FINAL PROJECT

Cost Volume Profit Analysis at PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur for Year 2009

by

Sigit Adrian Pambudi

19007002

A Final Project in Partial Fulfillment

of The Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Mangement

Under Graduate Program of Management Study

School of Business and Management ITB

2010

iii

APPROVAL PAGE

“Cost Volume Profit Analysis at PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur for Year 2009”

by

Sigit Adrian Pambudi

19007002

A Final Project in Partial Fulfillment

of The Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Mangement

Under Graduate Program of Management Study

School of Business and Management ITB

2010

Approved by

Isrochmani, MAcc

i

ABSTRACT

PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur is one of companies owned by Indofood. Indofood owned 51%

share of PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur while PepsiCo owned 49% of the total share.

PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur is a joint venture company between Indofood and PepsiCo.

PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur has produced many big names products such as Chitato, Lays,

Chiki and Cheetos. PT.Indofood Fritolay has produced for more than 16.000 tons of product

each year with revenue for more than IDR 800 billion. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur does not

consider much about some of important aspects in cost accounting such as breakeven point and

cost volume profit analysis. What they consider is the contribution margin. They think that if

they can reach their expected contribution margin, they can easily reach the breakeven point

and that’s why they do not consider a lot about the breakeven point.

The important theories that will be used in this research are the contribution margin, breakeven

point and cost-volume profit analysis. Any cost theories that will be included is the cost

behavior pattern which include the fixed and variable cost which is the main part of calculating

the contribution margin, breakeven point and CVP analysis.

There are two things that influenced PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur in setting up the price for its

products. There are external and internal factors. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur have to sell for

a total 9.838,75 tons of products.

PT.Indofood Fritolay wants to achieve a 10% growth for its net operating income in year 2010.

By using the CVP analysis, PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur has to sell for a total 17.254,33 tons of

product to reach the targeted net operation profit in year 2010. By using the CVP analysis,

PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur can trace which product and in which months it needs to be

improved to reach the targeted net operating profit. So, it is important using a cost accounting

theory such as CVP analysis. It can help the company to make better planning.

Keywords : Contribution Margin, Breakeven point analysis, Cost Volume Profit (CVP) analysis

ii

ABSTRAK

PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur adalah salah satu perusahaan yang dimiliki oleh Indofood.

Indofood memiliki 51% saham PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur sementara PepsiCo dimiliki 49%

dari total saham. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur adalah hasil dari penggabungan perusahaan

antara Indofood dan PepsiCo. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur telah menghasilkan banyak

produk bernama besar seperti Chitato, Lays, Chiki dan Cheetos. PT.Indofood Fritolay telah

menghasilkan lebih dari 16,000 ton produk setiap tahun dengan pendapatan lebih dari Rp 800

miliar. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur tidak banyak mempertimbangkan tentang beberapa

aspek penting dalam akuntansi biaya seperti titik impas (breakeven point) dan analisis biaya

volume laba (CVP). Apa yang mereka anggap paling penting adalah margin kontribusi. Mereka

berpendapat bahwa jika mereka bisa mencapai margin kontribusi yang diharapkan mereka,

mereka dengan mudah dapat mencapai titik impas dan itulah mengapa mereka tidak

mempertimbangkan banyak tentang titik impas.

Teori-teori penting yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah margin kontribusi, titik

impas dan analisis biaya-volume profit. Teori biaya apapun yang akan dimasukkan adalah pola

perilaku biaya yang meliputi biaya tetap dan variabel yang merupakan bagian utama dari

perhitungan margin kontribusi, titik impas dan analisis biaya-volume profit.

Ada dua hal yang mempengaruhi PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur dalam menetapkan harga

untuk produk-produknya. Ada faktor eksternal dan internal. PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur

harus menjual 9.838,75 ton untuk total produk pada tahun 2009. PT.Indofood Fritolay ingin

mencapai pertumbuhan 10% untuk pendapatan operasional bersihnya di tahun 2010.

PT.Indofood Fritolay ingin mencapai pertumbuhan 10% untuk pendapatan operasional

bersihnya di tahun 2010. Dengan menggunakan analisis biaya-volume profit, PT.Indofood

Fritolay Makmur harus menjual 17.254,33 ton produk untuk mencapai laba operasi bersih yang

ditargetkan pada tahun 2010. Dengan menggunakan analisis biaya-volume profit, PT.Indofood

Fritolay Makmur akan dapat melacak produk dan pada bulan apa saja yang perlu ditingkatkan

untuk mencapai laba usaha bersih yang ditargetkan. Jadi, adalah penting untuk menggunakan

teori akuntansi biaya seperti analisis biaya-volume profit. Hal ini dapat membantu perusahaan

untuk membuat perencanaan.

Kata Kunci : Margin kontribusi, titik impas, analisis biaya-volume profit

iv

FOREWORD

This paper is made based on the interest of the author in Cost Accounting. The

purpose of writing this paper is to learn more about the Cost Accounting in a

big company such as PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur and also can be a reference

for academic. The purpose of this paper is also to fulfill the requirement of

School of Business and Management, ITB for the undergraduate program. This

paper can be finished with so many help from many people and the author

wants to say thanks for that many helps.

First, the author thank ALLAH SWT with the blessing, strength and hope given

to the author to finish this final paper.

The second is the author wants to thank his parents, Kemal Amas and Nunuk

Nuraini for their nonstop help and support so the author can finish his final

paper.

Next is the writer wants to thank his supervisor, Dra. Isrochmani Murtaqi,

M.Acc for her time, support, advice and patience that has been given to the

author. Without her, the author absolutely cannot finish his paper.

The author wants to say many of thanks to PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur. It is a

pleasure to learn more and write a paper from a very big company such as

PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur. Many thanks also given by the author to many

people in PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur especially for Ms. Winarti T.K,

Mr.Sugeng, Mr.Budi, Mrs.Elly, Mrs. Henny, Mrs. Rochmani and Mr. Sandy.

Without their help, the author cannot get the required data to finish his paper.

They also give a lot of priceless lesson that can help the author to learn more

about a big company in the real world.

Next is the author wants to say thanks to his beloved grandmother, Soelasmiati

Soepardan for being a great role model for the author. The author learned a lot

of things from her that give him strength, spirit and own perspective to live his

life.

Many thanks also the author gives to his sister and brother, Ghina Raida Asilia

and Genaldi Rayhan Ardhito for their support and understanding that help the

author to finish his paper.

Last but not least is for all of his friends that give so many help to the author. A

special thanks is given by the author to Trixie Isabella Simatupang for her

unlimited support in enything, anytime anywhere.

v

LIST OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT i

APPROVAL PAGE iii

FOREWORD iv

LIST OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1. Background 1

1.2 Problem Identification 4

1.3. Scope of Limitation 5

1.4. Research Objectives 5

1.5. Chapter Outline 6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE STUDY 7

2.1. Cost Terminology 7

2.1.1. Cost-Behavior Patterns 7

2.1.1.1. Variable Cost 7

2.1.1.2. Fixed Cost 7

2.2. Unit Cost 8

2.3. Contribution Margin 8

2.4. Breakeven Point 9

2.4.1. Breakeven Point Analysis for Multiple Products 9

2.5. Cost Volume Profit (CVP) 10

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 13

3.1 Survey 13

3.2. Identified the Problem 13

3.3. Literature Study 14

3.4. Data Collection 14

3.5. Data Processing 14

3.6. Data Analysis 15

3.7. Conclusion 15

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS 17

4.1. Sales in unit 17

4.2. Variable Cost 20

4.3. Fixed Cost 22

4.4. Volume-Revenue 22

4.5. Pricing Strategy 23

4.5.1. Internal Factor 24

4.5.2. External Factor 29

4.6. Contribution Margin 32

4.7. Breakeven Point (Sales Mix) 33

4.8. Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (CVP) 38

vi

Chapter V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 45

5.1. Conclusion 45

5.2. Suggestion 46

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1. Breakeven point profit-volume graph 10

Figure 4.1 Sales graphic 2009 19

Figure 4.2 Chitato production flow 24

Figure 4.3 Lays production flow 25

Figure 4.4 Qtela production flow 26

Figure 4.5 Chiki production flow 27

Figure 4.6 Cheetos production flow 28

Figure 4.7 JetZ production flow 29

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 PT.Indofood Fritolay Makmur Month to Month Sales year 2009 18

Table 4.2 Variable Cost year 2009 20

Table 4.3 Raw material chips product year 2009 21

Table 4.4 Raw material non chips department year 2009 21

Table 4.5 Total fixed cost in year 2009 22

Table 4.6 Volume-revenue table in year 2009 23

Table 4.7 Pricing list 2009 30

Table 4.8 Price changing percentage year 2009 31

Table 4.8 Year 2009 contribution margin table 33

Table. 4.8 Month-to-month comparison with CVP 42