae Sambucusnigrassp.caerulea BlueElderberryAgavaceae Chlorogalumpomeridianum SoapPlant

v p Alliaceae Alliumfalcifolium Brewer'sOnion,white-pinkv p Alliaceae Alliumunifolium SingleleafOnion

Anacardiaceae Toxicodendrondiversilobum PoisonOakv e Apiaceae Anthriscuscaucalis BurChervilv Apiaceae Loma<umdasycarpumssp.dasycarpum WoollyfruitBiscuitrootv p Apiaceae Loma<ummacrocarpum BigfruitBiscuitrootv Apiaceae Osmorhizaberteroi WoodSweetCicelyv p Apiaceae Perideridiakelloggii Kellogg'sYampahv Apiaceae Saniculacrassicaulis PacificSaniclev p SR1B.2 Apiaceae Saniculasaxa<lis RockSanicle/DiabloSnakerootv e Apiaceae Scandixpecten-veneris Venus'Needle

e Apiaceae Torilisarvensis SockDestroyerv Apiaceae Yabeamicrocarpa CaliforniaParsleyv Araliaceae Araliacalifornica ElkClover

Asteraceae Achilleamillefolium Yarrowv Asteraceae Agoserisgrandifloravar.grandiflora CaliforniaDandelion

e Asteraceae Anthemiscotula Mayweed-pulledbeforeseedv p Asteraceae Arnicadiscoidea RaylessArnica

Asteraceae Artemisiacalifornica CaliforniaSagebrushAsteraceae Artemisiadouglasiana MugwortAsteraceae Baccharispilularisssp.consanguinea CoyoteBrush

e Asteraceae Carduuspycnocephalus ItalianThistle-scaderedalongtraile Asteraceae Centaureamelitensis Tocalote-scaderedalongtraile Asteraceae Centaureasols<<alis YellowStar-Thistle-roadsides

v p Asteraceae Chaenac<sglabriusculavar.glabriuscula YellowPincushionv p 1B.2 Asteraceae Cirsiumfon<nalevar.campylon Mt.HamiltonFountainThistlev p Asteraceae Cirsiumoccidentalevar.venustum VenusThistle

e Asteraceae Cirsiumvulgare BullThistle-afewalongtrailv e Asteraceae Crepisvesicariassp.taraxacifolia BeakedHawksbeard

e Asteraceae DiGrichiagraveolens S-nkwort-3,pulledbeforeseedv p Asteraceae Ericameriaarborescens GoldenFleece


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v p Asteraceae Ericamerianauseosavar.speciosa WhitestemRabbitbrushe Asteraceae Erigeronbonariensis Horseweed-scaderedalongroad

v p Asteraceae Erigeronpetrophilusvar.petrophilus Rock-lovingDaisyv Asteraceae Eriophyllumconfer<florumvar.confer<florum GoldenYarrowv p Asteraceae Gnaphaliumpalustre MarshEverlas-ngv p Asteraceae Hemizoniacongestassp.luzulifolia HayfieldTarweedv p Asteraceae Heterothecasessiliflorassp.echioides BristlyGoldenasterv e Asteraceae Hypochaerisglabra SmoothCat'sEarsv e Asteraceae Hypochaerisradicata RoughCat'sEars

e Asteraceae Lactucaserriola PricklyLeduce-afewalongroadsv Asteraceae Lagophyllaramosissima Hareleafv p Asteraceae Logfiafilaginoides CaliforniaCodonrosev e Asteraceae Logfiagallica SlenderCodonrosev Asteraceae Madiaelegans ElegantMadiav Asteraceae Madiaexigua LidleTarplantv Asteraceae Madiagracilis SlenderTarplantv p Asteraceae Malacothrixfloccifera WoollyDesertDandelion

Asteraceae Matricariadiscoidea PineappleWeedv Asteraceae Micropuscalifornicusvar.californicus Codontopsv p 1B.2 Asteraceae Monolopiagracilens WoodlandMonolopiav p Asteraceae Pseudognaphaliumbeneolens FragrantEverlas-ngv Asteraceae Pseudognaphaliumcalifornicum CaliforniaEverlas-ng

e Asteraceae Pseudognaphaliumluteoalbum WeedyEverlas-ngv Asteraceae Psilocarphustenellus WoollyMarblesv p Asteraceae Rafinesquiacalifornica CaliforniaChicoryv e Asteraceae Seneciovulgaris CommonGroundselv p Asteraceae Solidagovelu<nassp.californica Goldenrod

e Asteraceae Sonchusasper PricklySowThistle-alongtrailv p Asteraceae Stephanomeriavirgatassp.pleurocarpa RodWireLeducev Asteraceae Uropappuslindleyi Silverpuffsp Asteraceae Wyethiaglabra CoastMule'sEars

v p Berberidaceae Berberispinnataspp.pinnata Mahonia/BarberryBetulaceae Coryluscornutassp.californica CaliforniaHazel

v Boraginaceae Amsinckiamenziesii Fiddlenecksv p Boraginaceae Cryptanthaclevelandiivar.florosa Cleveland'sCryptanthav p Boraginaceae Cryptanthaflaccida BeakedCryptanthav Boraginaceae Cynoglossumgrande PacificHoundstonguev p Boraginaceae Emmenanthependulifloravar.penduliflora WhisperBellsv p Boraginaceae Eriodictyoncalifornicum YerbaSantav p Boraginaceae Heliotropiumcurassavicumvar.oculatum Heliotropev p Boraginaceae Nemophilamenziesiivar.atomaria WhiteBabyBlueEyesv p Boraginaceae Nemophilaparvifloravar.parviflora SmallflowerNemophilav p Boraginaceae Nemophilapedunculata MeadowNemophilav p Boraginaceae Phaceliadistans CommonPhaceliav p Boraginaceae Phaceliaimbricatassp.imbricata FoothillPhaceliav p Boraginaceae Phacelianemoralisvar.nemoralis WoodlandPhaceliav p Boraginaceae PhaceliaraGanii Radan'sPhacelia


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v ? Boraginaceae Phaceliasp.breweri? Phacelia-smallannualv p Boraginaceae Phaceliasuaveolens SweetScentedPhaceliav Boraginaceae Plagiobothrysnothofulvus Popcornflowerv Brassicaceae Athysanuspusillus Sandweedv p Brassicaceae Barbareaorthoceras Wintercressv p Brassicaceae Boecherabrewerissp.breweri Brewer'sRockcress

e Brassicaceae Brassicanigra BlackMustard-scaderedalongroade Brassicaceae Capsellabursa-pastoris Shepherd'sPurse

p Brassicaceae Cardaminecalifornica Milkmaidsv e Brassicaceae Cardaminehirsuta HairyBidercressv p Brassicaceae Caulanthuslasiophyllus CaliforniaMustardv p e Brassicaceae Drabaverna WhitlowGrass/SpringDrabav p Brassicaceae Erysimumcapitatumvar.capitatum WesternWallflowerv p Brassicaceae Lepidiumstrictum WaysidePeppergrassv p Brassicaceae Streptanthusglandulosusssp.glandulosus Beau-fulJewelflowerv e Brassicaceae Sisymbriumal<ssimum TumbleMustard-fewonsummitv Brassicaceae Thysanocarpuscurvipesssp.curvipes Fringepodv p Campanulaceae Githopsisspecularioides BlueCupv p Caprifoliaceae Lonicerahispidula PinkHoneysucklev Caprifoliaceae Symphoricarposmollis CreepingSnowberryv e Caryophyllaceae Ceras<umglomeratum S-ckyMouseEarChickweedv p Caryophyllaceae Minuar<adouglasii Sandwortv e Caryophyllaceae Silenegallica WindmillPinkv p e Caryophyllaceae Spergulariarubra PurpleSandSpurry

e Caryophyllaceae Stellariamedia Chickweedv p Caryophyllaceae Stellarianitens ShiningChickweedv p e Caryophyllaceae Veleziarigida Veleziav p e Chenopodiaceae Chenopodiumvulvaria S-nkingGoosefoot-fewattrailheadv p Convolvulaceae Calystegiacollinassp.collina HillsideMorningGloryv p Convolvulaceae Calystegiapurpuratassp.purpurata PacificMorningGloryv p Convolvulaceae Cuscutacalifornica ChaparralDodderv p Cornaceae Cornussericea CreekDogwoodv Crassulaceae Crassulaconnata PygmyWeedv p Crassulaceae Dudleyacymosassp.cymosa CanyonLiveforeverv p Crassulaceae Sedumradiatum CoastRangeStonecropv p Crassulaceae Sedumspathulifolium PacificStonecropp Cucurbitaceae Marahfabacea CaliforniaWildCucumber

e Cupressaceae Calocedrusdecurrens IncenseCedar-poolarea,plantedv p Cyperaceae Carexserratodens Serpen-neSedge

Dryopteridaceae Dryopterisarguta WoodFernv p Dryopteridaceae Polys<chumimbricansssp.imbricans NarrowleafSwordfern

Dryopteridaceae Polys<chummunitum WesternSwordfernEricaceae Arbutusmenziesii Madrone

v Ericaceae Arctostaphyloscrustaceassp.crustacea BridleleafManzanitav p Ericaceae Arctostaphylosglauca BigberryManzanitav p Fabaceae Acmisponbrachycarpus ShortpodLotusv Fabaceae Acmisponglabervar.glaber DeerLotus


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v Fabaceae Acmisponparviflorus HillLotusFabaceae Acmisponwrangelianus CalfLotus

v Fabaceae Astragalusgambelianus Gambel'sLocoweede Fabaceae Cy<susscoparius ScotchBroom-roadsides,poolarea

v p 1B.1 Fabaceae Hoitastrobilina LomaPrietaLeatherRootv p Fabaceae Hosackiacrassifoliavar.crassifolia BroadleafLotus

e Fabaceae Lathyrusla<folius SweetPea-poolareav p Fabaceae Lathyrusves<tusvar.ves<tus PacificPeav p Fabaceae Lupinusalbifronsvar.albifrons SilverBushLupinev p Fabaceae Lupinusbicolor AnnualBicolorLupinev p Fabaceae Lupinussucculentus ArroyoLupine

e Fabaceae Lotuscorniculatus Bird'sFootTrefoil-fewalongroadv p Fabaceae Pickeringiamontanavar.montana ChaparralPea

? Fabaceae Trifoliumalbopurpureum/olivaceum IndianCloverFabaceae Trifoliumgracilentum PinpointClover

e Fabaceae Trifoliumhirtum RoseCloverFabaceae Trifoliummicrocephalum SmallheadedClover

?e Fabaceae Trifoliumrepens? WhiteClover-summitareav Fabaceae Trifoliumwilldenovii TomcatCloverv e Fabaceae Viciasa<vassp.sa<va SpringVetch-parking,poolareasv Fagaceae Notholithocarpusdensiflorus Tanoak-afewaroundsummit

Fagaceae Quercusagrifolia CoastLiveOakFagaceae Quercusberberidifolia ScrubOakFagaceae Quercuschrysolepis CanyonLiveOak

v p Fagaceae Quercusdurata LeatherOakv Fagaceae Quercusparvulavar.shrevei ShreveOak-afewincynp Fagaceae Quercuskelloggiixwislizeni OracleOak/Black-InteriorHybrid

Fagaceae Quercuswislizenivar.fructescens InteriorLiveOakv p Garryaceae Garryafremon<i Fremont'sSilkTassel

e Geraniaceae Erodiumcicutarium Filareev e Geraniaceae Geraniummolle Cranesbill

Grossulariaceae Ribescalifornicum HillsideGooseberryv p Grossulariaceae Ribesmalvaceumvar.malvaceum ChaparralCurrantv p Grossulariaceae Ribesmenziesii CanyonGooseberryv p Iridaceae Irisfernaldii Fernald'sIrisv p Juncaceae Juncuspatens SpreadingRushv p Juncaceae Juncusxiphioides IrisleafRush

Lamiaceae Clinopodiumdouglasii YerbaBuenap Lamiaceae Lepechiniacalycina PitcherSage

v p Lamiaceae Monardellavillosassp.villosa CoyoteMintv p Lamiaceae Salviacolumbariae Chia

? Lamiaceae Salviamellifera? BlackSage-needtorefindv p Lamiaceae Scutellariatuberosa Skullcapv Lamiaceae Stachysrigidavar.rigida RoughHedgeNedlep Lamiaceae Trichostemalanceolatum VinegarWeedp Lauraceae Umbellulariacalifornica CaliforniaBayLaurel

v p Liliaceae Calochortusalbus FairyLanterns


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v p Liliaceae Calochortusargillosus ClayMariposaLilyv p Liliaceae Fri<llariaaffinis MissionBellsv p Liliaceae Prosarteshookeri DropsofGoldv p Linaceae Hesperolinonmicranthum DwarfFlaxv p Loasaceae Mentzelialindleyi Lindley'sBlazingStarv p Melanthiaceae Toxicoscordionfremon<i Fremont'sStarLilyv Melanthiaceae Trilliumchloropetalum GiantWakeRobinv p 4.2 Mon-aceae Calandriniabreweri Brewer'sRedMaidsv Mon-aceae Calandriniamenziesii RedMaidsv p Mon-aceae Claytoniaexiguassp.exigua LidleSpringBeautyv p Mon-aceae Claytoniarubrassp.rubra RedMiner'sLeducev Mon-aceae Claytoniaparviflorassp.parviflora Small-flowerMiner'sLeducev Mon-aceae Claytoniaperfoliatassp.perfoliata Miner'sLeducev p Mon-aceae Lewisiaredivivavar.rediviva BiderRoot-white

e Myrsinaceae Lysimachiaarvensis ScarletPimpernelv p Myrsinaceae Lysimachiala<folia PacificStarflowerv p Onagraceae Camissoniacontorta TinySuncupv p Onagraceae Camissoniopsishirtella HairySuncupv p Onagraceae Camissoniopsismicrantha SmallSuncupv p 4.2 Onagraceae Clarkiabreweri Brewer'sClarkiav p 4.3 Onagraceae Clarkiaconcinnassp.automixa SantaClaraRedRibbonsv Onagraceae Clarkiapurpureassp.quadrivulnera WinecupClarkiav p Onagraceae Clarkiarhomboidea DiamondClarkia

Onagraceae Clarkiarubicunda RubyChaliceClarkiav p Onagraceae Clarkiaunguiculata ElegantClarkia

Onagraceae Epilobiumbrachycarpum AnnualWillowherbv p Onagraceae Epilobiumcanumssp.canum CaliforniaFuchsiav p Onagraceae Epilobiumminutum ChaparralWillowherbv p Orchidaceae Corallorhizastriata StripedCoralrootOrchid

e Orchidaceae Epipac<shelleborine HelleborineOrchidv p Orchidaceae Piperiaelegansssp.elegans CoastReinOrchidv Orchidaceae Piperiaelongata ChaparralReinOrchidv p Orchidaceae Piperiatransversa MountainReinOrchidv p Orobanchaceae Cas<llejaaffinis IndianPaintbrushv p Orobanchaceae Cas<llejaapplegateissp.mar<nii WavyleafPaintbrushv p Orobanchaceae Cas<llejaaGenuata ValleyTasselsv Orobanchaceae Cas<llejafoliolosa WoollyPaintbrushv p Orobanchaceae Cordylanthusrigidusssp.rigidus Bird'sBeakv p Orobanchaceae Orobanchefasciculata ClusteredBroomrapev p Orobanchaceae Orobancheuniflora Broomrape-purplev p ? Orobanchaceae Orobanchecalifornicassp.jepsonii? CaliforniaBroomrapep Orobanchaceae Pedicularisdensiflora IndianWarrior

v p Papaveraceae Dendromeconrigida BushPoppyv p Papaveraceae Ehrendorferiachrysantha GoldenEardrops

Papaveraceae Eschscholziacalifornica CaliforniaPoppyv Phrymaceae Mimulusauran<acusvar.auran<acus BushMonkeyflowerv Phrymaceae MimulusguGatus SeepSpringMonkeyflower


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v p Phrymaceae MimulusraGanii Radan'sMonkeyflowerv Pinaceae PinusaGenuata KnobconePine

e Pinaceae Pinusradiata MontereyPine-afew,plantedp Pinaceae Pinussabiniana FoothillPine

Pinaceae Pseudotsugamenziesiivar.menziesii DouglasFir-justafewincynv p Plantaginaceae An<rrhinumvexillocalyculatumssp.vexillocalyculatumWirySnapdragonv p Plantaginaceae Collinsiaheterophyllavar.heterophylla ChineseHousesv p Plantaginaceae Keckiellacorymbosa RedBushBeardtongue,incl.yellowv p Plantaginaceae Penstemonheterophyllusvar.heterophyllus FoothillPenstemon

e Plantaginaceae Plantagolanceolata EnglishPlantainv p Plantaginaceae Tonellatenella Innocence-bothpurple&whitev p Platanaceae Platanusracemosa WesternSycamore-afewincynv p e Poaceae Airacaryophyllea Hairgrassv e Poaceae Agros<sgigantea RedTop-scaderedaroundsummitv e Poaceae Avenabarbata OatGrassv p e Poaceae Brachypodiumdistachyon PurpleFalseBrome-trailheadv e Poaceae Bromusarenarius AustralianBromev e Poaceae Bromusdiandrus RipgutBromev e Poaceae Bromushordeaceusssp.hordeaceus SokBrome,SokChessv p Poaceae Bromuslaevipes WoodlandBromev e Poaceae Bromusmadritensisssp.madritensis SpanishBromev e Poaceae Bromusmadritensisssp.rubens RedBromev e Poaceae Bromussterilis PovertyBromeGrassv e Poaceae Cynosurusechinatus HedgehogDogtailGrass

e Poaceae Dactylisglomerata OrchardGrass-fewinpoolareav Poaceae Elymusglaucusssp.glaucus BlueWildRyev Poaceae Elymusxhansenii SquirreltailRyev p Poaceae Elymusmul<setus SquirreltailGrassv e Poaceae Festucaarundinacea TallFescuev Poaceae Festucacalifornica CaliforniaFescuev Poaceae Festucamicrostachys SmallFescuev e Poaceae Festucamyuros RadailGrassv e Poaceae Gastridiumphleoides NitGrassv e Poaceae Hordeummarinumssp.gussoneanum MediterraneanBarleyv e Poaceae Hordeummurinumssp.leporinum FoxtailBarleyv p Poaceae Koeleriamacrantha JuneGrassv p e Poaceae Lamarckiaaurea Goldentopsv p Poaceae Melicacalifornica CaliforniaOnionGrassv Poaceae Melicaimperfecta SmallflowerOnionGrassv p Poaceae Melicatorreyana TorreyGrassv e Poaceae Poaannua AnnualBluegrassv e Poaceae Poabulbosassp.vivipara BulbousBluegrassv p Poaceae Poahowellii Howell'sBluegrassv e Poaceae Poainfirma WeakBluegrassv Poaceae Poasecundassp.secunda PineBluegrassv p e Poaceae Polypogoninterruptus BeardGrassv p e Poaceae Polypogonmonspeliensis RabbimootGrass


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v Poaceae S<palepida FoothillNeedleGrassv Poaceae S<papulchra PurpleNeedleGrassv e Poaceae Tri<cumaes<vum GoatGrassv p Polemoniaceae Allophyllumdivaricatum FalseGiliav p Polemoniaceae Allophyllumgilioidesssp.gilioides DenseFalseGiliav Polemoniaceae Allophyllumgilioidesssp.violaceum VioletFalseGiliav p Polemoniaceae Collomiaheterophylla VariableleafTinyTrumpet

? Polemoniaceae Eriastrumsp.abramsii? Woollystarv p Polemoniaceae Giliaachilleifoliassp.mul<caulis ManystemCaliforniaGiliav Polemoniaceae Giliaachilleifoliassp.achilleifolia CaliforniaGiliav p 4.2 Polemoniaceae Leptosiphonambiguus Serpen-neLinanthusv p Polemoniaceae Linanthusdichotomusssp.meridianus Day-meSnowv Polemoniaceae Microsterisgracilis SlenderPhloxv p Polemoniaceae Navarre<aheterodoxa CalistogaPincushionPlantv p Polemoniaceae Navarre<amellita Honey-scentedPincushionPlantv Polemoniaceae Navarre<asquarrosa Skunkweedv p Polygalaceae Polygalacalifornica CaliforniaMilkwortv p Polygonaceae Chorizanthemembranacea PinkSpineflowerv p Polygonaceae Eriogonumluteolumvar.luteolum WickerBuckwheatv p Polygonaceae Eriogonumnudumvar.auriculatum NakedstemBuckwheatv p Polygonaceae Eriogonumsaxa<le RockBuckwheatv e Polygonaceae Polygonumaviculare Knotweedv Polygonaceae Pterostegiadrymarioides FairyMist

e Polygonaceae Rumexacetosella SheepSorrele Polygonaceae Rumexcrispus CurlyDock-trailhead,poolarea

v Polypodiaceae Polypodiumcalifornicum CaliforniaPolypodyFernv Primulaceae Primulahendersonii Henderson'sShoo-ngStars

Pteridaceae Adiantumaleu<cum Five-fingerFernPteridaceae Adiantumjordanii MaidenhairFern

v p Pteridaceae Myriopterisintertexta CoastLipfernv Pteridaceae Pellaeaandromedifolia CoffeeFernv Pteridaceae Pellaeamucronatavar.mucronata BirdfootFernv Pteridaceae Pentagrammatriangularisvar.triangularis GoldbackFernv Ranunculaceae Aquilegiaformosa Columbinev Ranunculaceae Clema<slasiantha ChaparralPipestemv p Ranunculaceae Delphiniumnudicaule RedLarkspurv p Ranunculaceae Delphiniumpatensssp.patens WoodlandLarkspurv Ranunculaceae Ranunculushebecarpus SlenderBudercupv p Ranunculaceae Ranunculusoccidentalisvar.occidentalis WesternBudercupv Rhamnaceae Ceanothuscuneatusvar.cuneatus BuckBrushv p Rhamnaceae Ceanothusoliganthusvar.sorediatus JimBrushv p Rhamnaceae Ceanothuspapillosus WartleafCeanothusv Rhamnaceae Frangulacalifornicavar.tomentella CaliforniaCoffeeberryv p Rhamnaceae Rhamnusilicifolia HollyleafRedberryv Rosaceae Adenostomafasciculatum Chamise

Rosaceae Aphanesoccidentalis WesternLadiesMantlev p Rosaceae Cercocarpusbetuloides MountainMahogany


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v p Rosaceae Drymocallisglandulosavar.glandulosa CinqfoilRosaceae Heteromelesarbu<folia Christmasberry/Toyon

v p Rosaceae Holodiscusdiscolor CreamBushRosaceae Oemleriacerasiformis OsoBerry

v p Rosaceae Prunusilicifolia HollyleafCherryv p Rosaceae Rosacalifornica CaliforniaRosev p Rosaceae Rosaspithamea GroundRose

Rosaceae Rubusursinus CaliforniaBlackberryRubiaceae Galiumaparine Goosegrass

v Rubiaceae Galiumcalifornicum CaliforniaBedstrawv e Rubiaceae Galiumparisiense WallBedstrawv Rubiaceae Galiumporrigens ClimbingBedstrawv p Ruscaceae Maianthemumracemosum FeatheryFalseSolomon'sSeal

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v Salicaceae Salixlasiolepis ArroyoWillowv Salicaceae Salixscouleriana? Scouler'sWillow-afewincynv Sapindaceae Acermacrophyllum BigleafMaple

Sapindaceae Aesculuscalifornica CaliforniaBuckeyev p Saxifragaceae Heucheramicranthavar.micrantha AlumRootv Saxifragaceae Lithophragmaaffine WoodlandStarv Saxifragaceae Lithophragmaheterophyllum HillsideStarv Saxifragaceae Micranthescalifornica Saxifragev Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariacalifornica CaliforniaBeePlantv p Selaginellaceae Selaginellabigelovii Spikemoss

e Solanaceae Solanumphysalifoliumvar.ni<dibaccatum HairyNightshade-parkingareav p Solanaceae Solanumumbelliferum BlueWitchv p Taxaceae Torreyacalifornica CaliforniaNutmegp Themidaceae Brodiaeaelegans HarvestBrodiaea

v Themidaceae Dichelostemmacapitatumssp.capitatum BlueDicksv Themidaceae Triteleialaxa Ithuriel'sSpear

Ur-caceae Hesperocnidetenella WesternNedlev p Valerianaceae Plectri<smacrocera WhiteSeaBlushv p Violaceae Violaocellata WesternHeart'sEasev p Violaceae Violapurpureassp.quercetorum OakVioletv p Viscaceae Arceuthobiumcampylopodum GoldenMistletoev p Woodsiaceae Cystopterisfragilis BridleFern

Phytophthoras in Native Habitats Work Group DRAFT Feb. 24, 2017 v3 condensed

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Addressing Phytophthoras and Other Plant Pathogens in Restoration Plantings I.A. Introduction. Over the past several years, numerous Phytophthora (pronounced Fie-TOF-ther-uh) plant pathogens have been detected in California native plant nurseries and outplanted at habitat restoration sites. The discoveries include: 1) First detections in the USA of Phytophthora tentaculata (Rooney-Latham and others 2015) and P. quercina (Hillman and others 2016), along with over 50 other Phytophthora taxa on nursery stock (Swiecki and Bernhardt 2016); 2) New or new hybrid Phytophthora species of concern that surfaced in investigations of large scale restoration projects conducted primarily on water district lands in Northern California (Bourret and others 2016, Lyman and others 2016), and transmission line restoration areas in Southern California on the Angeles National Forest (2017 unpublished internal report, Frankel, PSW Research Station).

The inadvertent spread of exotic Phytophthora species into natural ecosystems is a threat to environmental, social and economic resources in restoration areas and adjacent wildlands. Restoration areas are conservation investments; those endowments are threatened by plant pathogen contamination. In this overview, the Phytophthoras in Native Habitats Work Group explains why we are concerned about these pathogen detections, and sets out current needs and recommendations to prevent and manage Phytophthoras and other plant pathogens in CA restoration areas.

B. Why the worry? New Phytophthora taxa and known pathogenic species were commonly found on native plant nursery stock, which raises concerns about outplanting of native plant nursery stock into sensitive habitats, where the plants can serve as a high risk pathway for introduction of plant pathogens into wildlands. Container plant movement can spread Phytophthoras long distances and facilitate their proliferation across landscapes. Once an area is contaminated, it is difficult to eradicate the pathogen and restore lands. Over the past twenty years, the sudden oak death pathogen, P. ramorum, was introduced to wildlands on horticultural nursery stock, it escaped into forest and killed millions of trees along the California Central Coast (Mascheretti and others 2008) and Southern Oregon (Kanaskie and others 2017). Nursery plants are the primary pathway for invasive pathogens into the United States, for example, the pathogens that cause white pine blister rust, and chestnut blight were both inadvertently introduced on nursery plants and went on to cause highly damaging, irreversible forest epidemics (Liebhold and others 2012).

To protect watersheds, and respond to the recent Phytophthora introductions on native plants, land managers suspended plantings, cancelled orders or invested millions in solarization and other treatments to clean-up contaminated sites but have achieved only partial eradication (Hillman and

The Phytophthoras in Native Habitats Work Group aims to minimize Phytophthora pathogen spread to native vegetation, especially sensitive, threatened and endangered plant species. In this document, we provide background on the issue and some recommendations targeted at prevention of plant pathogen introductions into California wildlands, restoration landscapes, and native plant nurseries. For more information see www.calphytos.org.

http://www.calphytos.org/


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others 2016, Lyman and others 2016). Avoiding planting is not an ideal long-term solution to Phytophthora prevention since many of the benefits of restoration are lost when nursery stock is prohibited. Here we provide background and needs to protect habitat in restoration areas from Phytophthora infection and spread.

II. Who we are The Phytophthoras in Native Habitats Work Group (www.CalPhytos.org) is a voluntary coalition of California native plant nursery managers, land management agencies, researchers, and non-profit organizations. Formed in 2015, our primary purpose is to coordinate a comprehensive program of management, monitoring, research, education and policy to minimize the spread of Phytophthora pathogens in restoration sites and native plant nurseries. For a partial list of participating organizations see the Appendix. III. Goals and priorities The Phytophthoras in Native Habitats Work Group aims to minimize Phytophthora pathogen spread to native vegetation and wildland habitats, especially those which contain sensitive, threatened and endangered species. Prevention is key. The most effective approach to reduce the risk to native plants from Phytophthora pathogens is to raise plant cleanliness standards for growing, handling and use of California native plant nursery stock. By utilizing systematic sanitation practices in restoration nurseries environmental damage can be averted. We recommend improving phytosanitary practices through all steps in the restoration process. Best management practices for restoration nurseries and sites are available at www.calphytos.org). Research is also needed to better understand the threat these pathogens pose to California flora and to develop monitoring and treatment methods. Monitoring is needed to understand the extent of the problem and its impacts. IV.A. What are Phytophthoras? The genus Phytophthora (pronounced Fie-TOF-ther-uh) is a group of microscopic organisms that includes some of the most devastating plant pathogens; the name Phytophthora means “plant destroyer.” Phytophthora is part of a larger group of organisms known as oomycetes which resemble other fungi such as molds but actually belong to a different major eukaryotic group called the stramenopiles. Although water and moist conditions is important for their infection processes and life cycles, most of the more than 150 described Phytophthora species are terrestrial (land dwelling) plant pathogens. Commonly called “water molds”, Phytophthora species produce swimming spores, called zoospores, and thrive under wet environmental conditions (Dick 2001). Notorious Phytophthoras include P. infestans that causes potato late blight and led to the Irish potato famine of the 1840s, P. cinnamomi, which infects more than 2000 plant species and is particularly damaging in Australian wildlands, and P. ramorum, cause of sudden oak death. Phytophthora species are among the most destructive pathogens of agricultural crops and forests in the world (see Forest



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Phytophthoras of the World; forestphytophthoras.org). However, not all Phytophthora species behave similarly; they have different host ranges and varying environmental preferences. Consequently, the level of damage varies with the combination of host plants, Phytophthora species, and site environmental conditions. The concern regarding Phytophthora species in nurseries and forests is also not new, but until recently, we did not realize the extent of infestation in CA native plant nurseries, and in restoration sites. There is often little information on the risk of a particular Phytophthora species to a specific CA native plant host and ecosystem. The variability in environmental conditions (e.g. precipitation, soil type, topography, amount of disturbance), also increases the difficulty in defining risk. Due to the potential for irreparable, severe environmental damage to California’s natural habitats, precautions to prevent pathogen introduction are warranted. This same conclusion was reached in a wide-ranging study of Phytophthora species in European ecosystems (Jung and others 2016). B. Examples of Phytophthora species problems in native habitats. In Santa Clara County, P. cactorum was inadvertently introduced on planted Coyote ceanothus, Ceanothus ferrisiae, a rare serpentine endemic which is federally listed as endangered. Only three areas support Ceanothus ferrisiae in the wild; regrettably, one portion this rare habitat is now infested with several soilborne Phytophthora species that will be difficult or impossible to eradicate (Hillman and others 2016).

Another wildland concern is P. cinnamoni on Ione manzanita, Arctostaphylos myrtifolia, which is federally listed as a threatened species. A. myrtifolia is endemic to Ione formation soils in the Sierra foothills, in Amador County. P. cinnamomi was identified as the cause of large spreading mortality centers affecting large portions of many A. myrtifolia stands (Swiecki and others 2005, 2011). Genetic data indicates that these widespread infestations originated from several introductions (Swiecki and others 2005, 2011) and the unabated spread of P. cinnamomi is currently the greatest threat to the conservation of A. myrtifolia.

Sudden oak death, caused by P. ramorum, (Rizzo and Garbelotto 2003) and P. lateralis cause of Port-Orford cedar root disease (Hansen and others 2000) are particularly damaging, both were introduced on nursery stock, and went on to cause major forest epidemics in California and Oregon.

For more information on forest Phytophthoras, see http://forestphytophthoras.org/. For information on Phytophthora issues in CA native plants see www.calphytos.org.

V. Recommendations

All native plants grown for restoration and outplanting in sensitive habitats are at risk for inadvertent plant pathogen introductions. Prevention is key! To manage the introduction and spread of Phytophthoras and other plant pathogens during restoration activities, utilize clean nursery stock grown with comprehensive best management practices. During site preparation, installation and maintenance, utilization of best management practices is also critical to reduce contamination risk. For detailed guidance on how to prevent and manage Phytophthoras during various aspects of restoration, including nursery plant production, see The Phytophthoras in Native Habitats Work Group “Restoration Guidance” at www.calphytos.org.

http://forestphytophthoras.org/



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VI. References Bourret, T.B; Mehl, H.K.; Rizzo, D.M. Swiecki, T.J.; Bernhardt, E.A.; Hillman, J.M. 2016. Restoration outplantings of nursery-origin Californian flora are heavily infested with Phytophthora. In, Sixth Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium, Book of Abstracts. June 20 -23, San Francisco, CA. 76 pgs. CNPS, Rare Plant Program. 2017. Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants (online edition, v8-02). California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA. Website http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/ [accessed February 16, 2017]. Dick, M.W. 2001. Straminipilous Fungi: Systematics of the Peronosporomycetes Including Accounts of the Marine Straminipilous Protists, the Plasmodiophorids and Similar Organisms. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston. Hansen, E.M.; Goheen, D.J.; Jules, E.S.; Ullian, B. 2000. Managing Port-Orford-cedar and the introduced pathogen Phytophthora lateralis. Plant Disease 84(1): 4-14. Hillman, J.; Swiecki, T.; Bernhardt, E.; Mehl, H.; Bourret, T.; Rizzo, D. 2016. From 31 flavors to 50 shades of grey: Battling Phytophthoras in native habitats managed by the Santa Clara Valley Water District. In, Sixth Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium, Book of Abstracts. June 20 -23, San Francisco, CA. 76 pgs. Kanaskie, A.; Wiese, R.; Norlander, D.; Laine, J.; Navarro, S.; Goheen, E.M.; Rhatigan, R.; Hansen, E.; Sutton, W.; Reeser, P.; Grunwald, N.; Kamvar, Z.; Osterbauer, N. 2017. Slowing spread of sudden oak death in Oregon forests, 2001-2015. Page 1. In: Frankel, S.J.; Palmieri, K.M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Sixth Science Symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. Jung T.: Orlikowski L.: Henricot B.: Abad-Campos P.; Aday A.G.; Aguín Casal O.; and others. 2016. Widespread Phytophthora infestations in European nurseries put forest, semi-natural and horticultural ecosystems at high risk of Phytophthora diseases. Forest Pathology 46: 134-163. Liebhold, A.M., Brockerhoff, E.G., Garrett, L.J., Parke, J.L., Britton, K.O. 2012. Live plant imports: the major pathway for forest insect and pathogen invasions of the US. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10(3): 135-143. Lyman, G.; Appel, J.; Ingolia, M.; Natesan, E.; Ortiz, J. 2016. Steam, solarization, and tons of prevention: The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s fight to contain Phytophthoras in San Francisco Bay Area restoration sites. In, Sixth Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium, Book of Abstracts. June 20 -23, San Francisco, CA. 76 pgs. Mascheretti, S.; Croucher, P.; Vettraino, A.; Prospero, S.; Garbelotto, M. 2008. Reconstruction of the sudden oak death epidemic in California through microsatellite analysis of the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Molecular Ecology 17(11): 2755-2768.

http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/


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Phytophthoras in native habitats. 2016. Guidelines to Minimize Phytophthora Contamination in Restoration Projects, 7 pages. http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp- content/uploads/2016/04/Restoration.Nsy_.Guidelines.final_.092216.pdf. [Accessed on line, February 16, 2017]. Rizzo, D M.; Garbelotto, M. 2003. Sudden oak death: endangering California and Oregon forest ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1(4):197-204. Rooney-Latham, S.; Blomquist, C.L., Swiecki, T.; Bernhardt, E.; Frankel, S.J. 2015. First detection in the US: new plant pathogen, Phytophthora tentaculata, in native plant nurseries and restoration sites in California. Native Plants Journal 16(1): 23-27. Rooney-Latham; S.; Blomquist, C.L.; Soriano, M.C; Guo, Y.Y. and others. 2016. An update on Phytophthora species in California native plant nurseries and restoration areas. In, Sixth Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium, Book of Abstracts. June 20 -23, San Francisco, CA. 76 pgs. Swiecki, T. J.; Bernhardt, E. A.; Garbelotto, M. 2005. Distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi within the range of Ione manzanita (Arctostaphylos myrtifolia). Prepared for California Department of Fish and Game. Vacaville CA: Phytosphere Research and University of California, Berkeley. http://phytosphere.com/publications/Pcinnamomi_Amyrtifolia_9-05_final_report.pdf [Accessed on line, February 24, 2017] Swiecki, T. J.; Bernhardt, E.; Garbelotto, M.; Fichtner, E. 2011. The exotic plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi: A major threat to rare Arctostaphylos and much more. pp. 367–371. J. W. Willoughby, B. K. Orr, K.A. Schierenbeck, and N. J. Jensen [eds.], Proceedings of the CNPS Conservation Conference: Strategies and Solutions, 17–19 Jan 2009, California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA. Swiecki, T. and Bernhardt, E. 2016. Testing and implementing methods for managing Phytophthora root diseases in California native habitats and restoration sites. In, Sixth Sudden Oak Death Science Symposium, Book of Abstracts. June 20 -23, San Francisco, CA. 76 pgs.

Appendix Partial list of participating organizations AECOM; California Department of Fish and Wildlife; California Department of Food and Agriculture; California Native Nursery Network; California Native Plant Society; Central Coast Wilds; Fogiel Biological; Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy; Golden Gate National Recreation Area, National Park Service; Grassroots Ecology (formerly Acterra); HT Harvey and Associates;

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Marin Municipal Water District; Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District; National Ornamentals Research Site at Dominican University of California; Oregon State University, Botany and Plant Pathology Department; Phytosphere Research; Presidio Trust; San Francisco Public Utilities Commission; Santa Clara Valley Water District; University of California Cooperative Extension, Marin County; University of California Cooperative Extension, Santa Cruz and Monterey Cos.; University of California – Berkeley, Forest Pathology and Mycology laboratory; University of California - Davis, Department of Plant Pathology; USDA Forest Service – Pacific Southwest Research Station; US Fish and Wildlife Service; The Watershed Nursery, Richmond, CA.