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King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connection Khur Hsen 1

International Conference on Shan StudiesMaha Chulalongkorn University

Bangkok,Thailand.

King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connection

ByKhur Hsen

16th

October 2009.


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Domain of the Shan Saophas


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K in g N ar es ua n an d S ha n Sa oph as C on nec ti on Kh ur H sen 3

The Town of Gyaing (Kran) {the place where Prince Naresuan declared independence}


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The Shan Kingdom of organized by Kham Kai Noi (The site of Hsenwi before 1888)

Note: Hsenwi was once among the powerful Shan princedoms. During the time of Kham Kai Noi, the capital situated around the presenttown of Muang Yai, which was now also know as the South Hsenwi. The Hsenwi State was separated and recognized North Hsenwi

& South Hsenwi in 1888 by the British. North Hsenwi situates north at the present site bearing this name. Muang Nawng was once a

part of Hsenwi and its rulers descents from Hsenwi line.


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The two routes to the Shan Country.


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Map of King Naresuan Last Trip


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King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connect ion Khur Hsen 7

Content

1. King Naresuan and Shan Sao Pha Connection.-Hsenwi

-Nanda Bayin Period (1581-1599)

- Revolts during the reign of Nanda Bayin.

- The Domain of Muang Gong in AD 1556.

- Muang Mit (Maing Mit) and Nanda Bayin.

- King Naresuan and Nanda Bayin.- Hongsawadis war with Ava, Shan and Siam.

- King Nyaung Yans war on the Shans.

- King Nyaung Yan and Muang Nai.

- King Nyaung Yan and Kham Kai Noi.

- Situation of King Naresuan.

- The situation of the two routes to cross the Salween.-Conclusion.

2. Shan and Ava.-Pinya Dynasty (1312-1365).

-Sagaing Dynasty (1315-1363).-The First Ava Dynasty. (1364-1421).

-The Second Ava Dynasty. (1364-1421).

-The Third and Last Ava Dynasty (1476-1544).

3. Bayint Naungs War on Ava, Shan and Siam.-Bayint Naungs war on Ava.

-Bayint Naungs war on Shan and Siam.


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Reference.In Shan.

1. Rasa Wang Muang Nai (Hand script) By the Muang Nai Court in 1887.

2. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). By Kyaungtakar Myowun Loilong U Mu in 1945.

3. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, (Hand script). By Nadar Hsi Ha Muang Nawng. 1987

4. The Shan States History (Hand script) By Sao Yan Fa.

5. Hsur Khan Fa. By Khun Hsai Jai Yean, published 9.9.1994

6. The origin of Tai and a brief History of Shan States. By Khur Hsen, published 1996.

7. Interview - Mae Tao Noan (87 Ages) from Mae Kin

- Nang Moang from Mae Kin

- Lung Thein Aung from Naa Kong Mu

- Lung Laa from Naa Kong Mu- Lung Sam Muang from Hwe Aw.

In Burmese.

8. A History of Mo Meik. By U KheMingda 1948.

9. Shan States Mirror (Award winner in national literature in 1963).

By Director Saya Myint.

10. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991.

11. Shan Mart Than. (Typescript) B y Dr. Than Htun, Professor, History Department,

Art & Science University, Mandalay.

12. A Chae Pya Myanmar Naing Ngan Yae Thamaing. By Burma Socialist Programme Party.

13. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6

14. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 8

15. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 9

16. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 11

In English.

17. Harveys outline of Burmese History 1925. Published by Longmans Green & Co, Ltd.

18. History of Burma. By Sir Arthur Phayre.

19. Hsenwi State Chronicle (Article in The Guardian magazine, February 1967).

By Sir James George Scott.

20. History of the Shans in Upper Burma and Western Yunnan. By Neil Elias. Calcutta.

Printed at the Foreign Department Press. 1876

21. Our Wars with the Burmese. Thai-Burmese Conflict 1537-1767. By Prince Damrong Rajanubhab.

Translated into English by Phra Phraison Salarak

Thein Subindu (alias) U Aung Thein.Published 2001.


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King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connection

By

Khur Hsen

Hsenwi

AD (1460-1523) Khun Kham Hip Fah was the Saopha of Hsenwi and his Mahadevi was Nang Kham

Mung (a daughter of the King of ChiangMai). They had a son Khun Kham Hseng Fah and a daughterNang kham Nan.

In 1523-1543, Khun Kham Hip Fah was succeeded by Khun Kham Hseng Fah. As the Saopha of

Muang Nai did not attend his coronation ceremony, Khun Kham Hseng Fah was not satisfied and

asked the king of Ava, Shwe Nan Kyeaw Shins help in capturing him. In return, he married his sisterNang Kham Nan to the King of Ava.

Khun Kham Hseng Fah had 6 children:

1. Kham Han Fah.

2. Kham Pak Fah (The father of Kham Kai Noi)

3. Khun Kham Nan

4. Kham Hso Fah

5. Kham Wat

6. Kham Lwat.

1543-1549 the Hsenwi throne was succeeded by Kham Han Fah and he had no children. 1549-1561,

He was succeeded by Kham Pak Fah, who had three children:

1. Khun Kham Kieo (Kham Kai Noi)

2. Khun Kham Hseng Soong3. Khun Kham Kheng

Kham Pak Fah had been known for his skills in war and martial arts since his younger days. Once he

became Saopha, he constructed his military strength, practiced martial arts and also trained his son,

Sao Kham Kieo (Later known as Kham Kai Noi).

In 1555-1556, after conquering Ava, Bayint Naung (King of Hongsawadi) attacked and captured

Hsum Hsai and Hsi Paw, threatening Hsenwi as his next target, but failing to take it. Thadoe Min Saw

(younger brother & son in law of Bayint Naung) became the new King of Ava. Kham Pak Fah was

not content with the new king and in 1559 marched to Ava on the pretext of returning his aunt Nang

Kham Nan to Hsenwi. His son, Sao Kham Kieo, accompanied him during the siege on Ava.

In 1559 Kham Pak Fah marched from Hsenwi to Ava and on arriving at Okpho Umin,The King of

Ava heard that news and sent envoy to inquire the reason of the march. After learning the reason, the

king of Ava said, it was not necessary to proceed further as he had already agreed to give his aunt

back, together with 100 elephants, 100 horses, 100 visses in gold, 100 visses in silver and 100 young

maids as tribute.

Sao Kham Pak Fah agreed with the terms and wait for the promised gifts to arrive. But Ava sent the

tributes in piecemeal, a tenth of the promise tribute was given as a token, on the pretext that, the gifts

were not in store and they were trying hard to make it in time. Actually, at that time Ava was short in

men and arms to withstand against Hsenwi troops, they were buying times for Bayint Naungs troops

to return, from his campaigns in Siam and Lanchang.1

___________________________________________________________________________

1. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, Pg. 47- 52


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Revolt during the reign of Nanda Bayin.

After Nanda Bayin ascended the throne of Hongsawadi, several cities were in revolts.-1582 Song Sop (Thaungdut in Burmese) and Santa (now in China) revolted.

-1586 Min Letya, the Viceroy of Ava died and his middle son, Min-ye Kyaw Swa wasappointed as viceroy.

-1587 Inn Ya- revolted.

-1590 Muang Gong (Mogaung) revolted.

-1593 Mawbi revolted.

-1594 Moulmein revolted.

-1596 Pye (Prome-Thadoe Dhamaraza), Taungoo and ChiangMai revolted.

-1594 Maha Uparat was killed in battle and Minye Kyaw Swa became heir apparent to the

throne of Hongsawadi. Minye Thihathu, The King of Taungoo, the father of Nat Shin

Naung, sent a message to Min Raza Gyi, the King of Arakan, asking him to join his

attack on Hongsawadi with a promise to give him his daughter after the battle was

won.

-1599 The combine attacks of the Arakan and Taungoo resulted in the fall of Hongsawadi.The city was sacked and its king deported to Toungoo.

-1600 King Nanda Bayin was assassinated by Nat Shin Naung.

After the fall of Hongsawadi, the whole of Burma was in turmoil for 16 years.

-1604 -Muang Nai unsuccessful revolt attempt.

-King Naresuans unsuccessful attempt to attack Ava.

As soon as King Nanda Bayin attained the throne of Hongsawadi, Song Sop (Thaungdut in

Burmese) and Santa were the first to revolt.1

At the coronation ceremony of Nanda Bayin, Prince Naresuan was present on behalf of Siam and

Saopha of Muang Gong (Kong) was not present. Regarding it as an open revolt, Nanda Bayin sent

three brigades to subdue it. Among the three brigades, one was commanded by Maha Uparat Min Gyi

Swa, the second by Nat Shin Naung of Taungoo, and the third by Prince Naresuan. The first two

armies failed to capture Muang Gong, while Prince Naresuan was successful in its capture. From that

time onwards, relation between Prince Naresuan and the other commanders changed. At that time

Prince Naresuan realized that many large and small kingdoms were not content or obedient to

Hongsawadi rule.2

Note: Prince Naresuan attacked Muang Gong was not mentioned in any of the Burmese

Histories or Chronicles of various Shan States. Perhaps the city was Song Sop and

not Muang Gong, because at that time Song Sop was included as a part of Muang

Gong and it was Song Sop that was among the first to revolt. ( Khur Hsen)

In1584 Muang Gong and Muang Yang were crushed for not sending troops for the campaign againstSiam. Sao Kai Fah, the Saopha of Muang Gong, was captured and sent to the capital, where he was

displayed for 7 days each at the 20 palace gates before his execution.3, 4.

In 1591, Muang Gong rose up and revolted again. The town was laid siege by Nanda Bayin for 7

months, until all provisions of the defenders exhausted. Together with its Saopha, the town was

captured.5

For not sending troops in his Ava campaign, Nanda Bayin attacked MuangMit.6

Other

Shan States were not so friendly with Nanda Bayin either, and once Hongsawadi collapsed, every

state declared its freedom.7

___________________________________________________________________________

1. A khyae Pya Myanmar Naing Ngan Ye Tha Maing by BSPP Pg 379-380.

2. Burmese Encyclopedia Vol. VIII, Pg 214 on referring to Thai History.3. The History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan by Nel Elias. Pg-43.

4. History of Burma by Sir Arthur Phayre. Pg 117.

5. Burmese Encyclopedia Vol. 6 Pg 140

6. Mo Meik Rasawundawgyi. By U KheMingda 1948. Pg. 142


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King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connect ion Khur Hsen 127. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 104

Muang Gong (Muang Kong or Mogaung) was once among the twelve Shan Kingdoms and was

subjugated by Bayint Naung, who then re-formed the areas under his domain by including

Muang Gong as one of the Nine Shan Kingdoms in the southern part of Nam Mao. When

Bayint Naung launched his attack, Maung Gong was ruled by Sao Kai Fah (1564-1583) and it

was said to have (99) Princedoms in his domain.1, 2

Muang Gong is now situated in Northern Burma under Myitkyina Township in the

Kachin State (N-25:17:95; E-096:56:34). Once a powerful state ruled by ShanSaophas, it was mentioned several times in the Burmese History. At present it is

famous for its Jade mines. It situates by a stream called Mogaung Chaung, on the

Mandalay-Myitkyina railroad, 306 mile from Mandalay and 17 miles from

Myitkyina.

The first Saopha, Sao Luang Fah ascended the throne in 1215. While crossing the

stream, the Saopha found a drum shaped sapphire in its bed and since then thestate was named Muang Gong (Muang Kong).

In another story, The legend of the four Shan cities it is said that Udi king of

Shans in China (probably Yunnan) and his wife, Kinara Dewi gave birth to a blind

daughter who was put on a barge with provisions and set adrift along a river. On

the way, she met a tiger (some versions claim it to be a were-tiger) who cured her

blindness and they got married. They gave birth to four sons, all who went to visit

their grandfather. One son was given a dagger, the second a pet heron and the third

a drum. The youngest was given nothing, but was told to inherit his father the tiger

prince. The three brothers set out with men and families in search of new suitable

places to settle.

In one place, without hitting it, the drum sounded aloud. The prince regarded this

as an auspicious sign and he founded his city Muang Gong, after the drum given

to him by his grandfather.

At one place the heron sang aloud and a town named Muang Yang (MoNyin in

Burmese) was founded.

Places where the dagger suddenly stuck and left standing on the ground become

Muang Mit (Mo Maeik in Burmese).

And the last son went to inherit from his father, and he named his town WeingHso (Wuntho in Burmese) or Tiger Town in remembrance of his father.

Since then, Muang Gong has flourished under the Shan Saophas; some were

powerful enough to invade the lowland of Burma. Only in 1556 did King Bayint

Naung subdue Mogaung and the other Shan Cities with his vast Army.

After 20 years, Sao Tip Fah ascended the Muang Gong throne and his descendants

ruled continuously until they were occupied by King Alaung Phaya in AD 1753.3

___________________________________________________________________________

1. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. XI Pg. 388,2. The origin of Tai and a brief History of Shan States. By Khur Hsen, published 1996. Pg 102

3. Burmese Encyclopedia, Vol. IX, Pg- 148


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The Domain of Muang Gong in AD 1556.

Muang Gong comprising ninety-nine Muangs and the most important among them were:

1. Maing-lung (Assam),

2. Kassei (Manipur),3. Part of Aracan,

4. The Yaw country (a,m),5. Kalei (uav;),6. Taungthwot (aomioyf) (Sumjok = S W]S B ] ) or Song Sop,7. Maing-Kaing,

8. Maing-Yaung,

9. Maing-Kwon,

10. Sinkraing Khamti (Kham Nyang),

11. Maingli (Khamti proper),

12. Monyin,

13. Mautshobo (rqd;z),14. Kunung-Kumun (Mishmi country),

15. Khang-sei (Naga country).1

Dynasty of Muang Gong. .2. Hsarm Luang Fah 1215-1228 AD

3. Sao Kam Fah (grandson of 1) 1228-1248

4. Sao Khun Lao 1248-1309

5. Sao Fu Reing 1309-1344

6. Sao Kai Fah 1344-1346

7. Paw Ngarm Muang 1346-1361

8. Khun Tao Fah 1361-1391

9. Sao Hong Fah 1391-1411

10. Sao Peaim Fah 1411-1446

11. Sao Si Fah 1446-1496

12. Sao Kai Fah (1) 1496-1530

13. Hsarm Luang Paw Muang 1530-1536

14. Sao Shwe Kieo 1536-1558

15. Sao Harn Fah 1558-1564

16. Sao Kai Fah (2) 1564-1583 1581-83 War with Nanda Bayin and became a new dynasty.

17. Sao Kon Kham 1583-1591

18. Sao Hom Fah 1591-1605 War with Ava- King Nyaung Yan.

19. Sao Ted Fah 1605-1626 founded the present Muang Gong.

20. Sao Hsin Luang 1626-162921. Interregnum 1629-1639

22. Luang Sao Paw 1639-1651

23. Keing Luang Ho Hoop 1651-1663

24. Sao Swe Yaw 1663-1673

25. Sao Swe Kheng 1673-1729

26. Sao Hom 1729-1739

27. Haw Sing 1739-1748

28. Haw Kham 1748-1765

29. Haw Sing 1765-1768 Sino-Burmese Wars at-Kong Tong

30. Muang Kyauk 1768-1771 Appointed by the Burmese King.

31. Muang Pin 1771-1775

32. Haw Sing 1775-177733. Interregnum 1777-1785

34. Sao Yaw Pan Khong 1785-1796. Captured and deported by the Kongboung dynasty.

__________________________________________________________________ ____1. The History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan by Nel Elias. Pg 19, 45,46


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No.13. Sao Shwe Kieo (1536-1558) conquered by Burma and become a vassal in 1556.

No.15. Sao Kai Fah (1564-1583) Coincided with King Nanda Bayin of Hongsawadi. Muang Gong was

first subjugated by Hsin Byu Mya Shin (Bayint Naung), and was again attacked for not sendingtroops in the Siam Campaign together with Muang Yang (Monyhin) and Muang Mit. The battle

lasted for 3 years before the town and the Saopha himself were captured. He was sent to

Hongsawadi and displayed for 7 days at each of the 20 palace gates before execution.

No.17. Sao Hom Fah (1591-1605). Wage war with King Naung Yan.1

Muang Yang (Monyin in Burmese).

Mong Yang was founded in AD 940 by one son of the Tiger King. Alongside with Muang Gong, it

was once a powerful State under the rule of the Shan Saophas. MoNyin Mintra (MoNyin Thadoe of

Ava), and MoNyin Saolong (Sao Luang Mong Yang in Shan) are famous in the Burmese History.Now a small town, it situates on the Mandalay-Myitkyina railroad, 96 miles from Myitkyina and 227

miles from Mandalay.2

Maing Mit (Muang Mit) and Nanda Bayin.

In 1582, Thadoe MinSaw of Ava revolted against Hongsawadi and called for support from

Muang Mit, but was rejected.

In 1559, the former king of Ava was married to the sister of Hso Sao Fah, the Saopha of

Muang Mit. For this good tie, Muang Mit sent troops in support during the campaign on Siam

in 1562; the Campaign on Chiang Mai in 1564 and the Campaign on Siam in 1568. But, in1582 Muang Mit refused to cooperate with the new king.

In1605, Anaukpetlun (the Uparat of Ava and son of King Nyaung Yan) marched in force by

land and by boat to attack Muang Mit, which was forced to yield.3, 4

Ava and Nanda Bayin.

Nanda Bayins son, Uparat Min Gyi Swa was married to Nat Shin Mae, the daughter of the King

of Ava (Thadoe Min Saw). In 1582 Uparat had a quarrel with his wife where she fall, hitting

her forehead on the hard corner of their couch and bleeding profusely. The blood were soaked

in her dress and sent it to her father. On hearing this news, the King of Ava was not satisfiedand prepared to seek revenge.

In1583, upon hearing the news of Ava gathering men and arms, Nanda Bayin marched to

Ava, leaving Hongsawadi under the care of the Uparat. He summoned Prome, Taungoo,

Chiang Mai and Ayudhya to follow him with their troops. Prome, Taungoo and Chiang Mai

sent troops immediately but King Maha Dhamma Raza of Ayudhya sent a message that he

would send troops with his son, Prince Naresuan, as the commander.5

___________________________________________________________________________

1. The History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan by Nel Elias. Pg 45-46.

2. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. IX Pg 157

3. Shan Mart Than. (Type writing) Pg 108

4. Mo Meik Rasawundawgyi. By U KheMingda 1948. Pg 142

5. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. VI Pg 137- 138.


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King Naresuan and Nanda Bayin.

Once the news that Nanda Bayin had marched to Ava was heard, Prince Naresuan did not intend to

keep up with Hongsawadi troops, instead he marched slowly and on reaching Muang Kran near the

Thai-Mon border, he made his main camp and waited for news from Ava. With regards to the revoltof Ava, he took it as a sign, telling him that it was time to seek for freedom. If Nanda Bayin won, it

was likely that he would attack Siam. In this case Prince Naresuan would take as many Thai families

as possible, those who had been settled in Hongsawadi, to strengthen Siam. If Nanda Bayin lost, he

would attack Hongsawadi.

When the information of Siamese troops camped at Muan Kran was heard, the commander of the

home guard, Maha Uparat, sent two Mon noblemen, Banya Gyan and Banya Ram to inquire, the

reason for the delay. He also arranged a plan, so that if Prince Naresuan marched north to

Hongsawadi, he would launch a frontal attack while the Mon would rise and attack from the rear. But

many Mons were not content with Burmese oppression. Many families even fled to Siam and in this

case, the plan was leaked to Prince Naresuan by a Mon monk.1

Once he learned of Uparats plan, Prince Naresuan severed ties with Hongsawadi and declared

independence. Then he crossed river Sitaung and marched to Hongsawadi. Maha Uparat had to

prepare for the defence of the city, but as Prince Naresuan approached the city, news arrived that

Nanda Bayin had won the battle and the victorious armies were marching home. Prince Naresuan

withdrew to Matama (Martaban) and gathered many Siamese families for home. It was said that about

10,000 Siamese families went home with Prince Naresuan.2

Muang Kran was a town, situated on the borders of Siamese territory. This town was formerly called

Diangkrains by the Mons. Subsequently during the time of King Naresuan it was called Kreng. At

present the Burmese called it Gyaing (*sdKi;). It situates on the banks of the road leading to Mae Sot,Tak Province. The people inhabiting Chiang Kran were Mons. It is suspected that the town was underSiamese rule when Sukhothai was the capital of Siam, but Tabinshwethi probably thought that it was

Mon territory and wanted to annex to his dominions.3

Hongsawadis war with Ava, Shan and Siam.

Ava and the highland Shans had had good relations for centuries. As Shans and their descendents had

ruled Ava for over two centuries, the Shans regarded Ava as relatives and allies. When war broke out

between Ava and Hongsawadi, King Thadoe Min Saw of Ava called for the Shans aid. However

many could not arrive in time and only troops from Hsi Paw arrived with their Saopha. Even with this

aid Ava fell to Nanda Bayin. Thadoe Min Saw fled to get the Shans help4, but he died of illness at

Khamti.5

the Saopha of HsiPaw was killed in the battle.6

After the victory, Nanda Bayin took his sister, the Queen of Ava, back home to Hongsawadi. On

hearing of the Siam threat, Nanda Bayin marched from Ava immediately to Siam. Prince Naresuan

launched his attack, forcing the Hongsawadi troops to retreat. As the monsoon was approaching,

Nanda Bayin recalled his troops on the campaign.7

___________________________________________________________________________

1. Burmese Encyclopedia Vol. VI - Pg-138

2. Burmese Encyclopedia Vol. VIII- Pg-215

3. Our Wars with the Burmese Thai-Burmese Conflict 1537-1767. Pg. 11-12

4. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script)Pg 73

5. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6 Pg 138

6. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script)Pg 727. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6 Pg 138


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In 1585, Hongsawadi renewed the attack on Siam with Maha Uparat as the commander. Prince

Naresuan headed a welcome attack at (La Guan). The Burmese launched a four prongs attack and

Prince Naresuan had to withdraw to (Sougali) where the offensive was repulsed. The retreating

Hongsawadi troops were then harassed by Prince Naresuan.1

In1586 Nanda Bayin himself commanded the campaign on Siam and left Maha Uparat in command of

the home guards. Unsuccessful, he went home in 1587.

In 1590, the Saopha of Muang Gong revolted. On the twelfth 5th

waxing moon of Ta Saung Mong

(12th

month of the Burmese calendar), Nanda Bayin sent 11 brigades commanded, by his son, Thadoe

Dhama Raza, the King of Prome (Pye) and Nat Shin Naung, the son of Taungoo to subdue the

rebellion. They returned in success.

In 1590, on the 12th

waxing moon of Ta Saung Mong (12th

month of the Burmese calendar), with

Maha Uparat as commander, troops on the campaign against Siam marched again. Somdet Phra

Naresuan, who was now the King of Siam, met them at (Lagoon). The Burmese troops retreated in

disarray.

In 1591, a son of the Saopha of Maung Gong attacked and captured the town. Nanda Bayin sent

Minye Kyaw Swa, one of his sons, as commander to subdue Maung Gong. He laid siege to the town

for 7 months until all food and provisions of the town were exhausted. The town was captured with its

Saopha.

In 1592 on the second waxing moon of Natdaw (1st

month of the Burmese calendar i.e. Nov-Dec),

Hongsawadi troops set out with Maha Uparat as their commander against Siam. Maha Uparat was

killed by King Naresuan in this campaign.2

The Burmese History gave an account of the battle. Throughout AD 1583, 1585, 1586, 1590 and 1592Nanda Bayin marched 5 times to subdue Siam, but were defeated and had to retreat, mainly because

the defense of the city was too strong for the attackers, and the lack of provisions lead to starvation of

the Burmese troops. All 24 brigades of Maha Uparat, the son of Nanda Bayin were routed. In the last

battle in AD 1592, Uparat was hit by a shell from the Thais cannon while instructing his men to

battle. He was killed on the spot and the Burmese had to retreat.3, 4

In 1593, the Mons at Mawbi revolted and was subdued by Hongsawadi, after which every Mon was

executed regardless of their age or sex. Many Mon fled to seek refuge with the Arakanese and

Siamese. In 1594, Moulmein revolted. King Naresuan supported this revolt and marched with them to

invade Hongsawadi.

In the same year of 1593, Pye revolted, then under the rule of a son of King Nanda Bayin. In 1598, thekings of Taungoo and Arakan attacked Hongsawadi.

In 1599, King Naresuan marched to Hongsawadi, launching his attack and laying siege to Taungoo

for a month. While he was attacking Taungoo, his provisions, in the depot of Hongsawadi were

attacked and destroyed by the Arakanese troops. Without provisions, King Naresuan had to withdraw

back to Siam. The King of Arakan ordered his men to burn down the Palace of Hongsawadi. In 1599,

Hongsawadi was sacked and its King, deported to Taungoo. In 1600, the King of Hongsawadi was

assassinated by Nat Shin Naung (Prince of Taungoo).3, 5

__________________________________________________________________________

1. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6 Pg 139

2. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6 Pg 140-1413. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6 Pg 1414. A Chae Pya Myanmar Naing Ngan Yae Thamaing. Pg 380

5. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun Pg-102-103)


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King Nyaung Yans war on Shans.

In 1597, when Hongsawadi was weakening under the constant attack by Siam, Minye Deikba well

known as The Prince of Nyaung Yan, younger son of King Bayint Naung, seek refuge in the town ofPagan for his own safety.5

In 1599, Hongsawadi collapsed with King Nanda Bayin deported to Taungoo, and was assassinated

by Nat Shin Naung in 1600. As the kingdom was held together with awe and military might, without

the mighty king, the once mighty kingdom split into several independent states, each declaring its own

freedom.2

On hearing the death of Nanda Bayin, Prince Nyaung Yan went to Ava, where he made his base,

marshalling his army and reconstructed Ava for the defense against invasion. He ascended the throne

of Ava and found the Nyaung Yan Dynasty.

On hearing Prince Nyaung Yan had made himself, the king of Ava, The kings of Pye and Taungoodecided to crush before Ava could firmly established. The king of Pye and his army proceeded by

boat along the River Irrawaddy while the army from Taungoo marched on land to Ava. The fleet

which arrived far ahead of the land force encountered a naval battle, where Pyes fleet was destroyed

and its king drowned in the river.

On hearing this lost, the king Taungoo withdrew his troops from Ava; instead he turned to Pye and

tried to occupy it. But the resistance of the home guards and loyal ministers proved too strong for him.

In the end, the king of Taungoo went home, failing to achieve both goals.

Ava was thus secure and firmly established. Prince Nyaung Yan was coronate as King Thiha

Thudharma Raza of Ava. As Ava was still a small kingdom, there were two Burmese kingdoms (Pye

and Taungoo) to the south; the north and east were occupied by several Shan kingdoms.

Therefore, building strength and expanding his domain became his top priority in order to survive. As

Shan kingdoms were loosely knitted, it will be easier to occupy some of them, before they could

reconcile in full force. Once in his fold, he could get more men and provision to strengthen his

expanding army. And thus Shan kingdoms became his first target to conquer.5

In the south, Mons in Moulmein and Mawbi revolted. They asked for King Naresuans support, who

then marched to Taungoo. But his supply line was attacked by the Arakanese and had to withdraw. On

his return to Ayudhya, Chiang Mai requested for help and he had to march north once more.3

In the Shans view, Ava was ruled by Shan Kings or by Shan descendents. They had learned the lesson

of how misery to be under, the draconic rule of King Bayint Naung and for them it was unacceptableto see a descendent of Bayint Naung ruling Ava. They wanted to restore the throne of Ava and some

of the Saophas formed alliances to achieve this goal.

For generations, the strength of Ava depended on the support of the Shan Princely States. As the

rulers were Shan or Shan descendents, the relations were mostly friendly except in some cases where

battles were fought for some reasons. Once the Dynasty was founded, King Nyaung Yan realized this

fact and invited the Shan to mend good ties and become his allies. But most of the Saophas did not

accept his offers, and instead were on their own way to restore the throne of Ava for the Shans. The

Shans were not content with Hongsawadi and did not wish to recognize its descendents. As a result,

some of the Shan Saophas requested for King Naresuans support.4

_________________________________________________________________________

1. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Pg 1072. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Pg 1033. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Pg 102

4. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). Pg 74-77

5. Siam-Burmese wars, by Bo Mu Ba Shin Pg. 116


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King Nyaung Yan and Muang Nai.

On receiving King Nyaung Yans envoy, the Saopha of Muang Nai rejected the offer almost instantly.

The Saopha of Muang Nai, considering that they were once occupied and ruled oppressively by KingBayint Naung and now his descendents are asking to give the same bad treatment, which he could not

accept.

His refusal to recognize Nyaung Yan as the King of Ava resulted in battle. Maung Nai troops

marched against Nyaung Yan, but just as they reached Baw Rid That, near Yawnghwe, Nyaung Yan

sent his troops to subjugate Muang Nai. The Saopha fled to seek refuge in ChiangMai, asking for

King Naresuan to lead the Shan confederation.4

Just as with the Saopha of Mong Nai, many Shan Saophas opposed Nyaung Yan and were crushed

brutally. Meanwhile, the campaign of King Naresuan in lower Burmese territory yielded little success,

and at the same time the Shan Saophas were requesting his help, King Naresuan decided to march

north into the Shan country.

King Nyaung Yan and Kham Kai Noi.

When Mong Nai and other Shan Saophas requested for his support, as an answer to their call, King

Naresuan sent Kham Kai Noi in advance, to marshal a strong force against Ava. Kham Kai Noi went

north through Hsa Htung, Muang Pai, Yawnghwe, Samka, Hsi Kip, Mauk Mai, Muang Nai and then

to Kengtung, Keng Rung (Sippsongpanna) and Muang Ting, Kung Ma, Muang Lem, Muang Huim,

Santa, Muang Mao, Muang Gong, Muang Yang and Muang Mit in the north and then to his

hometown, Hsenwi.1,3

On reaching Hsenwi, Kham Kai Noi found that his youngest brother was assassinated and his twouncles Khun Kham Nan and Khun Kham Hso Fah were ruling the state. The presence of Kham Kai

Noi and his army was enough for his uncles to flee. Khun Kham Hso Fah did not wish surrender or

seek refuge in other states, he committed suicide. Khun Kham Nan went to China and asked for their

support.

After ascending the throne of Hsenwi in 1600, Kham Kai Noi neither sent envoys nor tributes to mend

ties with Ava or the Chinese. The Chinese asked Kham Kai Noi to send envoys in recognition of their

sovereignty. Kham Kai Noi rejected their requests, both Ava and China sent troops to subdue

Hsenwi.2

Nyaung Yan and his troops marched from the south to subdue Hsenwi while the Chinese army came

down from the north with the same goal. Kham Kai Noi had to fight on two fronts, facing two strong

enemies at the same time. He found that he could not withstand the double blow. Withdrawing from

Hsenwi, he went south in order to join with King Naresuan northbound force. But entering into a

battle with Nyaung Yans troops near Maung Nai, where he died fighting in 1605.2, 3

In the same

year, King Nyaung Yan died at Shwe Tha leong Tong, on his way back home after the battle of

Hsenwi

As previously planned, the Shan Saophas hoped that they could wrest and restore the Ava throne with

the support of King Naresuans Siamese army. They waited in vain for the help that did not arrive.

___________________________________________________________________________

1. Hsenwi State Chronicle. By Sir James George Scott. Pg 92. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, (Hand script).Pg 55-56

3. Rasa Wang Muang Nai (Hand script) By the Muang Nai Court in 1887.

4. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). By Kyaungtakar Myowun Loilong U Mu in 1945. 73-77


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While Somdet Phra Naresuan was preparing for his northbound expedition, Kham Kai Noi

was ordered to march in advance, marshalling his army along the way. Several reasons for

the Shans to ask for King Naresuans help were that, he was regarded as being of the same

race, he was known for his military skills and successes, and he had firearms in hispossession to cope with Burmese troops.1, 2

Awaiting King Naresuans help, Kham Kai Noi had to fight on his own until he was killed in

battle. The Saopha of Muang Nai was also killed in battle and the old town situated to the

northeast of the present town was sacked and destroyed. The Muang Nai Dynasty, the direct

decedent of King Meng Rai came to an end and Burmese ministers ruled the state for 26

years. After that interregnum, with the request of the Shan ministers, the Saophaship of

Muang Nai was restored by the Muang Mit House.1

The Saopha of Muang Gong, Sao Hom Fah ( s w]: h Bm], f L. ) was also killed in battle and the

town sacked and destroyed. Muang Gong had to be reconstructed by the Saopha of a latergeneration. Hsenwi was not exempted from the turmoil of war. Wan Maw (Bahmo in

Burmese) Muang Yang; Muang Mit suffered the same fate of being conquered.3, 4

In 1605, the then heir apparent of King Nyaung Yan, later who became King Anaukpetlun,

marched in full forced to attack Muang Mit, by boat and on land. Sao Hso Yawn Fah

(sw]:SiBw]yWn]:fL.), the Saopha of Muang Mit tried to withstand at Nga Sinkgu, Kyauk-le-beeand Sagar Taung, but was overwhelmed by sheer numbers.

3, 7

Situation of King Naresuan.

As previously agreed, King Naresuan arranged his northbound army, in order to join handswith the Shan Saophas. He and his brother, Prince Ekathotsarot, left the capital on the sixth

waning moon of the second Siamese month, 1604. They went by boat as far as Phra Lo,

where they and the army landed and marched through Kamphaengphet. On reaching Chiang

Mai the king rest for a month arranging his army.

King Naresuan planned to cross the river Salween at Ta Hsang via Muang Hang and then join

force with Muang Nai and other Saophas, before the attack on Ava could begin. From Chiang

Mai, King Naresuan ordered his brother, Prince Ekathosarot to march by way of Muang

Fang, while he and his main army marched to Muang Hang.

He made his main camp in a plain called Htung Ta Kwarng (Tbc].tL:kCac]:)8

(Keao in Thaiversion), which situates on the eastern bank of Nam Hang. It was in this camp where he

suffered from a septic pustule, occurred on his chin. As his conditions worsen, he sent

couriers to summon his brother. Three days after the arrival of his brother, King Naresuan

died, on Monday, the 8th

waxing moon of the 6th

Siamese Month (25th

April 1605) after

reigning for 15 years.5

___________________________________________________________________________

1. Rasa Wang Muang Nai (Hand script) By the Muang Nai Court in 1887.2. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). By Kyaungtakar Myowun Loilong U Mu in 1945. 73-773. Mo Meik Rasawundawgyi. By U KheMingda 1948. Pg 1454. The History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan by Nel Elias. Pg-42-44

5. Siam-Burmese wars, by Bo Mu Ba Shin Pg 1186. King Naresuan the Great by H.R.H Prince Damrong Rajanubhab7. Shan Mart Than. (Type writing) Pg 1108. Interview.


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The spot where he had die, situates to the north-east of Hui Auw, on the eastern bank of Nam Hang,

near Wan Auang Long. According to the old traditions of the Tai (Shan) was, when a ruler or leader

died, the corpse was cremated on the site and the ashes enshrined in a stupa like structure.

The dead were never allowed to carry across villages, towns or any settlement, by doing so, theybelieved evil would befall on the whole community, and in another ancient tradition, when a lord or

leader died on the way before his goal could be achieve, the corpse must be cremated ahead of the

place where he died. Meaning, he did not retreat, instead marched ahead even after his dead. In this

case King Naresuan died at Hui Auw on the eastern bank of Nam Hang; he was cremated further

north, about a mile south of Naa Kong Mu, where a stupa was built.

Even in the present days, the locals still believe that this place was sacred, protect them from harm in

time of danger. Many claimed that they went to hide there and no Burmese patrol could find them.

Further they added, in 2005, a long dead tree stump situates at this place have came back to live and

in full greening again.3

The situation of the two routes to cross the Salween.

As some scholars argued that King Naresuan died in Weing Heng (Chiang Mai Province) and not in

Muang Hang (Muang Ton town ship, Shan State). This is the situation of the two routes to cross the

Salween.

By choosing Weing Heng (Chiang Mai Province), as his base camp, he would march across the

Salween at Ta Phar Leng (Ta Hpa Deng) via Muang Kyawt, by a shorter route. But the way was

difficult for large transport, with narrow pathway and difficult in approaching the river. Some lightly

armed infantry detachments could have used it, but not the heavy transports, cannons and elephants.

By choosing Muang Hang as his base, he could cross the Salween at Ta Sarng (t L: s ac ].), with morefavorable approach to the river on both banks. For heavy transports and beast of burden, crossing at

Ta Sarng was better than Ta Phar Leng.

River Salween or Nam Khong flows between deep gorges, with banks towering some hundred meters

on both side. Although there were several crossing, few have favorable approach for large transport.

Ta Sarng was one of them. It was called Ta Hsalar after a village situates on the eastern bank. Since it

was among the best, suitable enough for elephants, it was called Ta Sarng or Elephant Ferry or

Elephant Crossing. Later became Ta Hsaang (t L:S ac ];) after Burmese records as they could notpronounced correctly. During Bayint Naungs several campaigns against Northern Siam and Lan

Chang the armies of Hongsawadi passed this way. 4

From Chiang Mai, the Siamese army split into two columns, the main column under Somdet Phra

Naresuan to Muang Hang and the second or supportive column marched to Muang Fang. As both

columns would cross the Salween on the same crossing, it seems the splitting meant to ease the

burden in finding provision, especially to ensure enough fodder for the beasts of burden.5

___________________________________________________________________________

1. Siam-Burmese wars, by Bo Mu Ba Shin Pg 118

2. King Naresuan the Great by H.R.H Prince Damrong Rajanubhab

3. Interview Mae Tao Noan (87 Ages) from Mae Kin, Nang Moang from Mae Kin

Lung Thein Aung from Naa Kong Mu, Lung Laa from Naa Kong Mu,

Lung Sam Muang from Hwi Auw.4. Khur Hsens view

5. Siam-Burmese wars, by Bo Mu Ba Shin Pg 11


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After crossing the river Salween, the nearest suitable camping site for a vast army was at the town of

Muang Pan. According to King Naresuans behavior in battle, he was very cautious and would not

risk his mens life unnecessary. To march in thin files along the rugged terrains was seem as very

risky, therefore he required secure base camps as stepping stones before he sent his troops crossing

the river which could last for days or perhaps weeks even if not in months.

By learning the situations of both pathway and the river crossings, its up to the scholars and readers

to decide, by which pathway Somdet Phra Naresuan could have marched with his army, in order to

reach Shan States.

Conclusion.

When King Bayint Naung and King Nyaung Yan subjugated the Shan kingdoms, almost every state

opposed and later revolted against their rules, but with the Shan Princely states situated in the

landlocked highlands, they had no opportunity to get the modern sophisticated weapons and

knowledge as in the seaports. No match for swords and spears against firearms, which was the main

cause of their defeat.

The Saophas had planned to join with Siam in order to build a strong empire. Their lives, their

sacrifices lost with their failure. Above all, it is very sad to learn that, even today, very few people

knew of their plans and sacrifices. No record was written for the people, who had lost their lives to

execute this plan. As a consequence, the Shans living in Shan States are still suffering the retaliation.

But no one knows it was the results of the failure.

Today, on behalf of the Shans, I have represents my research to this study. I also wish to remind for

all people concerned, to remember of what our ancestors had done for us. Many were mislead to thinkthat our ancestors were useless and have done nothing for us, so we had to suffer. If you have such

concepts in mind, please do not keep it any more, just forget it.

Wherever they may be, bless with Metta for the souls of our ancestors to rest in peace and forgiveness

for the Shan people, who have been misunderstood to think against their goodwill. May the soul of

our ancestors help us to be free from abuses and sufferings which we are facing in the present days.

Khur Hsen.

17th

June 2009.

Note:

Muang, Mong, Moeng or Maing.

A Princedom consisted of a domain and its ruler was called a Mong or Maing

in Shan. During the British spelled it Mong, while the Thai spelled it Muang,

both for the same meaning. Maung is a Burmese title for a mans name like

Mister or Mr. in English.

Myosa Myanmar title for the ruler of town.


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Shan and Ava.

As a middle school student, we had learned about the Pinya era, The Sagaing Era, the Ava

Era which was known as The Period of the Three Shan Brothers or The Shan Period. In

nowadays, some claimed that there was no Shan Period at all. Only some kings during theFirst and Last Ava Periods were Shans or of Shan descendent. They emphasized on Hso Harn

Fah, the son of Saopha of Muang Yang Sao Luang and branded him as a tyrant and the

most evil throughout the entire Burmese History.

The detail of the dynasty was described to make sure whether the kings of Pinya, Sagaing and

Ava were Shans or not. By studying their line of heritage, it could shed a light on these

periods and the reason for the Shan Saophas to ask for King Naresuans help in restoring the

throne of Ava.

The reference of these dynasties was the works of a Burmese researcher, a literacy award

winner in 1963, during the time when Burma Revolutionary council was annihilating theShan Saophas.

1

In the ancient Burmese History, It described about the dynasties into several periods or eras,

as The First TaGong Period, The Second TaGong Period, Tha-re-khitra Period (Srikhetra),

The Pagan Period, The Ava Period, The Taungoo Period, Hongsawadi Period, Nyaung Yan

Period, Kong Baung Period and so on. And also in old Burmese saying, Burmese started from

TaGong or TaGong was the cradle of the Burmese .2

TaGong was also described as TaGong was

a Shan word which means Drum Ferry.3

The First TaGong Period was founded by King Abirazar, with 33 kings in its dynasty. During

the reign of the last King Bainaka, The city was attacked and sacked by the Chinese. The kingfled with his men, across the river Irrawaddy, but he died at Ma-lae Chong. His men split into

3 separate groups and one of which lead by the kings younger brother Bainakarit went east

and found the City of Muang Mao.4

After the collapse of Tha-re-khitra (Srikhitra), Tha-muak-darit gathered 19 villages and found

the city of Pagan. The dense forest around the newly founded city harbored wild beasts, the

boars, the tigers, giant birds and giant gliders (flying squirrels) which destroyed the crops and

harmed the people. Giant birds were said to be large enough to peck and eat a whole adult

human being.

For 12 years, the people of Pagan were harassed by these wild beasts and at last a young heroappeared and destroyed these wild beasts. His name was Pyu-Saw-Hti or Pyu Sao Hti in

Shan, which meant The ruler of the Pyu (Hti means the most highest which could be a king/

prince/ sole leader).5

The king was very satisfied, where he married Pyu-Sao-Hti to his daughter and made his heir-

apparent. After the king had died, Pyu-Sao-Hti invited his mentor, a hermit to ascend the

throne. This king was known as Ya-thae-kyawng or the Hermit King.6

__________________________________________________________________1. Khur Hsen note:

2. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 20

3. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 234. Shan States Mirror (Award winner in national literature in 1963) By Director Saya Myint. Pg. 5

5. Myanmar Yarsawunagin. By U Poe Kyar. Published 1936. Pg. 14-16



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Since then Pagan flourished and ruled consecutively and during the time of the 42nd king of thedynasty King Anawratha(1044-77), the daughter of the Saopha of Muang Mao Luang Sao Nang Moan

Lar (Saw Moon Hla in Burmese) became his Queen. It was a tradition to provide attendants and

followers for a bride to serve in her new home.

Since that time Shan artisans and farmers who had followed with the queen settled around Pagan.

Since they had the advance knowledge in irrigation, they soon gained control on most of the best

cultivatable land and they had much influence in the court of Pagan: as the Shan proverb goes The

riches are influential and those who had rice (provision) in hand are the lords .1

By the reign of the 52nd

King of Pagan dynasty King Narathihapate (Tayok Pyae Min 1255-1287),

the Shan had become influential ministers in the Court of Pagan. One of the most prominent Shan

minister was Thing-Kha-Bo in Burmese (Hseng Kham Pan in Shan = Sqc]Km];pn];) 2, a royal ShanPrince who had a dispute with his brother Thing-Kha-O, fled to Myin Saing where he married

with a rich woman and bore three sons and a daughter. The three sons served in the Court of

King Narathihapate.3

For their good service, Athingkaya (Ai Hseng Hkai in Shan-Aa}:Sqc]K},), the first son was

appointed as the governor of Myin Saing; RazaThingyan (Yi Hseng Kam-yI:Sqc]km],),the middleson was appointed as governor of Mekhara (Makhaya), and the youngest son Thihathu (Hsam

Hseng Hsai-Sam]Sqc]S]C) was appointed as the Governor of Pinle.2

The daughter was married to Thihathu (or) Kala Kya Min, the Governor of Pye (Prome), who

was also the son ofKing Narathihapate

.Athingkaya, RazaThingyan

andThihathu

were famous inthe Burmese history as The Three Shan Brothers.2

The three Shan brothers grew stronger enough to oust the King of Pagan Kyaw Swa (1286-

1299). After which the three brothers ruled alongside in their respected areas.

Min Saw Oo the wife of the deposed King Kyaw Swa was married and became the queen of

Thihathu the Governor of Pinle. She was in three month pregnancy in the time of their

marriage.

The three ruled as the governors for 5 years until the middle man, Razathingyan of Mekhara

died. In 1310, Athingkaya of Myin Saing was poisoned to death by Thihathu, his youngest

brother.4

Thihathu, the third son, then mustered all his brothers men, together with his men from Pinle,

moved to reside in Myin Saing. In 1312 Thihathu founded Pinya in the name ofWizayaPura.3

________________________________________________________________________________________

1. The origin of Tai and a brief History of Shan States. By Khur Hsen, published 1996.2. Hsur Khan Fa. By Khun Hsai Jai Yean. published 9.9.1994 Pg 11-13

3. Shan States Mirror Shan States Mirror. By Director Saya Myint. Pg. 5-74. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 56


24/32


Pinya Dynasty.

AD (1312-1365)

There were 6 kings in line.

1. Thihathu AD (1312-1322).

Pinya (Pangya in Shan) was founded by Thihathu the youngest brother of Three Shan

Brothers. He got a white elephant and was known as Ta-see-shin Thihathu (The king of one

white elephant). His Queen Min Saw Oo, who was already pregnant before their marriage

gave birth to Uzana. With Thihathu she also gave birth to Kyaw Swa and Nawratha. The

queen of the north palace, who was also the late wife of Athingkaya of Myin Saing, gave

birth to Athingkaya Saw Yun (later founded Sagaing) She also had a son Taraphya with her

late husband (Athingkaya).

2. Uzana (1312-1342)

He was the son of Thihathu and Min Saw Oo. He was known for his donation of the 7

monasteries. In 1342 he abdicated and made his younger brother Kyaw Swa the king of

Pinya.

3. Kyaw Swa (1342-1350).

Son of Thihathu (Shan Brothers) and Min Saw Oo. For owning five white elephants he

was known as Ngar-See-Shin Kyaw Swa (King of the five white elephants). He gave

Nawratha, his younger brother the town of Pinle. As their relation ran sour, Nawrathawent to reside with MinYeGyi of Sagaing who gave him the town of Kanni. He was later

known as Nawratha of Kanni. Five elephants Kyaw Swa had three sons namely-Chethein

Uzana Pyong (Uzana Pyong the lame), Kyaw Swa and Narathu. Kyaw Swa died after reigning

for 8 years.

4. Kyaw Swa (1350-1359)He was the second son of Nga-See-Shin Kyaw Swa and known as Lay-see shin because

during his reign only four white elephants were left in his possession.

5. Narathu (1359-1364)He was the youngest son of Nga-See-Shin Kyaw Swa and was also known as Maw-par

Narathu because he was ousted and deported to their capital by the Mao Shans.

6. Uzana Pyaung (1364- ).He was the eldest son of Nga-See-Shin Kyaw Swa. He was assassinated by Thadoe Min

Phya and thus the dynasty of Pinya came to an end.1

__________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Shan States Mirror (1963-Award winner in national literature) by Director Saya Myint. Pg 7-8.


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Sagaing Dynasty

(AD 1315-1363).

In 1315 Athingkaya Saw Yun, son ofThihathu (Shan Brothers), founded Sagaing (Sae Keing in Shanmeaning tamarind town), to show his discontent against his own father on the role in poisoningAthingkaya, his uncle.

There were 7 kings in line.

1. Athingkaya Saw Yun (1315-1322), son of Ta-see-shin Thihathu (Shan Brothers) of Pinya

and the queen of north palace.

2. Taraphya Gyi (1322-1336), son of the north palace queen of Ta-see-shin Thihathu and

Athingkaya of Myin Saing.

3. Shwe Tong Tet (1336-1339), son of Taraphya Gyi, who deposed his own father to become

a king, but was assassinated by attendants of his own father.

4. Kya Swa (1339-1349), son of Athingkaya Saw Yun and grandson of Ta-see-shin Thihathu

(Shan Brothers) of Pinya.

5. Shin-byu-shin Nawratha Min Ye (1349), younger brother of Kya Swa, grandson of Ta-see-

shin Thihathu (Shan Brothers) of Pinya.

6. Shin-byu-shin Taraphya (1349-1352), brother of Shin-byu-shin Nawratha Minye and

grandson ofTa-see-shin Thihathu (Shan Brothers) of Pinya.

7. Min Pyok (1352-1364), son in law of Athingkaya Saw Yun, was married to Soe Min

Godawgyi, who was the daughter of Athingkaya Saw Yun (son of Thihathu, Shan

Brothers). Soe Min Godawgyi was previously married toThadoe Sin Htein

adescendent of the Pagan Dynasty. The couple bore three children Yahula, a son, two

daughters Shin Saw Gyi and Saw Ong Ma. Thadoe Sin Htein died and Soe Min Godawgyi

then remarried with Min Pyok. Min Pyok appointed his step-son Yahula as governor

of Tagong with the name ofThadoe Min Phya.1

___________________________________________________________________________



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The First Ava Dynasty.

(AD 1364-1421)

Four Kings in line.

1. Thadoe Min Phya ( Yahula ) (1364-1367), son of Thadoe Sin Htein and Soe Min Godawgyi and

grand son of Thihathu (Shan Brother). He assassinated his step-father to become a

king. He founded Ava in 1364.

2. Min Gyi Swa Saw Ke (1367-1400), son of Min Shin Saw who was a son of Kyaw Swa, the

deposed Pagan King and Shin Myat Hla a daughter of the youngest sister of the Three

Shan Brothers. Min Gyi Swa Saw Ke married his son Min Swe to Shin Mi Nok (Sao Swe

Kheksw]:SBv],Kqk];) as the north palace queen, who was the daughter of Saopha ofMuang Mao Hso Ngarm Fah (SiBw]cam],fL.).

3. Shin Byu Shin Taraphya (1400-1401), son of Min Gyi Swa Sawke. He was assassinated by

Nga Nok San, his attendants after reigning for 7 months

4. Min Khong the First (1401-1421), young name called Min Swe, son of Min Gyi Swa Sawke,

ascended the throne with the name of Min Khong I with Shin Mi Nok (Sao Swe Kheik) he

had 4 children, Minye Kyaw Swa (son), The Rakhine Queen (daughter). Thihathu (son)and Mintha Nyo (son). He also had another prominent wife, Shin Bo Mae, the south

palace queen. Shin Mi Nok died of illness after giving birth to her last child.

During the reign of Min Khong, in the year of 1403, the Saopha of HsiPaw Hso Kong

Fah (SiBw]kWc]:fL.) invaded, until they reached a place called Htun Tong Putet. Advicedby Seetapyit and Wunzin Minyaza, his two trusted ministers, Min Khong married his

niece Min Sanda to Hso Kong Fah the Saopha of Hsipaw and made relatives.

In 1405, Min Khong again married his other niece, daughter of Razathu, the governorof TayokMyo to the Saopha of Yawnghwe. Since then the Shan Saophas called the

Kings of Ava as uncles.

Hso Kong Fah (HsiPaw) died in 1423 and his son with Min Sanda, Hso Wai Fah was

still too young to govern the State. The Shan ministers invited Loi Hsarm

Fah(lW}Sam]fL.), brother of Hso Kong Fah who was then resided in Muang Mit, to marrywith Min Sanda and ascended the throne of HsiPaw.

1

_____________________________________________________________________________________



27/32


The Second Ava Dynasty

(AD 1421-1468)

The second Ava dynasty was consisted of 6 kings.

1. Sinbyushin Thihathu (1421-1425). Son of Min Khong and Shin Mi Nok (Shan Princess).

He made Shin Bo Me his queen, who was the wife of his father. He died of an arrow,

wounded in the battle of Aung Pinle, fighting with the Saopha of Hsipaw. Believers

claimed that he became Aung Pinle Shinbyushin Nat, number 27th

of the 37 outer Nats

or Guardian Spirits.

2. Min Hla Nge, (1425-), son of Shinbyushin Thihathu(Son of Min Khong & Shan Princess).

Ascending the throne at the age of 9 yeas old. After ascending the throne for 3

months, he was poisoned to death by Shin Bo Me.

3. Kalay Kyae Tong Nyo (1425-1426), son ofShin Byu Shin Taraphya (Son of Min Khong). He

was beloved and support by Shin Bo Me to acquire the throne. On hearing Monyhin

Min approaching with his troops, he fled to Rakhine (Arakan), but died on the way.

Shin Bo Me went into lone seclusion at the Shwe Setdaw Pagoda, but was summonedby Monhyin Mintra to become his queen.

4. Monyhin Mintra (1426-1439). He was the great grandson of Ngar-see-shin Kyaw Swa (1342-

1350) of Pinya who was the son of Thihathu (Shan Brothers).

5. Minye Kyaw Swa (1439-1442), son of Min Khong the First and Queen Shin Mi Nok ( Shan

Princess).

6. Narapati (1442-1468), son ofMonyhin Mintra. Shin Bo Me had much influence at least on

five kings of this dynasty.1

___________________________________________________________________________



28/32


The Third and Last Ava Dynasty(AD 1476-1544)

1. Pye Song Min Thihathu (1476-1480).Son of Narapati (the last king of Second Ava Dynasty), during his reign, gems were first

excavated from Muang Koot (Mogok in Burmese) and MuangMit (Momeik in Burmese).

2. Min Khong the Second (1480-1501). Son ofPye Song Min Thihathu.

3. ShweNanKyawShin Narapati (1501-1526).

A son of Min Khong the Second. Even the nobles were not loyal to him. Khun Muang of

Hsipaw (Khun Maing Nge in Burmese), was the only ally, who was still loyal and provided

full military assistance in time of needs.

He was attacked by the combine forces of Sao Luang of Muang Yang (Monyhin Salong in

Burmese) and Thadoe Min Saw of Pye (Prome). Khung Muang of HsiPaw marched with fullforce in support, but on reaching Wet Wun, he was reported that Narapati had fall in battle.

So, he cut short and returned to Hsipaw. Sao Luang then established his son Hso Han Fah as

the King of Ava.

4. Hso Han Pha (1526-1542) (Tho Han Bwa in Burmese).

A son of Sao Luang Muang Yang (Monyhin Sa-long in Burmese). He was assassinated by

Mingyi-Yannaung, a Burmese minister in his court.

5. Sao Khun Muang (Sao Pha of Hsipaw) (AD 1542-1545).

7. Sao Hso Kaw Fah (a) SaoPhae (a) Mobye Narapati- (AD 1545-1551)

He was the son of Sao Khun Muang of Hsipaw.

7. SithuKyawHtin (Sagaing) (1551-1555), who was conquered by King Bayint Naung.

The kings of the Shan descendents came to an end. The following kings came from Taungoo and

Hongsawadi.

8. Thadoe Min Saw (1555-1583), brother & son in law of Bayint Naung

9. Min LetYa (1583-, son of TabinShweHti

10. MinYe Kyaw Swa , son of Nanda Bayin

11. Minye Nanda Meik (King Nyaung Yan) (AD 1594-1602) the youngest son of Bayint Naung,

Who founded the Nyaung Yan Dynasty.

12. Mahadhama Raza- AnokPhetLun Mintra (AD1605-1628).

Son of Nyaung Yan. Previously known as Maha Uparazar Thakin Lat.

After the fall of Pagan, Shan kings ruled the area now known as central upper Burma for nearly 3

centuries. During this period, Shan Kings had ties with other Shan rulers in the highlands and other

areas (now Shan State, Kachin State, and Sagaing Division). Inter-marriages strengthen their ties

especially for military issues.1

___________________________________________________________________________

1. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 54-70).


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Bayint Naungs War on Ava, Shan, Siam.

Bayint Naungs war on Ava.

1527-1543, during the third Ava dynasty, there was a time when Ava was reigned by Hso Han Fah

(SiBw]han]fL. - Tho Han Bwa in Burmese), the son of Saopha Muang Yang Sao Luang (sw]:lBc] -Monyhin Salong in Burmese) who attacked Ava and replaced the former king with his son. In 1543

Hso Han Fah was assassinated by Minggyi Yan Naung, a Burmese Minister who then invited the

Saopha of HsiPaw Sao Khun Muang (sw]:Kbn]miBc]; - Khun Maing Nge in Burmese) to ascend the Avathrone. Mingyi Yan Naung himself entered into religious life and became a monk in the Madra

monastery.1

According to the old tradition in Burma, He who killed a king can himself become a king but

Mingyi Yan Naung was different. He probably knew well that he or another Burmese was not strong

enough to repulse the Shans, which is why he had invited Sao Khun Muang to take the throne instead.

The Pinya, Sagaing and Ava periods were dominated by the Shans or of their descendents. The mostpowerful Shan States of those period were Kart Lua (Kale in Burmese); Muang Yang; Muang Gong;

Ohn Bong or HsiPaw and Yawnghwe.

At the same time Pyee and Taungoo were ruled by Burmese kings. Therefore, in times of war, Ava

could not expect support but only threat from these two kingdoms.2

In 1545 Sao Khun Muang (sw]:Kbn]miBc];), the King of Ava died. He left 4 sons, the eldest of whom wascalled Hso Kaw Fah (SiBw]ekL,fL.) young name Sao Phae (sw]:eP,), who at that time was the Saophaof Muang Pai. He was invited by the ministers of the Ava court to ascend the throne with the name of

Mobye Narapati. Once he became the King of Ava, Mobye Narapati removed the Shan queens andministers from the court and replaced them with Burmese queens and ministers. He even severed ties

with other Shan Saophas.

In 1549 Sagaing Sithu Kyaw Htin attacked Ava. Mobye Narapati the King asked for support from Hsi

Paw, who was then ruled by his nephew Hso Paw Fah (SiBw]epL,fL.). Hso Paw Fah refused to sendhelp saying, Uncle, in times of prosperity and happiness you have kicked out and forgotten your

relatives. And yet in a time of war you have asked for us. We Shans do not want to risk our precious

lives for the selfish king, who has forgotten his own relatives.2

In 1551, beaten by 1549 Sagaing Sithu Kyaw Htin, King Mobye Narapati fled to Hsi Paw in search of

asylum. Rejected by his nephew, the Saopha of Hsi Paw, he was advised and guided by Pinnya Ba La(ynmAv), the Burmese minister, to seek help from Bayint Naung, the King of Hongsawadi and asked

for help to restore the Ava throne.3

Sagaing Sithu Kyaw Htin ascended the Ava throne. He maintained good relation and ties with the

Shan Saophas, as in former days. In 1553 King Bayint Naung marched to Ava with his sons and

brothers in command. The Shans were in full force to back Ava, and on seeing that Ava was too

powerful, Bayint Naung withdrew to Hongsawadi.

In 1554 the Myosa of Thandwe (Sandoway) from Arakan swore allegiance to Bayint Naung and

Hongsawadi grew stronger than before.4

________________________________________________________________________22. Harveys outline of Burmese History 1925. Published by Longmans Green & Co, Ltd. Pg 11723. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg/ 74

24. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). By Kyaungtakar Myowun Loilong U Mu in 1945. Pg. 68-70



30/32


Bayint Naungs war on Shan and Siam.

After Shan troops withdrew from Ava, Bayint Naung launched a two prong attacks on Ava in 1555.

The right prong, consisted of land forces marched through Taungoo and the left proceeded by boat via

the Irrawaddy River. Ava fell before Shan troops could return. Sithu Kyaw Htin fled in disguise butwas captured at Madra.

From Ava, Bayint Naung marched north and captured Myedu, Depaeyin, Badon and Sipoktara, then

under the Shans. After establishing strong garrisons to defend against the threat of the Shans, Bayint

Naung returned to Hongsawadi. He appointed Minye Kyaw Htin, one of his younger brothers, as the

viceroy of Ava with the name of Thadoe Min Saw. Later married to his daughter, Bayint Naung

became the father-in-law as well as the brother of the Ava King.1

After capturing Ava, Bayint Naung conquered Som Hsai (Sbm],Sa},) and Hsi Paw. 2 In 1556 when BayintNaung attacked Muang Mit, he met strong resistance. Hso Hip Fah (SiBw]hip],fL.), the Saopha of Muang

Mit together with his younger brother Hso Hsong Fah (SiBw]SWc],fL.), the viceroy of Sinkgu, foughtfiercely at Sinkgu. But the field at Sinkgu was not favorable and they tried to stand at Sampanago butwere not so successful.

Finally, together with his brothers, sons and nobles, Hso Hip Fah and Hso Hsong Fah managed to

field 50 war elephants, 2,000 horses and 40,000 men at the battle of Ton Hong, in which Bayint

Naungs troops had to retreat in disarray.

The victorious Muang Mit troops followed in hot pursuit but were repulsed by stronger and fresh

reinforcement. Muang Mit gave the fierce last stand near its capital town, in a village now called Man

Sak (wan]:Sk];). The death toll for the attackers was so high that even in present days it is known asPang Man Dai (

pac],man]:ta}), or field of the dead Burmese.

Later with more troops and arms, Bayint Naung entered the field against Muang Mit, intensifying the

battle. On seeing how many of his men had been killed and were being killed, the Saopha was very

sorry and fled to the Shan Saophas area in China. The Burmese History of the crystal palace (Marn

Naan Yarsawun) mentioned that the Saopha was captured. Bayint Naung then appointed Hso Hsong

Fah (SiBw]SWc],fL.), the Myosa of Muang Long, as the Saopha of Muang Mit. 2, 3

The two powerful Shan Kingdoms of Muang Gong (Mogaung) and Muang Yang (Monyhin) were

then conquered by Bayint Naung in July 1556.4

In 1558, Muang Nai(miBc];na};), Yawnghwe(yWc]hBv]:), Muang Pai(miBc];pa};), Samka (sam]kL;) and NawngMon(nWc]mWn]) were also defeated. After Muang Nai was captured, Bayint Naung crossed the NamKhong River (Salween) at Ta Hsaang(tL:Sac];)(a)Ta Sarng(tL:sac].- Elephant Ferry) to attack ChiangMai. The city was captured with its King. Once he had sworn loyalty to Bayint Naung, the King of

ChiangMai was left to rule his own domain, leaving a Burmese detachment to ensure his loyalty.

ChiangMai artisans were sent to settle in Hongsawadi. It was the first time that the Burmese acquired

the technique of making lacquer ware. In Burmese, lacquer ware was called Yun Hte (,Gef;xnf) or

utensils of the Yuan.5

___________________________________________________________________________1. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 95.

2. Mo Meik Rasawundawgyi By U KheMingda 1948 Pg 130-131.

3. Shan Mart Than by Dr. Than Htun, Professor, History Department, Art & Science University, Mandalay.

Pg 99-100.4. History of Burma by Sir Arthur Phayre Pg 117

5. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 8 Pg 310


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However, Kham Pak Fah (Km];pak],fL.) the Saopha of Hsenwi, was not content with the newking Thadoe Min Saw, and in 1559 marched to attack Ava with his son Sao Kham Kieo

(sw]:Km];kqw]:) who was later called Kham Kai Noi.1

On his return from ChiangMai, Bayint Naung reinforced his army and marched to help Ava

and Hsenwi lost the battle in 1561.

In 1559, Bayint Nuang attacked the areas of Kale and Min Khinn. The king ofKathe (Manipur)

entered his daughter in a marriage alliance, and swore loyalty to Bayint Naung.2

It was required that a subjugated chief of a city or town give his daughter to the

conqueror. Sons and brothers must also be sent to attend the court. By using them as

hostages, the king could ensure the loyalty of the vassal states and checked them from

rebellion. Annually, the chiefs of every vassal state visited the capital, providing the king

with gifts from their lands to make sure that they were still loyal to him. In times of warthese vassal states provided troops, arms, and beasts of war, such as elephants and horses,

for the kings service. Otherwise, they were free to reign their own domain.3

In 1562, Muang Mao, Se Khwang, Ho Hsa, Naa Hsa, Muang Na, and Santa the town now on the

China-Burma border were subjugated.2

Before Bayint Naungs invasion, this region was known as the (12) Shan Kingdoms. Bayint

Naung rearranged the division by using the Nam Mao (Shweli River) as the boundary. The

north of the river was called The 9 Mao States( maw];kw]:miBc];), which consisted of Muang Mao,Muang Wan, Muang La, Santa, Muang Men, Ho Hsa, Naa Hsa, Se Khwang,

andMuang Khwan

.

The southern bank was called The 9 Shan States( miBc];t};kw]:h};ehL), which consisted of theMuang Gong, Muang Yang, Song Sop, HsenWi, Hsi Paw, Muang Mit, Yawnghwe, Mong Pai and

Muang Nai States.4

In 1563 Bayint Naung launched his first attack on Siam. He asked the King of Siam to give

him 1 of the 4 white elephants in Burmese history (U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Pg 96) and in

the Thai History (Our War With The Burmese by Prince Damrong Rajanubhab Pg 30) said, 2 out of 7

white elephants, When the King of Siam refused, Bayint Naung attacked the capital,

dethroning the King, and replaced him with Phra Mahin (Bya Mahein in Burmese), a son of

the displaced king of Siam.

The former King, Chakaphat (Bya Thadiyaza in Burmese), his younger son Ramesuan (Bya

Mathon in Burmese), his ministers Ouk Phya Chakri (Byeiksaki in Burmese) and the four

white elephants were sent back to Hongsawadi. Siamese families of cooks, musicians,

artisans as well as other skilled craftsmen were also sent to resettle in Hongsawadi. As a

vassal, Siam was to send an annual tribute of 30 war elephants and 300 visses in silver. A tax

from the seaport of Taninthayi (Tanoungsi) was also to be given.3

(1 viss = 3.6 lbs or 2.2 Kg).

__________________________________________________________________________

1. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, (Hand script). By Nadar His Ha Muang Nawng. 1987 Pg. 51-52

2. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. VIII. Pg 310

3. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 964. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 11 Pg 388


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As the situation in Siam, ChiangMai (Zinme in Burmese) and LanChang (LinZin in Burmese) were in

rebellion, and Bayint Naung had to march repeatedly in the years of 1564, 1565, 1568, 1569, 1570,

1574, 1575, and 1579.1

In 1565, when King Bayint Naung was still in Chiang Mai, prisoners from the Shan land, which KingBayint Naung had captured during various campaigns, revolted and burned the palace and

monasteries in Hongsawadi. Furiously, King Bayint Naung went back and crushed the rebellion.2

In 1568 King Bayint Naung had to wage war on Siam. The captive King of Siam, who had been

ordained to live as a monk, requested permission for a pilgrimage to Ayudhya. On reaching the

capital, he changed to a layman and join with his son, who was then the King of Siam, to revolt.

The revolt was reported to King Bayint Naung by Phra Pitsanulok MahaDhamaraza. Phra Pitsnulok

was then instructed to return to Pitsanulok, with a detachment to prepare provisions and supplies in

advance for the main army of Hongsawadi.

In 1569, Bayint Naung marched to Siam. The capital was on siege for ten months, but still showed no

signs that it would surrender. By using tricks and cunning Bayint Naung used Phya Chakri (Ouk

Byeiksaki in Burmese) who had been captured during the first war, as a decoy.

He was seem to escape in chains from the Burmese, the next day the Burmese chief of guards was

beheaded and his head displayed on a stake in front of the citys west gate. Betrayed and sabotaged by

Phya Chakri, Ayudhya fall to Bayint Naung for the second time. King Phra Mahin was captured and

sent back to Hongsawadi, but he died of illness along the way.

Phra Pitsanulok MahaDhamaraza was made King of Ayudhya. For their role in supporting Ayudhya

during the battle, Bayint Naung marched to Lanchang. The city was captured but the king escaped, so

Bayint Naung returned to Hongsawadi in 1570.

3

In 1571, a year after Bayint Naung returned from Siam, Muang Yang and Muang Gong revolted, but

was suppressed with less difficulty.

In 1574, by refusing to join the campaign on LanChang, Muang Gong and Muang Yang openly

revolted. Bayint Naung had to proceed from Maingzan (Muang Saang) on the bank of Mekong to Ava

and then subdued the rebellious Saophas.

The Saopha of Muang Yang was killed in battle and the Saopha of Muang Gong fled north, where

there was only snow for water, with royal troops in hot pursuit. He was not captured and the King

recalled his royal troops and returned to Hongsawadi.

But later, the young Saopha of Muang Gong was procured by some of his own officers, and was

ungenerously exhibited in fetters of gold at one of the city gates. Many of his officers were cruelly

sold as slaves to foreign merchants, who carried them beyond the sea.4, 5

___________________________________________________________________________

1. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg 97

2. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. VIII. Pg 310-311

3. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg 98.

4. History of Burma by Sir Arthur Phayre. Pg 117

5. History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan. By Neil Elias pg-43.

15jul10 king naresuan

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