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:

.

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Operations and Chemical Processes:

:

-1

.

-2 .

3- .

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:

1) Thermal Cracking 2) Catalytic Cracking3) Catalytic Alkylation4) Catalytic Reforming

5) Steam Reforming

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1- Thermal Cracking .70.650-450

. .

:

H3C CH 3 2CH 3

Propagation Steps

H3C CH 2 H2C CH 2 + H

CH 3CH 3 + H H3C CH 2 + H 2

:

CH 3 CH 3CH3 + CH4 + CH 2CH3

CH 2CH3+CH3CH2

Termination Step

Initiation Step :

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1. :

CH 3+ + CH 4

+

CH 3 +

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:

+ CH 3 CH 4 +

1-Hexene

H2C CH 2 +

-H

1-Hexene

.

.

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Catalytic Cracking

- .

- .

- .

" " 5200-460 . :

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:

.:

() .

() Rearrangement))

((Dehydrogenation ....

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() : C) 16 H34 ). :

(1) :

(2) "H-" :

(3) :

C16H34 C5H11+

+ R +

CH

C10 H21 + RH

(4) :()

C C C + C+ + H2C CH 2

CnH2n+2Thermal cracking

C nH2n CnH2n+1H+ +

C16 H34Cat. C16 H33 + Cat. H

-

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. .

CnH 2n+ 1

H+

CnH 2n+ 1H

++ CnH2n+1

() . :

CnH2n+1+ -H+

CnH2n

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() :

:(1)

.

+

C 4 H 9

HC 4 H 9 +

-H+

C 4 H 9

(2) .

.

+C8H16

H C8H17+

C4H8 + C4H9+

C4H9+

+ RH C4H10 + R +

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(4) :

+ R +

+

.

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Catalytic Alkylation

. .

. :

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+HF

38o

C

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:

:.

() Initiation Step:

:

HF + F

_

CH3C

CH 3

H

CH 3

+ CH3C

CH 3

CH 3

+

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: . :

() Initiation Step: :

HF + F _

CH3C

CH 3

H

CH 3

+ CH3C

CH 3

CH 3

+

() :

CH3C

CH 3

CH 3

+

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() 1.2 .

CH 3 C

CH 3

H

H 3 C C C C CH 3

HH

H

CH 3

CH 3

H 3 C C C C CH 3

HHCH 3

CH 3 H

H 3 C C C C CH 3

HH

CH 3

CH 3

H

H3

C C C C CH3

H

CH 3

CH 3

HH

H 3 C C C C CH 3

CH 3

CH 3

HH

H

H 3 C C C C CH 3

CH 3

HH

H CH 3

C C CH 3

H

H

CH 3

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() .

:

H3C C C C CH 3

H

H

H

CH 3

CH3

+

(CH 3)3CH H3C C C C CH 3

H

H

H

CH 3

CH3

H

+ (CH 3)3C+

() " ." .

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:(1) .

CCH 2

CH 3

CH 3

H+

CH 3

CH 3

+

(2) (1) :

CH3C

CH 3

CH 3

H3C C C C CH 3

CH 3H

H

CH 3

CH 3

+

CH 3

CH 3

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Catalytic Reforming

. Dual)(Function- - -450

.550 . :

() : CH 3 CH 3

+ 3H 2

() -- :Dehydroisomerisation

+ 3H 2

CH 3

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() "Isomerisation" :

--() Dehydrocyclization :

CH 3

+ 4H 2C7H16

() Hydrocracking

C7H16H2 C3H8 + C4H10

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(1) - (2) .(3)

H CH 3CH 3

-H2 H+

CH 3

H

H

(1) (2) (3)

(1) (4) (5) .

CH 2

H

H

H

H

H

CH 2HH

H

-H+

(4) (5)

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(3) . -- :

:

CH 3

CH 2

CH 3

hydrocarbon chain

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() -- Dehydrocyclization: -- :

-1 :

cat.

-H2C7H16

-2 :

-H2

cat.

-3 :

-2H2CH 3 CH 3

HH

cat.

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Synthesis Gas))

(Ammonia), . . C1

C4 . . . :

CH4

+ H2O CO + 3H

2H = 205 KJ/mole

CO + H 2O CO 2 + H 2 =-42 KJ/mole

: 2 CO C + CO 2CO C + H 2O

CH 4 C + 3H 2

+ H 2

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:

Natural Gas: .

. (CO) CO) (2 (H2S)

3- .

Usages of Natural Gas:

1- .

-2 . ......

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:

. .

Classification of Natural Gas:

1- Non Associated Gas:

%85 %.1 (Dry Natural Gas)

(Room temperature).

-2 Associated Gas: . .

(Wet Natural Gas) .

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Methods for Purification of Natural Gas:

-1 ) Removal of Water(:

-2 Removal of Carbon Dioxide:

-3 Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide: