American Civil War

Causes & Effects

Missouri Compromise (1820)Missouri Compromise (1820)

Slave & Free States are even in number Missouri enters as slave state, Maine as free Creates a line prohibiting slavery south of the

36 ' 30 line Results:

- Creates divide between N. & S.- National govt. has jurisdiction over expansion of slavery

Northwest Ordinance (1785)Northwest Ordinance (1785)

Created a method of achieving statehood in the Northwest territory

Law created under A.O.C. Prohibited slavery in Northwest Territory and all

states created from it

Results: Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana are free states

Slave Trade Compromise (1787)Slave Trade Compromise (1787)

Raised the taxes/tariffs on Southern exports Attempt by north to end slave trade Compromise :

1. Agreed to reduce the tariffs on exports

2. Fugitive Slave Clause

3. Slave trade would end in 20 years

3/5 Compromise (1787)3/5 Compromise (1787)

Southern states wanted more Representatives in Congress

Wanted to count slaves as population Counted 3/5 of each slave for representation Paid 3/5 taxes on each slave

Result: Raises questionsabout the morality/legalityof slavery

Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin (1793)Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin (1793)

Cotton gin invented, quickly produces cotton Mass produces cotton shirts, sales soar South argues they need slaves more than ever

to support new demand for cotton North argues most work

should now be done in factories, not by slaves

Missouri Compromise (1820)Missouri Compromise (1820)

Slave & Free States are even in number Missouri enters as slave state, Maine as free Creates a line prohibiting slavery south of the

36 ' 30 line Results:

- Creates divide between N. & S.- National govt. has jurisdiction over expansion of slavery

Jackson & Nullification (1832)Jackson & Nullification (1832)

Nullification: states can refuse to enforce or comply to laws that they view as unconstitutional

S. Carolina refuses to pay tariffs imposed by Jackson, claims they are unconstitutional (targets Southern states)

Result: - Compromise Tariff of 1833

Jackson & Nullification (1832)Jackson & Nullification (1832)

Nullification: states can refuse to enforce or comply to laws that they view as unconstitutional

S. Carolina refuses to pay tariffs imposed by Jackson, claims they are unconstitutional (targets Southern states)

Result: - Compromise Tariff of 1833

Compromise Tariff of 1833Compromise Tariff of 1833

Southern states agree to pay higher tariffs Jackson declares nullification as an act

of rebellion National govt. gets authority

to use military to forcecompliance with national laws

“Martial Law”

Annexation of Texas (1836)Annexation of Texas (1836)

Texas becomes a “Lone Star Republic” Tries to achieve statehood Denied (too many slave states) Accepted as a new state via joint resolution N. views this as sneaky,

unfair, “barely legal” Leads to increased

tension between N. & S. (S. now has more power in Senate)

Mexican War & Treaty of Mexican War & Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

US wins lands in southwest part of continent (present states of N. Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Colorado)

Increases chances that there will be more slave states in US

Expansion of slavery? Who controls this? States or national govt?

Can you deny statehood based on whether or not it is a free or slave state?

Fugitive Slave Act (1850)Fugitive Slave Act (1850)

Slaves can not become free by escaping to free states or territories

All runaway slaves must be returned to the state in which they escape

Reinforces “State Extradition” requirement in Article 4, Section 3 of Constitution

Increases tensions between N. & S. Leads to creation of several Underground

Railroad networks Many free blacks in N. captured and sold in S.

““King Cotton” Argument (1850)King Cotton” Argument (1850)

Cotton is “crowned” as the supreme industry in the South & the US

Southern states and US depend on cotton industry for economic survival

Emancipation of slaves would severely hurt US economy andweaken military

Issue of national security?

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Raises the line of the Missouri Compromise to increase areas of slave states

Slavery (again): state or national issue? Same questions arise as Missouri Compromise,

but debate increases because it favors South Leads to “Bleeding Kansas”

““Bleeding Kansas” (1854-1860)Bleeding Kansas” (1854-1860)

Fight over Kansas as a free state Use of violence and voter fraud to achieve

goals Kansas eventually becomes a free state

Results:

- Who is a state resident?

- Should popular sovereignty be the deciding factor on theissue of slavery?

Ostend Manifesto (1854)Ostend Manifesto (1854)

• A document describing the US reasons for taking over Cuba (become 34th state)

• Should either purchase from Spain or take over by force

• S. argues this is an issue of national security

• N. argues S. just wants to expand slavery

Slave Power Conspiracy (1854)Slave Power Conspiracy (1854)

• Slavery was economically inefficient

• Created a powerful slaveholding class in S.

• These S. plantation owners used their power, slaves, and property to get political power and control the govt.

• Examples: - Annexation of Texas- Ostend Manifesto- Kansas/Nebraska

Slave Power Conspiracy (1854)Slave Power Conspiracy (1854)

• Slavery was economically inefficient

• Created a powerful slaveholding class in S.

• These S. plantation owners used their power, slaves, and property to get political power and control the govt.

• Examples: - Annexation of Texas- Ostend Manifesto- “Bleeding Kansas”

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

• Supreme Court case over freedom of African slaves in free territories

• Scott sues for his freedom

• Court denies Scott's request

• Landmark ruling declares Scott can not obtain freedom because “AfricanAmericans are not citizens”and thus not entitled to citizen's rights

Lincoln/Douglas Debates (1858)Lincoln/Douglas Debates (1858)

• Debates cover topics such as popular sovereignty, Kansas-Nebraska Act, slavery, and nullification

• Lincoln and Douglas are both pro-Union

• Lincoln is more aggressive (use force to make S. remain part of Union)

• Douglas is more passive, allowing expansion of slavery so long as Union remains

John Brown & Harper's Ferry (1859)John Brown & Harper's Ferry (1859)

• John Brown: abolitionist who believes in using force to obtain freedom of slaves

• Believes God spoke to him

• Seizes federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, VA to arm slaves for rebellion

• Captured and hanged; becomes a martyr

• S. states view Brown as a “violent” threat by N. towards S. states

Election of Abraham Lincoln (1860)Election of Abraham Lincoln (1860)

• Lincoln represents Northern ideals and politics

• S. states outraged, slowly begin to declare secession

• S. views secession as a constitutional right

• N. (Lincoln) views secession as an act of treason; free slaves as military measure

• Lowest % of popularvote EVER to becomepresident (37%)