Applied Ecology, Forest Pathogens

Mike Jeger & Marco Pautasso* 23 Nov 2009

*marpauta at gmail.com

1. Phytophthora ramorum2. P. cinnamomi3. P. alni4. Armillaria spp5. Heterobasidion spp6. Cronartium ribicola7. Ophiostoma spp

Source: Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California at Riverside

Sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum)

Source: SOD Mapper (red: confirmed; orange: to be confirmed)

Sudden Oak Death in California (Oct 2009)

Source: www.suddenoakdeath.org

Phytophthora ramorum in Northern California

from: Rizzo et al. (2005) Annual Reviews of Phytopathology, Photo: Clive Brasier

Phytophthora ramorum eradication in Oregon

Spatial scale and Sudden Oak Death

from: Condeso & Meentemeyer (2007) Journal of Ecology and: Mascheretti et al. (2008) Molecular Ecology

Source: DEFRA

Phytophthora ramorum in England & Wales

Source: Harwood et al. (2010) Ecological Modelling

Phytophthora ramorum: epidemic simulation

Jarrah forest dieback in SW Australia due to Phytophthora cinnamomi

Source: CSIRO, Australia

Jarrah Forest Dieback

(Phytopthoracinnamomi), SW Australia

Source: Department of Conservation and Land

Management, Western Australia

Phytophthora cinnamomi in

Tasmania

Source: Department of Primary Industries and

Water, Tasmania, Australia

Dieback of Alnusincana, 2004,

Southwestern Rocky Mountains

From: Worrall (2009) Plant Disease

From: Adams et al. (2008) Plant Management Network

Phytophthora surveys

in Alaska (Alnus decline)

From: Duran et al. (2008) Plant Pathology

Pinus radiatamortality associated with Phytophthora pinifolia sp. nov.,

Chile

Distribution of trees and stumps colonized by Armillaria ostoyae at a campground in Colorado

Worrall et al. (2004) Forest Ecology and Management

Distri-bution of genets of

Armillariaspp in

forests of Tessin(CH)

Prospero et al. (2003)

New Phytologist

from: Bendel et al. (2007) Mycological Research

Armillaria/Heterobasidion in the Swiss National Park

Coarse-scale population structure of pathogenic Armillaria, Blue Mountains, Oregon

Ferguson et al. (2003) Canadian Journal of Forest Research

Survey of Armillaria species in NY State

Bludgett and Worrall (1992) Plant Disease

Survey of Armillaria species in NY State

Bludgett and Worrall (1992) Plant Disease

Distribution of sites in New York State in which Armillaria was found (empty squares) and in which Armillariawas not found (black triangles)

Armillaria records in New Zealand

(A. limonea and A. novae-zelandiae)

Source: ENSIS Forest Biosecurity,

New Zealand

Distribution of Armillaria

species in Japan

Ota et al. (1998) Plant Disease

Global distribution of the Heterobasidionannosum complex (dark shaded areas)

From: Asiegbu et al. (2005) Molecular Plant Pathology

light shaded areas = H. araucariae;line drawing: H. insulare

Decay caused by Heterobasidion on the surface of an Abies sachalinensis stump (Japan)

From: Tokuda et al. (2007) Forest Pathology

Heterobasidion disease centre in a stand of Pinus sylvestris, thinned 40 years ago (Lithuania)

From: Lygis (2005) Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae

Soil risk map for Heterobasidion annosum, SE USA

Source: Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture

Tree infected by white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola)

Source: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service

Urediniospores of blister rust (Cronartiumribicola) on the lower side of a Ribes leaf

Source: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service

Source: Canadian Government, Taskforce on Invasive Species

White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) surveys

Kearns & Jacobi (2007) Canadian Journal of Forest Research

White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) surveys

Kearns & Jacobi (2007) Canadian Journal of Forest Research

Surveys of Ribes, alternate host of Cronartium ribicola

Kearns et al. (2008) Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society

A conceptual model of the interactions of whitebark pine at the treeline with blister rust

Tomback and Resler (2007) Physical Geography

Lifecycle of Dutch Elm Disease

From: Agrios (1988) Plant Pathology. 3rd ed.

China as the origin

of Dutch Elm Disease?

Brasier (1990) Plant Pathology

Quantitative epidemiology of Dutch Elm Disease

Gibbs (1978) Annual Review of Phytopathology

Distribution of subspp novo-ulmi and americana

Brasier & Kirk (2001) Mycological Research

Damage due to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in Spain

Source: Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de MediAmbient, Aigua, Urbanisme i Habitage

Damage due to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in Denmark

Source: Biopix, Denmark

Healthy elm trees in Princeton, New Jersey

Planted in the 1930's, these elm trees in Princeton, N.J., have not succumbed to Dutch elm disease. Source: NYTimes (2004)

ReferencesDehnen-Schmutz K, Holdenrieder O, Jeger MJ & Pautasso M (2010) Structural change in the international horticultural industry: some implications for plant health. Scientia Horticulturae 125: 1-15Harwood TD, Xu XM, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ & Shaw M (2009) Epidemiological risk assessment using linked network and grid based modelling: Phytophthora ramorum and P. kernoviae in the UK. Ecological Modelling 220: 3353-3361 Holdenrieder O, Pautasso M, Weisberg PJ & Lonsdale D (2004) Tree diseases and landscape processes: the challenge of landscape pathology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19, 8: 446-452Jeger MJ & Pautasso M (2008) Comparative epidemiology of zoosporic plant pathogens. European Journal of Plant Pathology 122: 111-126Lonsdale D, Pautasso M & Holdenrieder O (2008) Wood-decaying fungi in the forest: conservation needs and management options. European Journal of Forest Research 127: 1-22 MacLeod A, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ & Haines-Young R (2010) Evolution of the international regulation of plant pests and challenges for future plant health. Food Security 2: 49-70 Moslonka-Lefebvre M, Pautasso M & Jeger MJ (2009) Disease spread in small-size directed networks: epidemic threshold, correlation between links to and from nodes, and clustering. J Theor Biol 260: 402-411Moslonka-Lefebvre M, Finley A, Dorigatti I, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Harwood T, Jeger MJ, Xu XM, Holdenrieder O & Pautasso M (2011) Networks in plant epidemiology: from genes to landscapes, countries and continents. Phytopathology 101: 392-403Pautasso M (2009) Geographical genetics and the conservation of forest trees. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Systematics & Evolution 11: 157-189Pautasso M (2010) Worsening file-drawer problem in the abstracts of natural, medical and social science databases. Scientometrics 85: 193-202Pautasso M et al (2010) Plant health and global change – some implications for landscape management. Biological Reviews 85: 729-755Pautasso M, Holdenrieder O & Stenlid J (2005) Susceptibility to fungal pathogens of forests differing in tree diversity. In: Forest Diversity and Function (Scherer-Lorenzen M, Koerner Ch & Schulze D, eds.). Ecol. Studies Vol. 176. Springer, Berlin, pp. 263-289 Pautasso M, Moslonka-Lefebvre M & Jeger MJ (2010) The number of links to and from the starting node as a predictor of epidemic size in small-size directed networks. Ecological Complexity 7: 424-432 Pautasso M, Xu XM, Jeger MJ, Harwood T, Moslonka-Lefebvre M & Pellis L (2010) Disease spread in small-size directed trade networks: the role of hierarchical categories. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 1300-1309Xu XM, Harwood TD, Pautasso M & Jeger MJ (2009) Spatio-temporal analysis of an invasive plant pathogen (Phytophthora ramorum) in England and Wales. Ecography 32: 504-516