mackinnon sandwithiucnu kconferenceapril2012

Natural Solutions at Work

Protected Areas: Helping People to Cope with Global Challenges

Kathy MacKinnon, IUCN WCPA

Trevor Sandwith, IUCN

Climate Change - Likely Impacts

Source: Stern 2006.

Likely Regional Impacts of Climate Change on Human Communities and Livelihoods

Africa By 2020, 75-250 m people suffering water shortages Some countries - 50% reduction yield from rain-fed agriculture Strong links to poverty, migration and food securityAsia By 2050s, freshwater availability projected to decrease. Coastal areas, esp. heavily populated delta regions, flooding risk Increased pressures on natural resources from agriculture expansion Endemic morbidity and mortality due to diarrhea/disease rise.Islands Sea level rise -inundation, storm surge, erosion, other coastal hazards. By 2050, reduced water resources and shortages With higher temperatures, increased invasion by non-native species.

Ecosystems As Part of the Solution

Enhance resilience to climate change: Mitigation Store: Prevent loss of C in vegetation & soils Capture: Sequester CO2 from atmosphere Adaptation Protect : maintain ecosystem integrity, buffer

climate, reduce risks and impacts of extreme events (droughts, floods, storms, sea level rise)

Provide: maintain essential services: water supplies, fisheries, agricultural productivity

Ecosystems & Global Carbon Cycle

Forests 35% of land, 50% terrestrial C– Remove 2.4 b tons C/yr (=1/3 fossil fuel emissions)– Wetlands, seagrass beds, mangroves, kelp

forests some of the most efficient C sinks.

BUT Land Conversion 20% global emissionsDeforestation:1.6 b ton C/yr. Peat - 3% land; degradation equiv. 6% fossil fuel emissions.

Many areas high BD, high C value Globally 15% terrestrial C stored in PAs

Amazon Region Protected Area Program

The ARPA program (Brazilian Amazon) – Created 22.28 million ha of new PAs. – Better management 8.65 m ha existing PA– Mosaic of state, provincial, private, &

indigenous reserves (30.93 m ha). ARPA contributes to avoided deforestation. Carbon stock estimated 4.5 bn tons. Reduced

emissions estimated at 1.8 bn tons of carbon. Role recognized in the 2006 Stern Review.

Ecosystem-Based Adaptation

Natural ecosystems maintain water flows and quality. Provide coastal protection and natural flood control

and pollution-reduction mechanisms. Maintain nursery, feeding and breeding grounds for

fisheries and wildlife Protect reservoirs of wild crop relatives, pollinators,

pest control. (genetic diversity and resilience for crop improvements; increased agricultural production).

Healthy ecosystems restrict spread of invasive alien species (IAS) and disease vectors.

Proven, cost-effective and sustainable solutions – reducing the impact of CC

Forests and Water Security

Quantity: cloud forests increase water flow Quality: 33/105 major cities depend on PAs

for domestic water – Jakarta, Quito, New York Another 10%:water from protected watersheds

Forests reduce sedimentation - irrigation canals

and reservoirs e.g. Bogani Nani Wartabone NP Value to downstream agriculture – Madagascar

- 6m hectares of PAs

Protecting against hazards Coral reefs & mangroves – coastal protection,

fisheries & food security. Mangroves $300,000/km coastal defences Malaysia. Vietnam: Investment US$1.1m saved est.US$7.3

m/year sea dyke maintenance. Typhoon Wukong 2000. Flood control New Zealand: Whangamarino Ramsar

site, swamp – flood prevention worth US$4 m (1998). Switzerland 17% forests - stop avalanches, landslides

& flooding, valued at US$2-3.5 billion per year Green infrastructure – Argentina, Parana flood control Mali - role of national parks in desertification control.

PA reservoirs of drought-resistant species

Looking Forward

PROTECT: More & larger protected areas: marine; areas high C & BD; watersheds, peat, lowland, FW

CONNECT Protected areas in landscapes/seascapes Full range of PA governance (state to communities) Improve protection & management for C, BD & ES RESTORE - degraded habitats within & around PAs. Incorporate PAs into CC/Adaptation/Disaster

Reduction Strategies and spatial planning COST $23b/yr (4x current) – REDD, C funds, PES

Advocacy to Action – How to Mainstream?

For more information please visit:

www.worldbank.org/biodiversity

INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE IUCN’s Global Protected Area Programme

“a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed,

through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values”

IUCN defines a protected area to be:


Kathy MacKinnonCBD & Climate

CBD Strategic Plan: Target 11

At least

17 % of terrestrial and inland water, and

10 % of coastal and marine areas,

especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved

through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas, andother effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascape.



What does this imply for the establishment, management and governance of protected areas?



1. PA system design

“ecologically representative and well-connected systems”

Arctic C

ordille

ra

Easte

rn Te

mperate

Fores

ts

Great p

lains

Hudson plai

n

Marine W

est Coast

Fores

ts

Medite

rranea

n Californ

ia

North Ameri

can Dese

rts

Northern

Fores

ts

Northwest

ern Fo

rested

Mountai

ns

Southern

Semi-A

rid High

lands

Taiga

Tempera

te Sie

rras

Tropica

l Dry

Fores

ts

Tropica

l Humid Fo

rests

Tundra

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

% of North American Ecozones Protected

CBD Target

0 - 100 100 - 1000 1000 - 10000 10000 - 20000 20000 - 30000 30000 - 40000 > 400000

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

Distribution of the Number of North American Protected Areas by Size Class

Size Class in Km2

Num

ber o

f Pro

tect

ed A

reea

s

18478

1428

296 27 11 4 4

90% of North American Protected Areas are Less Than 100 km2 in area



Species Historical 1972 1994

Mudpuppy ? ?

Tiger salamander gone gone

American toad Fowler’s toad gone gone

Blanchard’s frog gone

Spring peeper Western Chorus frog Gray treefrog gone gone

Bullfrog gone

Green frog Leopard frog

11 7 5

Species are being lost in small protected areas:e.g. Changes in Amphibian species richness in Pt. Pelee

Tracking Target 11: Protection of ecoregions

We need to get here!

We are here!



“effectively....managed”

Standards and guidance for protected area managers

• Category assignment• Management planning• Community engagement• Communication and

education• Managing in the face of

climate change

Professional development standards, curriculum, quali-fications

2. Management capacity



2+ Financial capacity

• A global assessment of PA financing

• Application of a suite of financing mechanisms (government funding, trust funds, payments for ecosystem services, mitigation offsets)

• Skills to motivate, manage and deploy finance

“effectively....managed”



3. Facilitating equitable governance

• Address inadequacies in protected area legislation

• Focus on recognition of all PA governance types in the production landscape/ seascape

“equitably....managed”



Governance type

Category(manag. objective)

A. Governance by Government

B. Shared Governance C. Private Governance

D. Indigenous Peoples & Community Governance

Federal or national ministry or agency

Local/ municipal ministry or agency in change

Government-delegated management (e.g. to an NGO)

Trans-boundary management

Collaborative management (various forms of pluralist influence)

Joint management (pluralist management board)

Declared and run by individual land-owner

…by non-profit organisations (e.g. NGOs, univ. etc.)

…by for profit organisations (e.g. corporate land-owners )

Indigenous bio-cultural areas & Territories- declared and run by Indigenous Peoples

Community Conserved Areas - declared and run by traditional peoples and local communities

I - Strict Nature Reserve/ Wilderness Area

II – National Park (ecosystem protection; protection of cultural values)

III – Natural Monument

IV – Habitat/ Species Management

V – Protected Landscape/ Seascape

VI – Managed Resource


3+ Facilitate equitable governance

• Social assessment of PAs

• Enable multiple agency, biosphere reserve and transboundary protected areas governance

• Pilot, test and demonstrate Access and Benefit Sharing arrangements

“other effective area-based conservation measures”


4. Meeting global challenges

• Developing guidance for embedding biodiversity and PAs into development and land-use planning

• Achieving sectoral support for the critical role of PA systems

“integrated into the wider landscape and seascape”


The IUCN GREEN LIST of well-managed protected areas that achieve conservation of biodiversity

5. Achieving and communicating effective performance

Recognize and measure progress, celebrate success, innovation and endeavour in protected area management

“Areas that are particularly important for Biodiversity are conserved”


Values stated, objectives declared and being met

Protected area legally established, boundaries secure

Management capacity, policies and actions to achieve objectives in place

Governance, participation, equity and benefit-sharing fulfils standards

Visitor management and communication meets standards

THE IUCN GREEN LIST OF WELL-MANAGED PROTECTED AREAS

World Database on Protected Areas, 2012

• Only global database of protected areas• 30 years old• 200,000 + records• Partnership between UNEP and IUCN• Includes nationally designated parks and protected areas• International sites (World Heritage, UNESCO MAB, Ramsar, etc.)

World Database on Protected Areas

Panamanian protected areas from protectedplanet.net


5+ Using the power of social networks

mackinnon sandwithiucnu kconferenceapril2012

Technology