boxer trace back

8/4/2019 Boxer Trace Back

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History

BC

While the origins of the Boxer are obscure, it is believed to be one of many

breeds to have developed from the massive Molossian Hound, an ancient

Greek guarding, fighting, and herding dog. From Greece to Rome to Europe

and Britain, these dogs gave birth to a number of large, square-headed breeds

that assisted men in the hunt and at war.

Middle ages

During the middle ages in England, this basic stock developed into three

principle types. In Germany one Molossian type was know as the

Bullenbeisser (bull-biter).

The Bullenbeisser

The Bullenbeisser was a medium size dog, heavy built, sometimes with clipped

ears and tail. The Bullenbeisser was the only hunting dog in Germany. The

Bullenbeisser diverged into two types, known as Danzigers and Brabanters

after their areas of origin.


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The Brabanter

The Brabanters were the smaller of the two and was bred and trained to hold

in check the fierce aurochs, a wild progenitor of domestic cattle and to obtain

a grip on the nose that he held tight, pending the hunter's arrival. His

personality combining watchfulness and intelligence has remained littlechanged down to modern times and he has proven himself eminently suitable

for his modern role as a house dog and companion. An early 1800's German

writer wrote that these dogs were hunting and baiting bears, makes good

watchdogs, had short noses with black muzzles, protruding lower jaws and

was black and yellow striped in colour.

Bear Baiting

By 1800, the great hunts organized by noblemen had all but faded into

history. Brabanters moved from castles and great manors to butcher shops,

cattle farms, and theaters to ply their new trades of cattle management and

acting. His easy trainability even found him performing in the circus.

The smaller Bullenbeisser and Brabanter was of similar type as the British

Bulldog of old times, although it is believed that the German dogs were fawn

or brindle, and never any white as the British Bulldog. About 1830 the white


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colour began to appear in the Bullenbeisser's, due to imported English dogs,

especially the British Bulldog, who was crossed with the already existingGerman Bullenbeisser types.

The start of the modern Boxer

In 1887 George Muhlbahuer Alt imported a (Brabanter) Bullenbeisser bitch,

named "Flora", from France to his home in Munich, Germany. He mated her

to a local dog (Known as Boxl), which produced male called Boxer de Lechner

(Box).

This dog as inbred with its mother (Flora). This crossing gave two females

called Flora II and Alt's Schecken.

Alt's Schencken

The later crossing of an English bulldog called Tom (property of the Dr

Toenniessen) and Alt's Schecken produced a litter on the 26 of February of

1895. One of the dogs produced in this litter was "Mhlbauers Flocki", a

brindle male who was the first dog enrolled in German Stud Book of theBoxer and winner of the first exhibition of the race.

Flocki


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The other was a bitch named Blanka, also pure white as her father.

Blanca

Blanka was bred with Piccolo.

Piccolo

Blanka gave birth to a litter of puppies. One of her daughters, Meta von der

Passage became an important member of the boxer pedigree. It is thought

that nearly all boxers can be traced back to Meta.


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Meta von der Passage

The following table explains the preceding paragraphs in more detail:

Female Male Notable puppyFlora Boxl Box

Flora Box Flora2 & Schecken

Flora2 Box Lord

Schecken Tom Blanka & Flocki

Flora2 Lord Piccolo

Blanka Piccolo Meta von der Passage

In South Germany, systematic breeding of the Boxer began. Above all, efforts

were directed towards the renewed elimination of the British Bulldog blood.

Guiding principles for breeding were established which became the

foundation for the present Boxer standard. In 1895, at Munich, twenty Boxers

(a mixture of white, black, brindle and fawn) Boxers were exhibited for the

first time at a show, thus receiving official recognition as a breed.

The German Boxer Club was founded at Munich in 1896, and therewith the

perpetuation of the breed was assured. In the short space of ten years our

Boxer was among the breeds consistently having the largest entries at shows,which continues to be the case to this day.


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German Boxer Club 1896

The breed standard development started soon after the show and was

completed in 1902.

Boxers during First Show

The Boxer came to the United States in 1903 through the Stuttgarter Kennels.

The A.K.C. registered its first Boxer in 1904, before there was a nationalparent club.

Rigo von Angertor, a deep red fawn took best of breed amongst 32 boxers in

the 1906 show in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He was an outstanding

producer.

It was 1911 before the first Boxer appeared in England.

One of the earliest breeders was Fr. Friedrum Stockmann, who did a fabulous

job both in breeding and promoting the breed. Her Kennel, "van Dom",

existed from 1911 (when PLUTO v. DOM was registered) to 1974 and the

ancestor to all "van Dom dogs" were "Rolf von Vogelsberg", sold to Fr.

Stockmann at the age of three.


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Fr. Friedrum Stockmann

In 1912, the American public's attention was drawn to the Boxer breed,

thanks to the importation of the 1912 Seiger, Dampf von Dom, by the future

Governor of New York and Mrs. Herbert H. Lehman.

In 1914 Ex-Governor Herbert Lehman of New York imported from Germany

DAMPF v. DOM, a son of ROLF v. VOGELSBERG (owned by the

Stockmans).

In 1915, Dampf became the first Boxer to receive championship honors in the

United States.

Philip Stockmann (Fr. Friedrum Stockmann husband) set up the GermanBoxer training program for the German Army during World War 1.

Philip Stockmann


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Sooo, What Are You Looking For.....

Boxers make great family pets and a very loyal companion. They need a

certain amount of exercise to maintain their sanity. If you don't have a big

yard, trips to the park and weekly walks will do the job. This will keep them

in shape and control their hyper tendencies. The Boxer is a very athletic breed

so they are great for those who have an active lifestyle. They can get up to 60

to 70 lbs, and have a very muscular build. They are great with children andwould make a great addition to any family.


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General Appearance

Great mobility, smooth-coated, medium-sized, square build, strong bone and

evident, well developed muscles.

Characteristics

Lively, strong, loyal to owner and family, but distrustful of strangers.Obedient, friendly at play, but with guarding instinct.

Temperament

Equable, biddable, fearless, self-assured.

Head and Skull

Head imparts its unique individual stamp and is in proportion to body,

appearing neither light nor too heavy. Skull lean without exaggerated cheek

muscles. Muzzle broad, deep and powerful, never narrow, pointed, short or

shallow. Balance of skull and muzzle essential, with muzzle never appearing

small, viewed from any angle. Skull cleanly covered, showing no wrinkle,

except when alerted. Creases present from root of nose running down sides of

muzzle. Dark mask confined to muzzle, distinctly contrasting with colour of

head, even when white is present. Lower jaw undershot, curving slightly

upward. Upper jaw broad where attached to skull, tapering very slightly tofront. Muzzle shape completed by upper lips, thick and well padded,

supported by well separated canine teeth of lower jaw. Lower edge of upper

lip rests on edge of lower lip, so that chin is clearly perceptible when viewed

from front or side. Lower jaw never to obscure front of upper lip, neither

should teeth nor tongue be visible when mouth closed. Top of skull slightly

arched, not rounded, nor too flat and broad. Occiput not too pronounced.

Distinct stop, bridge of nose never forced back into forehead, nor should it be

downfaced. Length of muzzle measured from tip of nose to inside corner of

eye is one-third length of head measured from tip of nose to occiput. Nose

broad, black, slightly turned up, wide nostrils with well defined line between.Tip of nose set slightly higher than root of muzzle. Cheeks powerfullydeveloped, never bulging.


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Eyes

Dark brown, forward looking, not too small, protruding or deeply set.

Showing lively, intelligent expression. Dark rims with good pigmentationshowing no haw.

Ears

Moderate size, thin, set wide apart on highest part of skull lying flat and close

to cheek in repose, but falling forward with definite crease when alert.

Mouth

Undershot jaw, canines set wide apart with incisors (six) in straight line in

lower jaw. In upper jaw set in line curving slightly forward. Bite powerful and

sound, with teeth set in normal arrangement.

Neck

Round, of ample length, strong, muscular, clean cut, no dewlap. Distinctlymarked nape and elegant arch down to withers.

Forequarters

Shoulders long and sloping, close lying, not excessively covered with muscle.

Upper arm long, making right angle to shoulderblade. Forelegs seen from

front, straight, parallel, with strong bone. Elbows not too close or standing too

far from chest wall. Forearms perpendicular, long and firmly muscled.Pasterns short, clearly defined, but not distended, slightly slanted.

Body

In profile square, length from forechest to rear of upper thigh equal to height

at withers. Chest deep, reaching to elbows. Depth of chest half height at

withers. Ribs well arched, not barrel-shaped, extending well to rear. Withersclearly defined. Back short, straight, slightly sloping, broad and strongly

muscled. Loin short, well tucked up and taut. Lower abdominal line blends

into curve to rear.


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Hindquarters

Very strong with muscles hard and standing out noticeably under skin.

Thighs broad and curved. Broad croup slightly sloped, with flat, broad arch.Pelvis long and broad. Upper and lower thigh long. Good hind angulation;

when standing, the stifle is directly under the hip protuberance. Seen from

side, leg from hock joint to foot not quite vertical. Seen from behind, legsstraight, hock joints clean, with powerful rear pads.

Feet

Front feet small and cat-like, with well arched toes, and hard pads; hind feet

slightly longer.

Tail

Previously customarily docked.

Docked: Set on high and carried upward.

Undocked: Set on high and carried gaily, not curled over back. Of moderatethickness. In overall balance to the rest of dog.


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Gait/Movement

Strong, powerful with noble bearing, reaching well forward, and with driving

action of hindquarters. In profile, stride free and ground covering.

Coat

Short, glossy, smooth and tight to body.

Colour

Fawn or brindle. White markings acceptable not exceeding one-third of

ground colour.

Fawn: Various shades from dark deer red to light fawn.

Brindle: Black stripes on previously described fawn shades, running parallel

to ribs all over body. Stripes contrast distinctly to ground colour, neither too

close not too thinly dispersed. Ground colour clear, not intermingling with

stripes.

Size

Height: dogs: 57-63 cms (221/2-25 ins); bitches: 53-59 cms (21-23 ins). Weight:

dogs: approximately 30-32 kgs (66-70 lbs); bitches: approximately 25-27 kgs

(55-60 lbs).

Faults

Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the

seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact

proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.

Note

Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fully descended

into the scrotum.

As Defined By The Kennel Club 2007.


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Boxer (dog)

Developed in Germany, the Boxer is a breed of stocky, medium size, short-

haired dog. The coat is smooth and fawn, brindled, white, or even reverse

brindled with or without white markings. Boxers are brachycephalic (they

have broad, short skulls), and have a square muzzle,

mandibular prognathism (an underbite), very strong jaws and apowerful bite ideal for hanging on to large prey. The Boxer was bred from

the English Bulldog and the now extinct Bullenbeisserand is part of

the Molosser, mastiffgroup.

Boxers were first exhibited in a dog show for St. Bernards at Munich in 1895,

the first Boxer club being founded the next year. Based on 2009 American

Kennel Club statistics, Boxers are the sixth most popular breed of dog in the

United States for the third year in a rowmoving up in 2007 from the seventhspot, which they'd held since 2002

Brindle Boxers with uncropped

and croppedears

Othernames

German BoxerDeutscher Boxer

German Bullmastiff (not to

be confused with the

german mastiff, great dane)
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Country of

origin

Germany

[hide]Traits

Weight Male 6670 lb (3032 kg)

Female 5560 lb (2527 kg)

Height Male 26-31 ins. (56-63 cms.)

Female 21-25.5 ins. (53-60

cms.)

Coat short, shiny, smooth, close-lying

Color fawn or brindle, black mask,

with or without white markings

Littersize

average 6-8

Life

span

average 10 years

[show]Classification and standards

Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

Appearance

Head and body proportions.

The head is the most distinctive feature of the Boxer. The breed standard

dictates that it must be in perfect proportion to the body and above all it must
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never be too light. The greatest value is to be placed on the muzzle being of

correct form and in absolute proportion to the skull. The length of the muzzle

to the whole of the head should be a ratio of 1:49. Folds are always present

from the root of the nose running downwards on both sides of the muzzle, and

the tip of the nose should lie somewhat higher than the root of the muzzle. Inaddition a Boxer should be slightly prognathous, i.e., the lower jaw should

protrude beyond the upper jaw and bend slightly upwards in what is

commonly called an underbite or "undershot bite".

Boxers were originally a docked and cropped breed, and this tradition is still

maintained in some countries. However, due to pressure from veterinary

associations, animal rights groups and the general public, both cropping of the

ears and docking of the tail have been prohibited in many countries around

the world. There is a line of naturally short-tailed (bobtail) Boxers that wasdeveloped in the United Kingdom in anticipation of a tail docking ban

there; after several generations of controlled breeding, these dogs were

accepted in the Kennel Club (UK) registry in 1998, and today representatives

of the bobtail line can be found in many countries around the world. However,

in 2008, the FCI added a "naturally stumpy tail" as a disqualifying fault in

their breed standard, meaning those Boxers born with a bobtail are no longer

able to be shown (or, in some cases, bred) in FCI member countries. In the

United States and Canada as of 2009, cropped ears are still more common

in show dogs. In March 2005 the AKC breed standard was changed to include

a description of the uncropped ear, but to severely penalize an undocked tail.

Although a Boxer may not be as big as another breed, make no mistake, what

a Boxer may lack in size or weight, it makes up for in near unmatchable

strength.
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Coat and colors

Boxers are either fawn (middle frame) or brindle (bottom frame), with or

without white markings, which, when excessive are conventionally

called "white" Boxers (top frame).
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The Boxer is a short-haired breed, with a shiny, smooth coat that lies tight to

the body. The recognized colors are fawn and brindle, often with a white

underbelly and white on the front or all four feet. These white markings,

called flash, often extend onto the neck or face, and dogs that have these

markings are known as "flashy". "Fawn" denotes a range of color, the tonesof which may be described variously as light tan or yellow, reddish tan,

mahogany or stag/deer red, and dark honey-blonde. In the UK, fawn Boxers

are typically rich in color and are called "red". "Brindle" refers to a dog with

black stripes on a fawn background. There are no pure bred Black Boxers,

but generally a reverse brindle is mistaken as "black." The breed standards

state that the fawn background must clearly contrast with or show through

the brindling, so a dog that is too heavily brindled may be disqualified by the

breed standard.White Boxers

Boxers with white markings covering more than one-third of their coat -

conventionally called "white" Boxers - are neither albino nor rare;

approximately 2025% of all Boxers born are white. Genetically, these dogs

are either fawn or brindle, with excessive white markings overlying the base

coat color. Like fair-skinned humans, white Boxers have a higher risk of

sunburn and associated skin cancers than colored Boxers. The extreme

piebald gene, which is responsible for white markings in Boxers, is linked tocongenital sensorineural deafness in dogs. It is estimated that about 18% of

white Boxers are deaf in one or both ears, though Boxer rescue organizations

see about double that number. In the past, breeders often euthanized white

puppies at birth; today, most breeders place white puppies in pet homes with

spay/neuter agreements. White Boxers are disqualified from conformation

showing by the breed standard, and are prohibited from breeding by every

national Boxer club in the world. They can compete in non-conformation

events such as obedience and agility, and like their colored counterparts do

quite well as service and therapy dogs.

Temperament

The character of the Boxer is of the greatest importance and demands

the most solicitous attention. It is renowned from olden times for its
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great love and faithfulness to its master and household. It is harmless

in the family, but distrustful of strangers, bright and friendly of

temperament at play, but brave and determined when aroused. Its

intelligence and willing tractability, its modesty, and cleanliness make

it a highly desirable family dog and cheerful companion. It is the soul

of honesty and loyalty, and is never false or treacherous even in its old

age.

1938 AKC Boxer breed standard

Two boxers engaged in play, UK.

Boxers are a bright, energetic and playful breed and tend to be very good with

children. They are active and incredibly strong dogs and require adequate

exercise to prevent boredom-associated behaviors such as chewing, digging, or

licking. Boxers have earned a slight reputation of being "headstrong," which

can be related to inappropriate obedience training. Owing to their intelligence

and working breed characteristics, training based on corrections often has

limited usefulness. Boxers, like other animals, typically respond better

to positive reinforcement techniques such as clicker training, an approach

based on operant conditioning and behaviorism, which affords the dog an

opportunity to think independently and to problem-solve. Because of their

resistance to repetitive and punishment-based training, Stanley Coren's

survey of obedience trainers, summarized in his book The Intelligence of

Dogs, ranked Boxers at #48 - average working/obedience intelligence. Many

who have actually worked with Boxers disagree quite strongly with Coren's
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survey results, and maintain that a skilled trainer who utilizes reward-based

methods will find Boxers have far above-average intelligence and working

ability.

The Boxer by nature is not an aggressive or vicious breed but, when

provoked, is a formidable guardian of any family or home and, like all dogs,

requires socialization. Boxers are generally patient with smaller dogs and

puppies, but difficulties with larger adult dogs, especially those of the same

sex, may occur. More severe fighting can also occur among female boxers.

Boxers are generally more comfortable with companionship, in either human

or canine form.

History

For more details on this topic, see Bullenbeisser.The Boxer is part of the Molosser dog group, developed in Germany in the

late 19th century from the now extinct Bullenbeisser, a dog ofMastiffdescent,

and Bulldogs brought in from Great Britain. The Bullenbeisser had been

working as a hunting dog for centuries, employed in the pursuit of bear, wild

boar, and deer. Its task was to seize the prey and hold it until the hunters

arrived. In later years, faster dogs were favored and a smaller Bullenbeisser

was bred in Brabant, in northern Belgium. It is generally accepted that the

Brabanter Bullenbeisser was a direct ancestor of today's Boxer. In 1894, threeGermans by the names of Friedrich Robert, Elard Konig, and R. Hopner

decided to stabilize the breed and put it on exhibition at a dog show. This was

done in Munich in 1895, and the next year they founded the first Boxer Club,

the Deutscher Boxer Club. The Club went on to publish the first Boxer breed

standard in 1902, a detailed document that has not been changed much to this

day.
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Friedrich Robert and his Boxer,1894

The breed was introduced to other parts of Europe in the late 19th century

and to the United States around the turn of the 20th century. The American

Kennel Club (AKC) registered the first Boxer in 1904, and recognized the first

Boxer champion, Dampf vom Dom, in 1915. During World War I, the Boxer

was co-opted for military work, acting as a valuable messenger dog, pack-

carrier, attack dog, and guard dog. It was not until after World War II that

the Boxer became popular around the world. Taken home by returning

soldiers,they introduced the dog to a wider audience and soon became a

favorite as a companion, a show dog, and a guard dog.

[edit]Early genealogy

Boxer early genealogy chart
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The German citizen George Alt, a Munich resident, mated a brindle-colored

bitch imported from France named Flora with a local dog of unknown

ancestry, known simply as "Boxer", resulting in a fawn-and-white male,

named "Lechner's Box" after its owner. This dog was mated with his own

dam Flora, and one of its offspring was a bitch called Alt's Schecken. GeorgeAlt mated Schecken with a Bulldog named Dr. Toneissen's Tom to produce

the historically significant dog ''Mhlbauer's Flocki. Flocki was the first

Boxer to enter the German Stud Book after winning the aforementioned show

for St. Bernards in Munich 1895, which was the first event to have a class

specific for Boxers.

The white bitch Ch. Blanka von Angertor, Flocki's sister, was even more

influential when mated with Piccolo von Angertor (Lechner's Box grandson)

to produce the predominantly white (parti-colored) bitch Meta von derPassage, which, even bearing little resemblance with the modern Boxer

standard (early photographs depicts her as too long, weak-backed and down-

faced), is considered the mother of the breed. John Wagner, in The

Boxer (first published in 1939) said the following regarding this bitch:

Meta von der Passage played the most important role of the five original

ancestors. Our great line of sires all trace directly back to this female. She was

a substantially built, low to the ground, brindle and white parti-color, lacking

in underjaw and exceedingly lippy. As a producing female few in any breed

can match her record. She consistently whelped puppies of marvelous typeand rare quality. Those of her offspring sired by Flock St. Salvator and

Wotan dominate all present-day pedigrees. Combined with Wotan and Mirzl

children, they made the Boxer.

Breed name

The name "Boxer" is supposedly derived from the breed's tendency to play by

standing on its hind legs and "boxing" with its front paws. According to

Andrew H. Brace's Pet owner's guide to the Boxer, this theory is the least

plausible explanation. He claims "it's unlikely that a nation so permeated withnationalism would give to one of its most famous breeds a name so obviously

anglicised".

German linguistic and historical evidence find the earliest written source for

the word Boxer in the 18th century, where it is found in a text in

the Deutsches Fremdwrterbuch (The German Dictionary of Foreign
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Words), which cites an author named Musus of 1782 writing "da er aus

Furcht vor dem groen Baxer Salmonet ... sich auf einige Tage in ein

gerumiges Packfa ... absentiret hatte". At that time the spelling "baxer"

equalled "boxer". Both the verb (boxen) and the noun (Boxer) were common

German language as early as the late 18th century. The term Boxl, alsowritten Buxn or Buchsen in the Bavarian dialect, means "short (leather)

trousers" or "underwear". The very similar-sounding term Boxerl, also from

the Bavarian dialect, is an endearing term for Boxer. More in line with

historical facts, Brace states that there exist many other theories to explain the

origin of the breed name, from which he favors the one claiming the

smaller Bullenbeisser (Brabanter) were also known as "Boxl" and that Boxer

is just a corruption of that word.

Boxers on the first Boxer exhibition, Munich 1895

In the same vein runs a theory based on the fact that there were a group of

dogs known as Bierboxer in Munich by the time of the breed's development.

These dogs were the result from mixes of Bullenbeisser and other similar

breeds. Bier (beer) probably refers to the Biergarten, the typical Munich

beergarden, an open-air restaurant where people used to take their dogs

along. The nickname "Deutscher Boxer" was derived from bierboxerand

Boxer could also be a corruption of the former or a contraction of the latter.

A Passage from the book "The Complete Boxer" by Milo G Denlinger states:

It has been claimed that the name "Boxer" was jokingly applied by an English

traveler who noted a tendency of the dog to use its paws in fighting. This

seems improbable. Any such action would likely result in a badly bitten if not

broken leg. On the other hand, a German breeder of forty years' experience

states positively that the Boxer does not use its feet, except to try and

extinguish a small flame such as a burning match. But a Boxer does box with

its head: it will hit (not bite) a cat with its muzzle hard enough to knock it out
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and will box a ball with its nose. Or perhaps, since the German dictionary

translates 'boxer' as 'prize-fighter' the name was bestowed in appreciation of

the fighting qualities of the breed rather than its technique.

Boxer is also the name of a dog owned by John Peerybingle, the main

character on the best selling 1845 book The Cricket on the Hearth byCharles

Dickens, which is evidence that "Boxer" was commonly used as a dog name

by the early 19th century, before the establishment of the breed by the end of

that same century.

The name of the breed could also be simply due to the names of the very first

known specimens of the breed (Lechner's Box, for instance).

Health

Dog health

A healthy, three-month-old white boxer puppy.

Leading health issues to which Boxers are prone include cancers, heart

conditions such as Aortic Stenosisand Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular

Cardiomyopathy (the so-called "Boxer

Cardiomyopathy"),hypothyroidism, hip dysplasia, and degenerative

myelopathy and epilepsy; other conditions that may be seen are gastric

dilatation and torsion (bloat), intestinal problems, and allergies (although

these may be more related to diet than breed). Entropion, a malformation of

the eyelid requiring surgical correction, is occasionally seen, and some lines

have a tendency toward spondylosis deformans, a fusing of the

spine, ordystocia.
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According to a UK Kennel Club health survey, cancer accounts for 38.5% of

Boxer deaths, followed by old age (21.5%), cardiac (6.9%) and

gastrointestinal (6.9%) related issues. Average age of death was 9 years and

8 months. Responsible breeders use available tests to screen their breeding

stock before breeding, and in some cases throughout the life of the dog, in anattempt to minimize the occurrence of these diseases in future generations.

Boxers are known to be very sensitive to

the hypotensive and bradycardiac effects of a commonly-used veterinary

sedative, acepromazine. It is recommended that the drug be avoided in the

Boxer breed.

As an athletic breed, proper exercise and conditioning is important for the

continued health and longevity of the Boxer. Care must be taken not to over-

exercise young dogs, as this may damage growing bones; however once

mature Boxers can be excellent jogging or running companions. Because of

their brachycephalic head, they do not do well with high heat or humidity,

and common sense should prevail when exercising a Boxer in these conditions.

Uses

An older Fawn enjoys boating on Lake Lanier, South Carolina.

Boxers are friendly, lively companions that are popular as family dogs. Their

suspicion of strangers, alertness, agility, and strength make them

formidable guard dogs. They sometimes appear at dog

agility or obedience trials and flyball events. These strong and intelligent

animals have also been used as service dogs, guide dogs for the blind, therapy

dogs, police dogs in K9 units, and occasionally herding cattle or sheep. The
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versatility of Boxers was recognized early on by the military, which has used

them as valuable messenger dogs, pack carriers, and attack and guard dogs in

times of war.

As puppies, Boxers demonstrate a fascinating combination of worrisome

expressions, energetic curiosity, flexible attention spans and charming

characteristics.

Common health problems

The Boxer will suffer with gastric torsion (bloat) if fed one large meal rather

than two small ones, and the breed often suffers with a sensitive stomach.

First-time Boxer puppy owners should be careful not to overfeed their dog, as

Boxers may appear thin when young. This is perfectly normal, but if you are

in doubt, please contact your vet for a weighing and overall health check.

Other ailments for this generally healthy breed are cardiomyopathy,

entropion, hip dysplasia and allergies. Boxers with too much white on their

bodies often suffer from deafness and skin cancers.

Gastric torsion (bloat): This is most prevalent in large, deep-chested breeds.

The stomach twists, trapping its contents and gases, and this results in a rapid

swelling of the abdomen. The dog will suffer considerable pain and immediate

action is required, as gastric torsion can be fatal if left untreated.

Cardiomyopathy: This is inflammation and scarring of the heart muscle. It

usually affects large dogs, and is particularly prevalent among Dobermanns,

but any dog can be affected, and the Boxer is high on the list of likely victims.The inflammation and scarring makes the heart less efficient at pumping

blood around the dogs body, and getting much-needed blood to the major

organs. Eventually, the lower and upper chambers of the heart lose their

ability to pump enough blood around the body, which causes fluid to back up

into the lungs and into the abdomen if its the left-hand side of the heart that

is affected (the most vulnerable side), or into the area surrounding the lungs if

the right-hand side of the heart fails. This leads to coughing, which is

sometimes the first sign that something is wrongand is often referred to as aheart cough.

The illness will lead to heart failure and, therefore, death in most cases.

Usually, the younger a dog is to suffer with cardiomyopathy, the shorter the

lifespan. Most dogs are diagnosed between four and 10 years of age. With

many dogs, cardiomyopathy is only diagnosed once the dog has already

passed.


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Cardiomyopathy is a puzzling disease that still holds many unanswered

questions, but the most likely culprit is genetics. Some claim that obesity is a

cause, but there is no evidence to support this theory. However, it is

undisputed that excess weight exacerbates heart conditionsand many

others. The dogs heart has to work much harder to support a larger body

with blood, as is the case with humans.

Entropion: Entropion is where the eyelids fold inwards. It causes much

distress to the dog, as the eyelashes constantly rub against the cornea. It is

usually caused by genetic factors, so breeders should not use any dog or bitch

that suffers with, or has suffered with, entropion for breeding purposes.

However, it should be noted that entropion can be caused by a trachoma

infection, which in itself causes scarring of the inner eyelid, which then leads

to entropion. Symptoms include redness and pain of the eye, sensitivity to

light and/or wind, excessive tearing, sagging skin around the eye, anddecreased vision, especially if the eyelashes damage the cornea as they rub

against it.

Hip dysplasia: This is where the hips develop abnormally, and the caput ossis

femoris doesnt fit closely with the acetabulum or, to put it simply, the head of

the femur doesnt sit as it should in the pelvic socket. The body tries to repair

itself by building more cartilage, but the hips may not be strong enough to

support the dog, or may suffer with abnormal wear and tear. Some dogs show

very loose joints, but not all those with canine hip dysplasia exhibit problems.

Those that do will be in pain and lame on either one or both hind legs. Thecondition may remain static but, sadly, many dogs get worse with time. Hip

dysplasia usually manifests itself before the age of 18 months and the effects

can vary from mild discomfort to being severely crippling.

Reputable breeders will have their animals hip scored to check for signs ofdysplasia, and will not carry on the bloodlines of those prone to problems.


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boxer trace back

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