machine safeguarding classifications

1

Objectives Objectives Course No. 204 Machinery and Machine Guarding

Standards Course• Identify basic machinery terms• Identify common machines found

within a broad spectrum of industries• Identify hazards that occur in or on

machinery• Select the appropriate OSHA

STANDARD that applies to a hazard• Present options to achieve

abatement

2

• The point of operation: that point where work is performed on the material, such as cutting, shaping, boring, or forming of stock.

• Power transmission apparatus: all components of the mechanical system which transmit energy to the part of the machine performing the work. These components include flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting rods, couplings, cams, spindles, chains, cranks, and gears.

• Other moving parts: all parts of the machine which move while the machine is working. These can include reciprocating, rotating, and transverse moving parts, as well as feed mechanisms and auxiliary parts of the machine.

Dangerous moving parts in these three basic areas need safeguarding:

3

Rotating pulley

Rotating shaft

Rotating coupling

Burr

Hazardous Rotating Motion

4

Rotating (including in-running nip points)

5

Hazardous Reciprocating Motion

6

Hazardous Transverse Motion

7

What must a safeguard do to protect workers against

mechanical hazards?

8

• Prevent contact:Prevent contact: – The safeguard must prevent hands, arms, or any part of a worker's body

or clothing from making contact with dangerous moving parts. A good safeguarding system eliminates the possibility of the operator or other workers placing parts of their bodies near hazardous moving parts.

• Secure:Secure: – Workers should not be able to easily remove or tamper with the

safeguard, because a safeguard that can easily be made ineffective is no safeguard at all. Guards and safety devices should be made of durable material that will withstand the conditions of normal use. They must be firmly secured to the machine.

• Protect from falling objects:Protect from falling objects: – The safeguard should ensure that no objects can fall into moving parts.

A small tool which is dropped into a cycling machine could easily become a projectile that could strike and injure someone.

9

• Create no new hazards:Create no new hazards: – A safeguard defeats its own purpose if it creates a hazard of its own

such as a shear point, a jagged edge, or an unfinished surface which can cause a laceration. The edges of guards, for instance, should be rolled or bolted in such a way that they eliminate sharp edges.

• Create no interference:Create no interference: – Any safeguard which impedes a worker from performing the job

quickly and comfortably might soon be overridden or disregarded. Proper safeguarding can actually enhance efficiency since it can relieve the worker's apprehensions about injury.

• Allow safe lubrication:Allow safe lubrication: – If possible, one should be able to lubricate the machine without

removing the safeguards. Locating oil reservoirs outside the guard, with a line leading to the lubrication point, will reduce the need for the operator or maintenance worker to enter the hazardous area.

10

Machine SafeguardingClassifications

11

• Guards•Fixed• Interlocked•Adjustable•Self-adjusting

• Devices– Presence Sensing

•Photoelectric (optical)

•Radiofrequency (capacitance)

•Electromechanical

– Pullback– Restraint

– Safety Controls•Safety trip

control– Pressure-

sensitive body bar

– Safety tripod– Safety

tripwire cable

•Two-hand control

• Two-hand trip– Gates

• Interlocked•Other

Machine Safeguarding Classifications

12

• Location/Distance• Potential Feeding

and Ejection Methods – Automatic feed– Semi-automatic

feed– Automatic

ejection– Semi-automatic

ejection– Robot

Machine Safeguarding Classifications

• Miscellaneous Aids– Awareness

barriers– Miscellaneous

protective shields

– Hand-feeding tools and holding fixtures

13

Advantages– Can be constructed to suit many

specific applications– In-plant construction is often

possible– Can provide maximum protection – Usually requires minimum

maintenance– Can be suitable to high

production, repetitive operationsLimitations

– May interfere with visibility– Can be limited to specific

operations– Machine adjustment and repair

often require its removal, thereby necessitating other means of protection for maintenance personnel

Fixed Guards - Provides a barrier

14

Fixed point of operation guard

15

Safeguarding Action – Shuts off or disengages power and

prevents starting of machine when guard is open; should require the machine to be stopped before the worker can reach into the danger area

Advantages– Can provide maximum protection – Allows access to machine for

removing jams without time-consuming removal of fixed guards

Limitations– Requires careful adjustment and

maintenance– May be easy to disengage

Interlocked

16

Safeguarding Action – Provides a barrier which may be

adjusted to facilitate a variety of production operations

Advantages– Can be constructed to suit many

specific applications – Can be adjusted to admit varying

sizes of stockLimitations

– Hand may enter danger area - protection may not be complete at all times

– May require frequent maintenance and/or adjustment

– The guard may be made ineffective by the operator

– May interfere with visibility

Adjustable

17

Safeguarding Action – Provides a barrier which moves

according to the size of the stock entering danger area

Advantages– Off-the-shelf guards are often

commercially availableLimitations

– Does not always provide maximum protection

– May interfere with visibility– May require frequent maintenance

and adjustment

Self-Adjusting

18

Safety DevicesSafety Devices• Stop the machine if a hand or any part of the

body is inadvertently placed in the danger area;• Restrain or withdraw the operator's hands from

the danger area during operation;• Require the operator to use both hands on

machine controls, thus keeping both hands and body out of danger; or

• Provide a barrier which is synchronized with the operating cycle of the machine in order to prevent entry to the danger area during the hazardous part of the cycle.

19

Safeguarding Action – Machine will not start cycling when

the light field is interrupted – When the light field is broken by any

part of the operator's body during the cycling process, immediate machine braking is activated

Advantages– Can allow freer movement for

operator; simplicity of use; no adjustments required

Limitations– Does not protect against mechanical

failure– May require frequent alignment and

calibration– Excessive vibration may cause lamp

filament damage and premature burnout

– Limited to machines that can be stopped

Photoelectric

20

Safeguarding Action– As the machine begins to cycle, the

operator's hands are pulled out of the danger area

Advantages– Eliminates the need for auxiliary

barriers or other interference at the danger area

Limitations– Limits movement of operator– May obstruct work-space around

operator– Adjustments must be made for

specific operations and for each individual

– Requires frequent inspections and regular maintenance

– Requires close supervision of the operator's use of the equipment

Pullbacks

21

Safeguarding Action– Prevents the operator from

reaching into the danger areaAdvantages

– Little risk of mechanical failureLimitations

– Limits movements of operator– May obstruct work-space– Adjustments must be made for

specific operations and each individual

– Requires close supervision of the operator's use of the equipment

Restraint (holdback)

22

Safeguarding Action – Stops machine tripped

Advantages– Simplicity of controls

Limitations– Other guards are also required for

operator protection--usually fixed barrier guards

– Requires frequent maintenance – May not be adaptable to stock

variation

Safety-trip controls

23

Safety Trip Controls (cont’d)• When pressed by hand, the safety tripod deactivates the machine. • Because it has to be actuated by the operator during an

emergency situation, its proper position is also critical.

24

Safety tripwire cables Are located around the perimeter of or near the danger area.The operator must be able to reach the cable with either handto stop the machine.

Calender equipped with this type of control.

25

Safeguarding Action – Concurrent use of both hands is

required, preventing the operator form entering the danger area

Advantages– Operator’s hands are at a

predetermined location– Operator’s hands are free to pick

up a new part after first half of cycle is completed

Limitations– Requires a partial cycle machine

with a brake– Some two-hand controls can be

rendered unsafe by holding with arm or blocking, thereby permitting one-hand operation Protects only the operator

Two-Hand Controls

26

Not two hand controls

27

Two-Hand Trip• Requires concurrent application of both of the operator's control buttons

to activate the machine cycle, after which the hands are free. • Trips must be placed far enough from the point of operation to make it

impossible for the operator to move his or her hands from the trip buttons or handles into the point of operation before the first half of the cycle is completed.

28

Gate• Movable barrier which protects the operator at the point of

operation before the machine cycle can be started.

29

Robots

Press

FixedBarrier

Robot

StockConveyor

30

Miscellaneous

Awareness Barrier

31

Shields

32

Part 1910 Subpart O - Machinery and Machine Guarding

• 1910.211 - Definitions. • 1910.212 - General requirements for all machines. • 1910.213 - Woodworking machinery requirements. • 1910.214 - Cooperage machinery. [Reserved] • 1910.215 - Abrasive wheel machinery. • 1910.216 - Mills and calenders in the rubber and

plastics industries. • 1910.217 - Mechanical power presses. • 1910.218 - Forging machines. • 1910.219 - Mechanical power-transmission

apparatus.

33

Section 1910.212 is a general (or (horizontal) standard that applies to all machines not specifically mentioned elsewhere in other sections of Subpart O. Other sections are specific (vertical) standards that apply to particular types of machines; e.g., Section 1910.213 applies to woodworking machinery

Horizontal v. Vertical Horizontal v. Vertical

34

Machine guarding. 1910.212(a)(1)Machine guarding. 1910.212(a)(1)• One or more methods of machine guarding shall be provided to protect

the operator and other employees in the machine area from hazards such as those created by point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks

35

1910.212(a)(2)• Guards shall be affixed to the machine where possible and secured

elsewhere if for any reason attachment to the machine is not possible.

•The guard shall be such that it does not offer an accident hazard in itself.

36

1910.212(a)(3)(ii) The point of operation of machines whose operation exposes an employee to injury, shall be guarded.

37

1910.212(a)(4)Revolving Drums,barrels, and containers

• Must be guarded by an enclosure which is interlocked with the drive mechanism

38

1910.212(a)(5) Fan Blades• When the periphery of the blades of a fan is less

than 7 feet above the floor or working level, the blades must be guarded with a guard having openings no larger than ½ inch.

39

1910.212(a)(6)Anchoring Fixed Machinery– Machines designed for a fixed location must be

securely anchored to prevent walking or moving

40

?What machines are

covered by 1910.212

41

Presenting1910.212

44

OSHA Standards:• 1910.212(a)(1) Machine

guarding• 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point

of operation Hazards:

• Contact with pinch points

• Struck by hot metals• Caught in two die halves

Reference Standard: Guarding Method:

• Barrier guard

GatesVideo Clip

Not in Handout

45

Gates

46

Unguarded Dough Mixer

47

Ingredient Mixer

OSHA Standards:• 1910.212(a)(1) Rotating

Parts• 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point


• Contact with rotating parts

Reference Standard:• ANSI/AHAM FM-1

(food mixers) Guarding Method:

• Interlocks What happened?

• Employee by-passed interlock

Result - Death

48

Injection Molding Machine

OSHA Standards:• 1910.212(a)(1) Rotating Parts• 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of

operation

Reference Standard:• ANSIB151.1

Guarding Method:• Interlocked barrier gate

GuardedNot Guarded

49

Injection Molding Machine(Plastic molding)

1 - Electrical Interlock2 - Hydraulic Interlock

50

Die Halves Stationary Platen

175 Ton Injection Molding Machine

Mechanical Blocking Mechanism

Interlocked Safety Gate

51

Injection Molding Machine

3 - Mechanical Blocking MechanismPrevents the dies from closing

52




• Contact with pinch points

• Struck by hot metals• Caught in two die halves

Reference Standard:• Society of Die Cast

Engineers – Die Cast Machine Safety)

Guarding Method:• Barrier guard

Die Casting Machines

Video Clip

53

Die Casting operation

54


55


Die Spit Shield

OSHA Standards:• 1910.212(a)(1) Nipping

points• 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point

of operation Hazard(s):

• Stuck-by molten aluminum

• Contact with moving machine parts

Reference Standard:• Society of Die Cast

Engineers – Die Cast Machine Safety

Guarding Method:• Barrier Guard

56

Tubing Bender OSHA Standards:• 1910.212(a)(1) Pinch

Point – Struck by• 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point

of operation Hazard(s):

• Caught in the clamp die• Contact with moving

machine parts Reference Standard:

• ANSI B11.15 Pipe Tube and Shape Bending

Guarding Method:• Barrier guard• Foot pedal operation• Presence sensing device

57

Swing arm in motion

58

Addison Tube Bender

Safety matand

foot pedal control

59

Mechanical Power Press Brake

OSHA Standards:• 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation

Hazards:• Caught in the point of operation

Reference Standard:• ANSIB11.3 Power Press Brakes

Guarding Method:• Presence Sensing Devices• Two hand controls• Automatic barrier gates• Restraint device

60

Point of operation hazard – CPL 2-1.25Guidelines for point of operation guarding forpower press brakes

4 inches4 inches 4 “

61

Press brake foot treadle operatedwith a restraint device

62

Photo electric sensingacross face and barrieracross the ends of the press brake

Press brake

63

The back of the press brakeAwareness guard

64

Horizontal Metal Cutting Band Saw

OSHA Standards:• 1910.212(a)(1) Machine Guarding

Hazards:• Contact with the unused portion of

the saw blade

Reference Standard:• ANSIB11.10 Sawing

Guarding Method:• Telescoping barrier guard

65

Metal Cutting Radial Saw


guarding Hazards:

• Contact with the saw blade

Reference Standard:• ANSIB11.10 Sawing

Guarding Method:• Side barrier guard

66

OSHA Standards:• 1910.212(a)(1) Nipping

point Hazards:


Reference Standard:• ANSI B20.1 Conveyors

Guarding Method:• Barrier guard• Isolation• Control relocation

Meat auger

67

Guard does not meet requirement of Table O-10

Screw Conveyor

68


guarding Hazards:

• Contact between the forming rolls and the material

Reference Standard:• ANSIB11.12 Roll forming and Roll

Bending Guarding Method:

• Barrier guard (interlocked)• Presence sensing device

Forming Mill Table

•May use safety trip wire???

69

Forming Mill

Point of Operation

In-running nip point

70

Forming Mill

Shows the process of metal forming – Metal is being pulled through dies and formed as it progresses.

71

OSHA Standards:• 1910.212(a)(1) Machine guarding

Hazards:• Contact between the belt and the

pulley nip (drum)

Reference Standard:• ANSIB 20.1 Conveyors

Guarding Method:• Barrier guard • Isolation

Back of a shear – Material Take-off Conveyor

72

Nip Point

Conveyor Nip

73

Scissor lift table


Hazards:• Contact between the scissors arms

Reference Standard:• ??

Guarding Method:• Telescoping barrier guard • Isolation

74

Pyramid or pinch roll forming


guarding Hazards:

• Contact in the point of operation

Reference Standard:• ANSI B11.12 Roll forming and bending

Guarding Method:• Isolation• Limited barrier guards

75

Pyramid or pinch roll forming

Point of operation Point of operation

76

Roll former isolation guarding

77

REELPaper mill Pope


guarding Hazards:


Reference Standard:• ANSI B11.12 Roll forming and bending

Guarding Method:• Isolation• Limited barrier guards

78

REEL – Threading the machinePaper mill Pope

In running nip point

79

REEL – Threading the machinePaper mill Pope

80

REELPaper mill Pope

81

REELPaper mill Pope

82

Primary arm guard

83

Lathe

OSHA Standards:• 1910.212(a)(1) Rotating

parts Hazards:


Reference Standard:• ANSI B11.6 Lathes


84

Lathe

85

Lathe Chip shield

86

Tapper

OSHA Standards:• 1910.212(a)(1) Machine guarding• 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation

guarding Hazards:

• Contact with rotating parts, chips and coolant


Reference Standard:• ANSI B11.8 Tapper

Guarding Method:• Barrier guards and/or isolation

87

Vertical boring mills


Hazards:• Contact with rotating parts

Reference Standard:• ANSI B11. 8 Milling, drilling and

boring machines Guarding Method:

• Barrier guards

88

Vertical boring mills

89

Vertical boring millchip, and rotating part guard

90

Horizontal boring mill

91

Mechanical Shear

OSHA Standards:• 1910.212(a)(1) Machine guarding• 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation

guarding Hazards:

• Contact with shear blade• Contact with hold down

Reference Standard:• ANSI B11. 4 Shears


Hold down

92

Shear in operation

Helper is exposed

93

Modified guard

Hydraulic Shear

Blade

94




• Contact with mold halves

• Contact with shuttle Guarding Method:

• Barrier guards• Presence devices

Core Making Machines

Video Clip

95

Core making machine

96

Iron Worker OSHA Standards:• 1910.212(a)(1)

Machine guarding• 1910.212(a)(3)(ii)

Point of operation Hazards:

• Contact with angle shear or notcher

• Contact with the punch and die

Guarding Method:• Barrier guards

97

Woodworking Machinery Requirements

1910.213

98

• 10.213(a)(9) All belts, pulleys, gears, shafts, and moving parts must be guarded in accordance with the specific requirements of 1910.219.

Belts

99

• Circular table saws must have Circular table saws must have a hooda hood over the portion of the saw above the table, so mounted that the hood will automatically adjust itself to the thickness of and remain in contact with the material being cut.

• Must have a spreaderMust have a spreader aligned with the blade, spaced no more than one-half inch behind the largest blade mounted in the saw.

• If used for rippingIf used for ripping must have nonkickback fingers or dogs.

1910.213(c) Rip Saws

100

1910.213(d) Hand fed Crosscut sawshall meet requirements of (c)(1)

101

• Hood that will completely enclose the upper half of the saw, the arbor end, and the point of operation at all positions of the saw.

• Constructed in such a manner and of such material that it will protect the operator from flying splinters and broken saw teeth.

• Automatically cover the lower portion of the blade, so that when the saw is returned to the back of the table the hood will rise on top of the fence, and when the saw is moved forward the hood will drop on top of and remain in contact with the table or material being cut.

10.213(g) Swing cutoff saws.

104

1910.213 (h) Radial saws.• Upper hoodUpper hood that completely enclose the

upper portion of the blade down to a point that will include the end of the saw arbor.

• Sides of the lower exposed Sides of the lower exposed portionportion of the blade guarded to the full diameter of the blade

• Radial saw used for rippingRadial saw used for ripping shall be provided with nonkickback fingers or dogs

• Adjustable stopAdjustable stop to prevent the forward travel of the blade beyond the position necessary to complete the cut in repetitive operations.

• Installation such that the front Installation such that the front endend of the unit will be slightly higher than the rear, so as to cause the cutting head to return gently to the starting position when released by the operator.

105

Radial Arm Saws

107

1910.213 (i) Bandsaws andband resaws.• All portions of the saw blade shall be

enclosed or guarded, except for the working portion of the blade between the bottom of the guide rolls and the table.

• Wheels fully encased. • Outside periphery of the enclosure

shall be solid. • Front and back enclosed by solid

material or by wire mesh or perforated metal.

• Guard for the portion of the blade between the sliding guide and the upper-saw-wheel guard shall protect the saw blade at the front and outer side.

• Self-adjusting to raise and lower with the guide.

108

Band Saw

109

Band Saw

111

10.213(j)(3) Hand-fed jointer • Automatic guard which will cover all the section of the head on the

working side of the fence or gage. • Effectively keep the operator's hand from coming in contact with the

revolving knives. • Automatically adjust itself to cover the unused portion of the head and

shall remain in contact with the material at all times.

112

• Cutting heads of each wood shaper, hand-fed panel raiser, or other similar machine not automatically fed, shall be enclosed with a cage or adjustable guard so designed as to keep the operator's hands away from the cutting edge.

1910.213(m)(1) Wood shapers and similar equipment.

113

10.213(o)(2) Cutting heads on wood- turning lathes• Covered as completely as possible by hoods or shields.

114

• Feed rolls of self-feed sanding machines must be protected with a semicylindrical guard to prevent the hands of the operator from coming in contact with the in-running rolls at any point.

• Guard must be constructed of heavy material, preferably metal, and firmly secured to the frame carrying the rolls so as to remain in adjustment for any thickness of stock.

• The bottom of the guard should come down to within three-eighths inch of a plane formed by the bottom or contact face of the feed roll where it touches the stock.

1910.213(p)(1) Sanding machines.

115

Circular Sander

116Unguarded belt sander

Saw blade

1910.213(s)(7)&(8)

119

Table Saw

120

Swing Cut off Saw

121

Table Saw

122

Table Saw

123

Belt Sander

124

Table Saw

125

Table Saw

126

Power Molding Machine

127

Table Saw

128

Table Saw

129

Dado blade on radial saw

130

Power fed rip saw

131

Radial arm saw

132

Radial arm saw

133

1910.215 Abrasivewheel machinery

141

• The safety guard shall cover the spindle end, nut, and flange projections.

1910.215(a)(2) Guard Design

142

safety guard

143

• On offhand grinding machines, work rests shall be used to support the work. They shall be of rigid construction and designed to be adjustable to compensate for wheel wear. Work rests shall be kept adjusted closely to the wheel with a maximum opening of one-eighth inch to prevent the work from being jammed between the wheel and the rest, which may cause wheel breakage. The work rest shall be securely clamped after each adjustment. The adjustment shall not be made with the wheel in motion.

1910.215(a)(4) Work rests.

Work rest 1/8”

144

• Exposure adjustment– one-fourth inch.

1910.215(b)(9) Tongue Guard

145

• (1) Inspection. – The spindle speed of the

machine shall be checked before mounting of the wheel to be certain that it does not exceed the maximum operating speed marked on the wheel

1910.215(d) Mounting - Wheel Speed

146

• (1) Inspection. – Wheels should be tapped

gently with a light nonmetallic implement, such as the handle of a screwdriver for light wheels, or a wooden mallet for heavier wheels. If they sound cracked (dead), they shall not be used. This is known as the "Ring Test".

1910.215(d) Mounting - Ring Test

“Ring test”

147

• Self Closing Guard– Effective two years after approval of this

revision for existing machines, all floor stand grinders for use with a 24” diameter wheels or larger where personnel are required to be in the plane of rotation of the wheel shall be equipped with guards which close automatically in case of wheel breakage. Other guard designs which provide equivalent protection to the personnel in the plane of rotation of the wheel may be used.

FLOOR STAND GRINDERSANSI B.7.1-1988 E 4.3.2

149

Guard down

151

Surface grinder with top guard

152

29CFR 1910.219 Mechanical Power-Transmission

Apparatus

153

• (1) This section covers all types and shapes of power-transmission belts, except the following when operating at two hundred and fifty (250) feet per minute or less:– (i) Flat belts one (1) inch or less in

width,– (ii) Flat belts two (2) inches or less

in width which are free from metal lacings or fasteners,

– (iii) Round belts one-half (1/2) inch or less in diameter; and

– (iv) Single strand V-belts, the width of which is thirteen thirty-seconds (13/32) inch or less.

1910.219(a)General requirements

154

• (2) Vertical and inclined belts (paragraphs (e) (3) and (4) of this section) if not more than two and one-half (2 1/2) inches wide and running at a speed of less than one thousand (1,000) feet per minute, and if free from metal lacings or fastenings may be guarded with a nip-point belt and pulley guard.

1910.219(a)General requirements

155Belt speed exceeds one thousand (1,000) feet per minute

156

• (1) Flywheels located so that any part is seven (7) feet or less above floor or platform shall be guarded in accordance with the requirements of this subparagraph:

1910.219(b) Flywheels

(7) feet or less above floor or platform shall be guarded

157

This is in further response to your letter dated April 5, 1983, concerning the guarding of flywheels on power presses.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration's General Industry Standards 29 CFR 1910.219(b)(1) and (b)(1)(vi) require guarding of the press flywheel. Furthermore, the latter provision requires that flywheels above working areas be provided with guards of sufficient strength to contain the flywheel in the event of shaft or wheel mounting failure.

Reference to ANSI 815.1-1972, the current version of the source standard, rapidly demonstrates that structural failures are possible. Appendix AB.1 of ANSI 815.1 indicates that failures of a fatigue nature can be anticipated, particularly for older machines that have been continually exposed to cyclic leads.

Therefore, substantial guarding is necessary to provide safety. That company die setter's need to have easy access to the flywheel for die-setting for is completely valid and should be a major consideration of the guarding provided. In that regard, the guard configuration enclosed is recommended for consideration.

LETTER OF INTERPRETATION

158

1910.219(c) Shafting

Rotating pulley

Rotating shaft

Rotating coupling

Burr

159

• (i) All exposed parts of horizontal shafting seven (7) feet or less from floor or working platform, excepting runways used exclusively for oiling, or running adjustments, shall be protected by a stationary casing enclosing shafting completely or by a trough enclosing sides and top or sides and bottom of shafting as location requires.

1910.219(c)(2) Guarding horizontal shafting.

Shafting must be guarded

161

• (i) Projecting shaft ends shall present a smooth edge and end and shall not project more than one-half the diameter of the shaft unless guarded by nonrotating caps or safety sleeves.

• (ii) Unused keyways shall be filled up or covered.

1910.219(c)(4) Projecting shaft ends

Shafting shall not extend morethan 1/2 the diameter of theshaft unless guarded

162

• (1) Pulleys, any parts of which are seven (7) feet or less from the floor or working platform, shall be guarded in accordance with the standards specified in paragraphs (m) and (o) of this section.

1910.219(d) Pulley Guarding

164

1910.219(f) Gears, sprockets,and chains

165

• (1) Gears shall be guarded in accordance with one of the following methods:– (i) By a complete enclosure; or– (ii) By a standard guard as described in

paragraph (o) of this section, at least seven (7) feet high extending six (6) inches above the mesh point of the gears; or

– (iii) By a band guard covering the face of gear and having flanges extended inward beyond the rootof the teeth on the exposed side or sides. Where any portion of the train of gears guarded by a band guard is less than six (6) feet from the floor a disk guard or a complete enclosure to the height of six (6) feet shall be required.

1910.219(f) Gears

166

• All sprocket wheels and chains shall be enclosed unless they are more than seven (7) feet above the floor or platform. Where the drive extends over other machine or working areas, protection against falling shall be provided..

1910.219 (f)(3) Sprockets and chains.

167

• (1) Collars. All revolving collars, including split collars, shall be cylindrical, and screws or bolts used in collars shall not project beyond the largest periphery of the collar.

• (2) Couplings Shaft couplings shall be so constructed as to present no hazard from bolts, nuts, setscrews, or revolving surfaces. Bolts, nuts, and setscrews will, however, be permitted where they are covered with safety sleeves or where they are used parallel with the shafting and are countersunk or else do not extend beyond the flange of the coupling.

1910.219 (i) Collars and couplings

168

• (1) Materials.– (i) Standard conditions shall be guarded by the use of the

following materials. Expanded metal, perforated or solid sheet metal, wire mesh on a frame of angle iron, or iron pipe securely fastened to floor or to frame of machine.

– (ii) All metal should be free from burrs and sharp edges.

1910.219(m) Standard guardsgeneral requirements

169

• (1) Minimum requirements. – The materials and

dimensions specified in this paragraph shall apply to all guards, except horizontal overhead belts, rope, cable, or chain guards more than seven (7) feet above floor, or platform.

1910.219(o) Approved materials

170

• (i) Wood guards may be used in the woodworking and chemical industries, in industries where the presence of fumes or where manufacturing conditions would cause the rapid deterioration of metal guards; also in construction work and in locations outdoors where extreme cold or extreme heat make metal guards and railings undesirable. In all other industries, wood guards shall not be used.

1910.219(o)(2) Wood guards

Wood guard

Wood guard

171

29 CFR 1910.261Paper, Pulp & Paperboard Mills

Application of 29 CFR 1910.212

172

Hydro Pulper

173

Fourdrinier

174

Screen Roll

175

Screen Cleaning

176

Threading the Presses (Tailing)

177

Cooch Carrier Roll Nip Point

178


179


180


181

First Press Nip Point

182

Press Section / First Dryer

183

Cylinder Machine Nip Point

184

Crumb / Scab Scraper

185

Cleaning the Press Roll

186

Dryers (Front Side)

187

Dryer (Back Side)

189

Isolation Guarding

190

Line Shaft

191

Incline Belts and Pulleys

192

Elevator Nip Point

193

Tailing (Threading) the Dryer

194

Dryer Nip Point

195

Reel Nip Point

196

Rewinder Nip Point

197

Guarded Rewinder

198

Rotary Cutters

199

Embosser Nip Point

200

Nip Point Guarding

machine safeguarding classifications

Documents