DENTAL PROBLEMSDENTAL PROBLEMS

Kano dental presentation©

2011

Introduction Introduction

Tooth is a bone like structure in the mouth embedded in jaw bones

FunctionsDigestive apparatus

◦Cutting◦ piercing◦Grinding-chewing

PhonationAppearance

Tooth anatomyTooth anatomy

Dental problems Dental problems Dental problems remain one of the most

common diseases affecting mankind

The physical, social and economic impact on individuals and the nation can not be over emphasized

However this area of health has not received the attention it deserves

The trend whereby the public attend dental only when they are in pain continue unabated

The most common dental problems include:-

Dental caries

Gum (periodontal) conditions

Teeth malialignment

LESSON ONE

Tooth decay (dental caries)

Tooth decay (Dental caries)Tooth decay (Dental caries)Is the demineralization/destruction of the

hard tooth substances by the acid produced by bacteria feeding on surgery food in the mouth

Most common disease that destroys teeth and can result in the loss of teeth if not treated

Transmissible disease (infectious)

What causes tooth decay?What causes tooth decay?

Tooth decay is caused by the bacteria in dental plaque

The bacteria feeds on the dietary sugars & releases acid, which dissolves & destroy

the teeth.

Primary factors for tooth decayPrimary factors for tooth decay

bacteriatooth

Sugary foodDecay (caries)

TIME

Progression of a cavityProgression of a cavity

Outer layer (enamel)

Middle layer (dentine)

Inner layer (pulp)

Clinical picture of cariesClinical picture of caries

Signs and symptoms of decaySigns and symptoms of decayChalky white spots- initial decay

See through blackish discoloration-unexposed cavity

Cavity of varying sizes

Sensitive teeth

Painful teeth

Swelling around gums and face

Prevention of teeth decayPrevention of teeth decay

home care

professional care

Home care Home care

Regular proper brushing & flossing, at least twice daily

Eat healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables

Reduce frequency of in between meals

Use fluoridated toothpaste

Professional careProfessional careVisit dental clinic at least two times a year-

routine checkups for early detection & treatment Fissure sealants

Simple fillings

Prescription of remineralisation agents (fluoride)

Prescription of antimicrobials- chlorrhexidine

TreatmentTreatment

Remineralisation technique

Fillings

Root canal treatment

Extraction followed by tooth replacement

Decayed teeth before and after Decayed teeth before and after treatmenttreatment

Decayed lower Rat. 1st premolar (irr. pulpitis)

The premolar tooth after root canal treatment and filling

Pictures by Kano dental © 2011

END OF LESSON ONE

LESSON TWO

Gums disease (periodontal conditions)

Gum diseaseGum disease

What is gum disease?What is gum disease?

Gum disease is an inflammation or infection of the gums and or bone supporting the tooth

What causes gum disease?What causes gum disease?

• Layer of bacteria on teeth surface (Dental plaque and calculus)

• Trauma from objects like tooth picks, poor fillings etc

Food debris, dental plaque and calculus Food debris, dental plaque and calculus

Food debris are white small particles on the teeth- easily rinsed off

Dental plaque is a thin film of bacteria that sticks to teeth – yellow in colour can’t be rinsed off, removed by brushing & flossing

Calculus is calcified plaque- hard, brownish or darkish in colour- only removed by scaling

Risk factors to gum diseaseRisk factors to gum disease

Poor oral hygieneDiabetes High blood pressureSmokingAlcoholismPregnancyImpaired immunity e.g. HIV/AIDSMalnutrition

Signs and symptomsSigns and symptomsPainful gumsSwollen and reddish gumsEasily bleeding gums (on brushing, eating

hard foods like epos, sugarcane etc)Bad smell from the mouthYellowish, brownish or black deposits on

teethShaking and displacement of teeth

TreatmentTreatment

Early stage-proper tooth brushing

Scaling and polishing -+ medication

Surgery in advanced stages

Teeth extraction- last option

Periodontal conditionsPeriodontal conditions

Diseased gums Healthy gums after proper brushing

Generalized plaque, mild calculus and swollen reddish gums

Teeth with tenacious calculusTeeth with tenacious calculus

Before scaling After scaling

Pictures kano dental © 2011

calculus

PreventionPreventionProper brushing and flossing- at least twice

daily

Regular visits to the dentist

Eating healthy foods rich in vitamin C

Avoid risk factors-alcohol, smoking etc

Appropriate use of tooth picks

END OF LESSON TWO

LESSON THREE

Teeth malialignment

Teeth malialignmentTeeth malialignment

Improper teeth positioning

Improper jaw positioning

Effects of malialignmentEffects of malialignment

Unpleasant appearance-open mouth, protruded/ detruded chin

Risk teeth decay and gum disease

Impaired chewing

Jaw joint problems (TMJ problems)

Causes/risk factorsCauses/risk factors

HereditaryHabits –finger sucking, object bitingRetained or delayed exfoliation of baby

teethVery early loss of baby teethTeeth extractionGum disease

Treatment Treatment Serial extraction followed by spontaneous

realignment

Removable orthodontic appliances (ROA)◦Slow◦Depend on pt. compliance

Fixed orthodontic appliances (FOA) ◦fast

Best results-before 17yrs

Pictures of orthodontic patientsPictures of orthodontic patientsBefore treatment After fixing FOA

After treatment

Prevention Prevention

Routine check ups- early detection and mgt.

Avoid bad habits

Use of space maintainer in early exfoliation

Prevention of dental caries

THE END

THANK YOU