Kingdoms of the Living Kingdoms of the Living World World

Classically 2 KingdomsClassically 2 Kingdoms They were :They were : PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals

Kingdoms of the Living Kingdoms of the Living WorldWorld

Today 5 Kingdoms:Today 5 Kingdoms: Monera – Bacteria and Blue-green Monera – Bacteria and Blue-green

AlgaeAlgae Fungi – Fungi and Slime-moldsFungi – Fungi and Slime-molds Protista – ProtozoansProtista – Protozoans Plants Plants AnimalsAnimals

KINGDOM PROTISTAKINGDOM PROTISTA

What is a Protozoan ???What is a Protozoan ???

Single celled Single celled EukaryoticEukaryotic organismsorganisms

Eu – TrueEu – True Karyotic - NucleusKaryotic - Nucleus

Possess organelles to carry out Possess organelles to carry out complex functionscomplex functions

Respiration – Cell membraneRespiration – Cell membrane Water Balance – Contractile vacuolesWater Balance – Contractile vacuoles Digestion – Food VacuolesDigestion – Food Vacuoles Locomotion – Cilia, Flagella, Locomotion – Cilia, Flagella,

PseudopodiaPseudopodia

LocomotionLocomotion FlagellaFlagella Present in Flagellates Present in Flagellates

(Euglenozoa, (Euglenozoa, Dinoflagellata)Dinoflagellata)

Built like a cableBuilt like a cable Arise from Kinetosome – Arise from Kinetosome –

provides energyprovides energy Beats like an OarBeats like an Oar Jerky movementJerky movement

LocomotionLocomotion CiliaCilia Present in Ciliates Present in Ciliates

(Ciliophora)(Ciliophora) Identical to Flagella – Identical to Flagella –

Only shorterOnly shorter Kinetosomes connected Kinetosomes connected

by Kinetodermal fibersby Kinetodermal fibers Allows for coordination Allows for coordination

– smooth movement– smooth movement

LocomotionLocomotion PseudopodiaPseudopodia Present in AmoebaPresent in Amoeba Moves on substrate, rather than Moves on substrate, rather than

swimmingswimming

AutotrophsAutotrophs- self feeding- self feeding Heterotrophs – Heterotrophs – eat otherseat others HolozoicHolozoic- eat pieces of food- eat pieces of food SaprozoicSaprozoic- absorb nutrients - absorb nutrients

across cell membrane - molecular across cell membrane - molecular levellevel

NutritionNutrition

Nutrition in various groupsNutrition in various groups Chlorophyta - Autotrophs Chlorophyta - Autotrophs Ameoba-like animalsAmeoba-like animals

PhagocytosisPhagocytosis PinocytosisPinocytosis

Ciliophora – HeterotrophsCiliophora – Heterotrophs Apicomplexa - ParasitesApicomplexa - Parasites

OsmoregulationOsmoregulation Water balanceWater balance Contractile VacuoleContractile Vacuole Freshwater – Cells Hypertonic to Freshwater – Cells Hypertonic to

surroundings – Pick up watersurroundings – Pick up water Marine – Cells Hypotonic to Marine – Cells Hypotonic to

surroundings – loose watersurroundings – loose water Parasites - IsotonicParasites - Isotonic

ReproductionReproduction AsexualAsexual Binary fissionBinary fission BuddingBudding Multiple fissionMultiple fission

SchizogonySchizogony Sporogony – multiple fission preceded Sporogony – multiple fission preceded

by union of gametesby union of gametes

ReproductionReproduction Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction Union of gametesUnion of gametes IsogametesIsogametes AnisogametesAnisogametes

ReproductionReproduction Encystment vs. ExcystmentEncystment vs. Excystment During harsh environmental During harsh environmental

conditionsconditions Build a thick coat – EncystmentBuild a thick coat – Encystment Conditions favorable – break the coat Conditions favorable – break the coat

- Excystment- Excystment

Phylum: ChlorophytaPhylum: Chlorophyta Asexual – Binary fissionAsexual – Binary fission Colonial forms - VolvoxColonial forms - Volvox

CiliatesCiliates ParameciumParamecium Asexual – Binary fissionAsexual – Binary fission

CiliatesCiliates ParameciumParamecium Sexual Reproduction – ConjugationSexual Reproduction – Conjugation 2 types of Nuclei2 types of Nuclei

MacronucleusMacronucleus MicronucleusMicronucleus

ApicomplexaApicomplexa Most are parasiticMost are parasitic Usually 2 types of hostsUsually 2 types of hosts

Definitive host – Final hostDefinitive host – Final host Intermediate host – mode of transportIntermediate host – mode of transport

Plasmodium causes MalariaPlasmodium causes Malaria

Sensory / Defense Sensory / Defense StructuresStructures

Ciliates – TrichocystsCiliates – Trichocysts Euglenozoa – Stigma / EyespotEuglenozoa – Stigma / Eyespot Apicomplexa – Parasitic (so no Apicomplexa – Parasitic (so no

structures)structures)

Higher Classification of Higher Classification of ProtozoansProtozoans

Phylum SarcomastigophoraPhylum Sarcomastigophora

Subphylum SarcodinaSubphylum Sarcodina (e.g., (e.g., AmoebaAmoeba))

Subphylum MastigophoraSubphylum Mastigophora

Class Phytomastigophora (e.g., Class Phytomastigophora (e.g., EuglenaEuglena and and VolvoxVolvox))

Class Zoomastigophora (e.g., Class Zoomastigophora (e.g., TrypanosomaTrypanosoma))

Higher Classification of Higher Classification of ProtozoansProtozoans

Phylum ApicomplexaPhylum Apicomplexa

Class Coccidea (parasites of Class Coccidea (parasites of invertebrates)invertebrates)

Class SporozoaClass Sporozoa (e.g., (e.g., Plasmodium- Plasmodium- malaria)malaria)

Mosquito is the vector; human is the hostMosquito is the vector; human is the host

Higher Classification of Higher Classification of ProtozoansProtozoans

Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates)Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates) All have ciliaAll have cilia All have macronucleus (i.e., All have macronucleus (i.e.,

vegetative)vegetative) All have micronucleus (i.e., All have micronucleus (i.e.,

reproductive)reproductive) All have cytostomeAll have cytostome