rapid reaction force affirmative 2ac blocks

8/15/2019 Rapid Reaction Force Affirmative 2AC Blocks

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A2: PDD-25 Prevents solvency

1. PDD-25 Allows the President to place troops under UN

controlSnyder in 1995 (William, Command versus Operational Control: Acritical review of PDD-25 http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/wisdom/pdd25.html)On May 3, 1994, President Bill Clinton signed Presidential Decision Directive 25 (PDD-25), a policydirective outlining the administration's position on reforming multilateral peace operations.1 Theresult of a 14-month inter-agency review of U.S. policy regarding multinational peacekeepingoperations, PDD-25 sets forth several stringent requirements that must be satisfied before theU.S. will participate in future international peacekeeping operations and suggests ways in which

the U.N. could improve its management of such operations.2 In one ofPDD-25's provisions,the Clinton Administration attempts to clarify the position of the United States with regardingcommand and control of United States military personnel participating in a multilateral

peacekeeping operations.3 The Directive defines "command" of United Statesarmed forces and "operational control" of those forces,

distinguishes the two, and maintains that although the Presidentnever relinquishes "command" over United States militarypersonnel, he may place United States military personnel underthe "operational control" of a non-U.S. commander for limitedand defined purposes.4

1
http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/wisdom/pdd25.html#ENDNOTE1http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/wisdom/pdd25.html#ENDNOTE1http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/wisdom/pdd25.html#ENDNOTE2http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/wisdom/pdd25.html#ENDNOTE2http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/wisdom/pdd25.html#ENDNOTE3http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/wisdom/pdd25.html#ENDNOTE3http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/wisdom/pdd25.html#ENDNOTE4http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/wisdom/pdd25.html#ENDNOTE4http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/wisdom/pdd25.html#ENDNOTE1http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/wisdom/pdd25.html#ENDNOTE2http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/wisdom/pdd25.html#ENDNOTE3http://www.ibiblio.org/jwsnyder/wisdom/pdd25.html#ENDNOTE4


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A2: No Early warning for Genocide

1. Genocide can currently be predicted, the only question

is how fast can we get to stop it2. Predicting genocide will never be 100% possible,

though it is possible to see warning signs before ithappens.

3. The question shouldnt be, how can we predictgenocide, the question should be how will we stop aconflict before it becomes genocide. Extend our thirdcard from advantage 2, Campbell in 2001 that says theonly way to stop perpetrators of violent masscres andgenocide is the use of a credible, fast, military force

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A2: Security Council Veto = Calculability

1. Derrida says we have an infinite responsibility to the

other and an ethical responsibility not to calculate. Wesolve for as much of that as we can withoutinternational fiat.

2. Any decrease in calculation is better then the statusquo. This outweighs all.

3. Everyone except the US currently wants a RRF. Its inthe best interest of everyone not to veto it.

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A2: China DA

1. Non unique There are many ongoing peacekeeping

operations going on right now and their impacts havenot happened yet.

2. Non unique Sino US relations are deteriorating nowbecause of US support for Taiwan

3. No threshold There is nothing to prove that increasingsupport be even one more degree of support will causetheir impact to happen.

4. China currently supports peacekeeping operationsAugust, 2004 [Oliver, Staffwriter for Times Online, China

Peacekeping role starts in Haiti,http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1315340,00.html, October18, 2004]

CHINA deployed riot police to Haiti yesterday, marking the first timethat Beijing has sanctioned the participation of its Armed Forces inpeacekeeping duties in the Western hemisphere. The deployment isseen as a major step in Chinas efforts to enhance its global role.

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The country, a permanent member of the United Nations SecurityCouncil, has beencriticised for not shouldering its share of the burden of peacekeepingduties. More recently, however, it has cultivated a higher profile ininternational affairs, playing host to six-party talks aimed at resolving a

crisis over the nuclear ambitions of North Korea. The contingent of95 riot police, including 13 women, spent three months preparingand passed exams administered by the UN. The Chinese, speciallytrained for riots and crowd control, will join a multinational force on thetroubled island, where about 50 people have been killed sinceSeptember.

5. Realism good Its not in Chinas best interest to go towar with us.

6. Empiricly Denied When they shot down our spy plane

our relations were at a huge low and we still didnt goto war.

7. The scenario for nuclear escalation and war theyimagine will always be prevented by deterrence.

Baudrillard in 81 [Jean, Simulacra and Simulation p. 32-35]The apotheosis of simulation: the nuclear. However, the balance of terror is neveranything but the spectacular slope of a system of deterrence that hasinsinuated itself from the inside into all the cracks ofdaily life. Nuclearsuspension only serves to seal the trivialized system of deterrence that is at the heart of the media, of theviolence without consequences that reigns throughout the world, of the aleatory apparatus of all thechoices that are made for us. The most insignificant of our behaviors is regulated by neutralized,indifferent, equivalent signs, by zero-sum signs like those that regulate the "strategy of games" (but the

true equation is elsewhere, and the unknown is precisely that variable of simulation which makes of theatomic arsenal itself a hyperreal form, a simulacrum that dominates everything andreduces all "ground-level" events to being nothing but ephemeralscenarios, transforming the life left us into survival, into a stake without stakes not even into a lifeinsurance policy: into a policy that already has no value).It is not the direct threat of atomic destruction that paralyzes our lives, it is deterrence that gives themleukemia. And this deterrence comes from that fact that even the real atomic clash is precluded-precluded

like the eventuality of the real in a system of signs. The whole world pretends to believe inthe reality of this threat (this is understandable on the part of the military, the gravity of theirexercise and the discourse of their "strategy" are at stake), but it is precisely at this level that there are nostrategic stakes. The whole originality of the situation lies in the improbability of destruction.Deterrence precludes war-the archaic violence of expanding systems. Deterrence itself is the neutral,implosive violence of metastable systems or systems in involution. There is no longer a subject ofdeterrence, nor an adversary nor a strategy-it is a planetary structure of the annihilation of stakes. Atomic

war, like the Trojan War, will not take place.

The risk of nuclear annihilation only serves asa pretext, through the sophistication of weapons (a sophistication that surpasses any possible objectiveto such an extent that it is itself a symptom of nullity), for installing a universal securitysystem, a universal lockup and control system whose deterrent effect is not at all aimed at an atomicclash (which was never in question, except without a doubt in the very initial stages of the cold war, whenone still confused the nuclear apparatus with conventional war) but, rather, at the much greater probabilityof any real event, of anything that would be an event in the general system and upset its balance. Thebalance of terror is the terror of balance.Deterrence is not a strategy, it circulates and is exchanged between nuclear protagonists exactly as isinternational capital in the orbital zone of monetary speculation whose fluctuations suffice to control all

global exchanges. Thus the money of destruction (without any reference to real destruction,

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any more than floating capital has a real referent of production) that circulates in nuclear orbitsuffices to control all the violence and potential conflicts around the world.What is hatched in the shadow of this mechanism with the pretext of a maximal, "objective," threat, andthanks to Damocles' nuclear sword, is the perfection of the best system of control that has ever existed.And the progressive satellization of the whole planet through this hypermodel of security. The same goes

for peaceful nuclear power stations. Pacification does not distinguish between the civil and the military:everywhere where irreversible apparatuses of control are elaborated, everywhere the notion of securitybecomes omnipotent, everywhere where the norm replaces the old arsenal of laws and violence (includingwar), it is the system of deterrence that grows, and around it grows the historical, social, and politicaldesert. A gigantic involution that makes every conflict, every finality, every confrontation contract in

proportion to this blackmail that interrupts, neutralizes, freezes them all. No longer can anyrevolt, any story be deployed according to its own logic because it risksannihilation. No strategy is possible any longer, and escalation is only apuerile gamegiven over to the military. The political stake is dead, only simulacra of conflicts andcarefully circumscribed stakes remain.

The "space race" played exactly the same role as nuclear escalation. This is why the space program was soeasily able to replace it in the 1960s (Kennedy/Khrushchev), or to develop concurrently as a form of"peaceful coexistence." Because what, ultimately, is the function of the space program, of the conquest ofthe moon, of the launching of satellites if not the institution of a model of universal gravitation, ofsatellization of which the lunar module is the perfect embryo? Programmed microcosm, where nothing can

be left to chance. Trajectory, energy, calculation, physiology, psychology, environment-nothing can be leftto contingencies, this is the total universe of the norm-the Law no longer exists, it is the operationalimmanence of every detail that is law. A universe purged of all threat of meaning, in a state of asepsis andweightlessness-it is this very perfection that is fascinating. The exaltation of the crowds was not aresponse to the event of landing on the moon or of sending a man into space (this would be, rather, thefulfillment of an earlier dream), rather, we are dumb-founded by the perfection of the programming andthe technical manipulation, by the immanent wonder of the programmed un- folding of events. Fascinationwith the maximal norm and the mastery of probability. Vertigo of the model, which unites with the model ofdeath, but without fear or drive. Because if the law, with its aura of transgression, if order, with its aura ofviolence, still taps a perverse imaginary, the norm fixes, fascinates, stupefies, and makes every imaginaryinvolute. One no longer fantasizes about the minutiae of a program. Just watching it produces vertigo. Thevertigo of a world without flaws.Now, it is the same model of programmatic infallibility, of maximum security and deterrence that today

controls the spread of the social. There lies the true nuclear fallout: the meticulous operation oftechnology serves as a model for the meticulous operation of the social. Here aswell, nothing will be left to chance, moreover this is the essence of socialization, which began centuries

ago, but which has now entered its accelerated phase, toward a limit that one believed would be explosive(revolution), but which for the moment is translated by an inverse, implosive, irreversible process: thegeneralized deterrence of chance, of accident, of transversality, of finality; of contradiction, rupture, orcomplexity in a sociality illuminated by the norm, doomed to the descriptive transparency of mechanismsof information. In fact, the spatial and nuclear models do not have their own ends: neither the discovery ofthe moon, nor military and strategic superiority. Their truth is to be the models of simulation, the modelvectors of a system of planetary control (where even the super- powers of this scenario are not free-thewhole world is satellized).

8. Their disadvantage devalues life because it fostersinaction against genocide which is unethical. Crossapply Dillon and Campbell in 99. Vote them down.

9. Genocide is happening now. Nuclear war is improbableat best. This outweighs their DA.

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A2: Economy DA

1. Non unique the US economy is headed for a downturn

as is.Reuters News Service, 2004 [US Indicators Fall, 4thStraight Month,http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=businessNews&storyID=6572126, Oct 21st, 2004]A closely watched gauge of future U.S. economicactivity fell in September for the fourth straight monthafter a stronger pace earlier in the year, a private research firmsaid on Thursday. The Conference Board said its index of leading indicators fell0.1 percent in September to 115.6, slightly stronger than the Wall Streetforecast of a 0.2 percent decline. The indicator fell 0.3 percent in August. The drop wasdriven by negative readings in vendor performance, theinterest rate yield curve, average weekly initial claimsfor unemployment insurance and average weeklymanufacturing hours. "A fourth consecutive decline ...is a clear signal that the economy is losing momentumheading into 2005," said Conference Board economist Ken Goldstein. High energyprices and the hurricane season contributed to the declinein economic activity, he added.Goldstein warned that if consumersbecome more cautious and concerned over the weak jobgrowth, then theeconomy could slow before the holiday season and cause weaker grossdomesticproduct growth in the fourth quarter and the first quarter of2005.Ian Shepherdson of High

Frequency Economics said, "The index has fallen at a 0.3 percent annualized pace over the pastsix months,the worst performance since (the) period immediately before the war inIraq."

"Overall, weak and worse to come," Shepherdson said.2. Empiricly Denied The economy was way down after

9/11, and now its recovered. Their impacts wonthappen.

3. Empiricly Denied Bush hasnt vetoed any newspending since he was elected. Their impacts stillhavent happened.

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4. No link We have the money now to implement theplan

5. No Impact The dominoe theory of economics is a eliteconstruction intended to galvanize political action, thenegative just buys into this economical elitisim butthere is still space to resist.

6. Turn Helping third world countries actually helps oureconomy

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7. Turn Multilateralism is key to trade and leadership


9. Nuclear war is probable at best. Genocide is happeningnow. Our impacts outweigh. Vote AFF.

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A2: AIDS Tradeoff DA

1. Funding will come out of existing Peacekeeping budget

2. Non unique the US economy is headed for a downturnas is.Reuters News Service, 2004 [US Indicators Fall, 4th

Straight Month,http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=businessNews&storyID=6572126, Oct 21st, 2004]A closely watched gauge of future U.S. economicactivity fell in September for the fourth straight monthafter a stronger pace earlier in the year, a private research firmsaid on Thursday. The Conference Board said its index of leading indicators fell0.1 percent in September to 115.6, slightly stronger than the Wall Streetforecast of a 0.2 percent decline. The indicator fell 0.3 percent in August. The drop wasdriven by negative readings in vendor performance, theinterest rate yield curve, average weekly initial claimsfor unemployment insurance and average weeklymanufacturing hours. "A fourth consecutive decline ...is a clear signal that the economy is losing momentumheading into 2005," said Conference Board economist Ken Goldstein. High energyprices and the hurricane season

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contributed to the declinein economic activity, he added. Goldstein warned that ifconsumersbecome more cautious and concerned over the weak job growth, then theeconomycould slow before the holiday season and cause weaker grossdomestic product growth in thefourth quarter and the first quarter of2005.Ian Shepherdson of High Frequency Economics said,"The index has fallen at a 0.3 percent annualized pace over the past six months,the worst

performance since (the) period immediately before the war inIraq." "Overall, weakand worse to come," Shepherdson said.3. No link nowhere in their evidence does it say that our

specific plan will cause the tradeoff.4. They dont give a timeline on when their impacts will

happen. Genocide is happening right now. We savepeople now.


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A2: US overstretch

1. No Link Peacekeeping doesnt cause overstretch

because the US will always support peace anddemocracy at any cost

Thomas Donnely, Foreign Affairs, July/August, 2002The fact of American empire is hardly debated these days. Even those whofear and oppose it (in this country, the libertarian right and the remnants of the new left; abroad, a varietyof voices from Paris to Baghdad to Beijing) define international politics almost entirely in relation to U.S.

power -- and especially U.S. military power. The "unipolar moment" has become aunipolar decade and, with a little effort and a little wisdom, could lastmuch longer. Even Yale historian Paul Kennedy, who in the mid-1980s predicted U.S. "imperialoverstretch," has become a believer. Stunned by the initial success of the war in Afghanistan, he wrote in

February, Nothing has ever existed like this disparity of power; nothing. ThePax Britannica was run on the cheap. Britain's army was much smaller than European armies and even the

Royal Navy was equal only to the next two navies -- right now all the other navies in theworld combined could not dent American maritime supremacy. Napoleon'sFrance and Philip II's Spain had powerful foes and were part of a multipolar system. Charlemagne's Empirewas merely western European in its stretch. The Roman Empire stretched further afield, but there wasanother great empire in Persia and a larger one in China. There is no comparison. To be sure, it is stillinflammatory to speak openly of empire -- hence the prevalence of euphemisms such as hegemony,preeminence, primacy, sole superpower, or, a la the French, hyperpuissance. But many of the nation'sfounders would not be so shocked: Alexander Hamilton, writing the first paragraph of the first FederalistPaper, described America as "an empire in many respects the most interesting in the world." Thomas

Jefferson's term was "empire of liberty." Since September 11, President George W. Bush, too, has learnedthat it is hard to be a humble hegemon. During the 2000 election campaign, Bush's advisers spokecontemptuously of the Clinton administration's promiscuous "engagement" in "nation building" and other"international social work," and they derided Secretary of State Madeleine Albright's claim that the United

States was "the indispensable nation." But now that he is fighting a war onterrorism, the president asserts that "no nation is exempt" from the

"true and unchanging" American principles of liberty and justice. Hesees adherence to these principles as a "non-negotiable demand" thatforms the "greater objective" of the war. The Bush Doctrine is thus an expression ofthe president's decision to preserve and extend Pax Americana throughout the Middle East and beyond

2. No impacts - They dont have a scenario of when wewouldnt have enough troops

3. We have a modern military, its called an aircraft carrier4. If all else fails we have nuclear weapons.5. No brightline on how many troops causes overstretch6. Turn we are reorganizing troops out of cold war status.

This solves overstretch.7. Their disadvantage devalues life because it fosters

inaction against genocide which is unethical. Crossapply Dillon and Campbell in 99. Vote them down.

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A2: World Government

1. Non unique We are already involved and have been

involved in many PKOs, impacts havent happened.2. The structure of the UN checks the UNs power. There

are set standards on when PKOs expire.3. No Link None of their authors specificly talk about our

plan causing a world government4. Globablization Good 5. Turn US Heg is worse then the UN being a World

Government.6. This whole argument is completely illogical realisticly

the United States would never let the UN take fullcontrol of the US government.

7. No Impact Look to what their evidence says. It has nowarrants and explanation as to how the UN couldpossibly commit democide.


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A2: Heg Good

1. Non unique US is currently leaning towards

multilateral approaches

2. No Link Non of their authors specificly talk about howsupporting the creation of an RRF will decrease theamount of heg we have now.

3. United States hegemony causes resent and theproliferation of WMDs

4. US heg causes alliances to form to counterbalance USpower

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5. Their disadvantage devalues life because it fosters

inaction against genocide which is unethical. Crossapply Dillon and Campbell in 99. Vote them down.

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A2: Sex Trafficking DA

1. No Link the plan does not send troops to any one

place. All it does is support the creation of an RRF. Itspossible that once this force is made that they willnever have to be deployed.

2. No Impact The DA assumes that we will be employingPeacekeepers in the way we do currently. RRF troopsare specialized troops for peacekeeping and aredeployed differently and are trained differently then thepeacekeepers of today.


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A2: Politics

___No Internal link They dont show that political capital

is quantifiable. Without that they cant win a link.___Empiricly denied Bush got through his Iraqreconstruction funding, which was very politically divisiveand required political capital

___Their impact is unlikely There are to many factorsthat could happen that could make their impact nothappen. That means that there is only a small chancethere impacts will happen, if it all. Even so we outweigh.

___Politics Das are bad for debate:a. Theyre repetitive they run the exact same politics shell

every round, which doesnt give good education for thedebaters.

b. They detract from topic focus politics are super-generic,so the negative never needs to read on-case or researchforeign policy, which hurts education and is againstframers intent.

c. It moots the resolution the resolution is supposed to be aguide to negative debating as well, they defeat thepurpose of having a new resolution each year by alwaysrunning the same arguments.

d. The should in the resolution means plan is passed in avacuum should means that plan oughtto occur, not thatit will, so were effectively just debating over the plan, notwhat may occur while plan is being passed, becausepassage is never assumed.

e. Encourages poor evidence quality look at their cards,they all suck, there arent any warrants and most of themare taken out of context. This type of citing would not beacceptable for any forum besides debate people can getkicked out of college for misreporting sources, it shouldntbe encouraged in debate.

f. It hurts political activism their large but unlikely impactswouldnt be used in any forum but debate, for example,the city council wont be convinced that passing a newforeign policy will lead to a republican takeover that allowsBush to destroy the world. That makes us less effective atpolitical activism in the outside world.

g. Those are all reasons to vote aff, and reject the team, notjust the argument to send a message that this type of

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argumentation wont be tolerated and to discourage futureviolations.

2.

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A2: Canada CP

1. Perm do the plan and have Canada do the plan

a. Perm proves that there is no textual competition,both countries can do the plan at the same time.

2. Fiating Canada is international fiat and thats badbecause:

a. Its an impossible research burden there are 192countries in the world, any of which could make a newforeign policy on peace keeping operations. Wed have toresearch all of them to be prepared for internationalcounterplans, which shreds our ground.

b. Its outside the jurisdiction of the judge the judge is putinto the role of a US policymaker or person in Congress,and they cant decide issues beyond the United States.Thats the best interpretation for debate, because its mostreal world for roles the debaters could play in the future.

c. Its non-reciprocal we only get the United States, thenegative shouldnt get more, and reciprocity is the onlyobjective way to decide fairness in debate.

d. Vote on it for fairness and ground.

3. Canada Cannot Solve its own troops are highlyoverstretched

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4. Canadas own military is small, poorly trained, andlacks the necessary resources to solve

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A2: Japan CP

1. Perm do the plan and have Japan do the plan

a. Perm proves that there is no textualcompetition, both countries can do the plan atthe same time.

2. Fiating Japan is international fiat and thats badbecause:

a. Its an impossible research burden there are 192countries in the world, any of which could make a newforeign policy on peace keeping operations. Wed haveto research all of them to be prepared for internationalcounterplans, which shreds our ground.

b. Its outside the jurisdiction of the judge the judge isput into the role of a US policymaker or person inCongress, and they cant decide issues beyond theUnited States. Thats the best interpretation for debate,because its most real world for roles the debaters couldplay in the future.



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A2: Australia CP

1. Perm Do the plan and have Australia do the plan

a. Perm shows that the plan and counterplan canboth be done at the same time. This proves thereis no textual competition.

2. Australia Cannot solve alonea. The US and Australia have to work together

3. Fiating Australia is international fiat and thats badbecause:

a. Its an impossible research burden there are 192countries in the world, any of which could make a newforeign policy on peace keeping operations. Wed haveto research all of them to be prepared for internationalcounterplans, which shreds our ground.

b. Its outside the jurisdiction of the judge the judge isput into the role of a US policymaker or person inCongress, and they cant decide issues beyond theUnited States. Thats the best interpretation for debate,because its most real world for roles the debaters couldplay in the future.



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A2: NATO CP

1. perm

2. Nato cannot solve alonea. NATO enforcement increases tensions

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A2: EU RRF CP

1. Perm Send support to both the UN RRF and a EU RRF

a. Perm shows that there is no textual competitionbetween the two opposing plans. We can supportboth.

b. With no textual competition this plan is illegit andyou as a judge cannot vote for it.

2. The EU RRF cannot solvea.

b. An EU RRF would undermine Nato, and lose USsupport in Europe

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c. There is no EU RRF currently, only a commitmentof troops

d. An EU RRF wouldnt be functional until at least2008

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e. The EU lacks the capabilities to solve, US action iskey

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A2: EU CP

1. Perm do the plan and have EU do the plan

a. Perm proves that there is no textual competition,both countries can do the plan at the same time.

2. They cannot fiat the EU since that would beinternational fiat and thus cannot solve

a. Its an impossible research burden there are 192countries in the world, any of which could make a newforeign policy on peace keeping operations. Wed have toresearch all of them to be prepared for internationalcounterplans, which shreds our ground.

b. Its outside the jurisdiction of the judge the judge is putinto the role of a US policymaker or person in Congress,and they cant decide issues beyond the United States.Thats the best interpretation for debate, because its mostreal world for roles the debaters could play in the future.



3. Also, cross-apply our

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A2: Private Military Contractors CP

1. Empowering PMCs makes war more likely by making it

cheaper

2. Risk of PMCs pulling out of a PKO is high

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3. Because PMCs are unregulated they can and will workfor dangerous groups. This creates a situation ofanarchy.

4. PMCs cannot solve Local backlash because of profitmotive prevents PMCs from solving

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A2: Consult CPs (General)

1. Consult Counterplans are bad because:

a. Consultation allows abusive negative specifications calling process mechanism issues into question is infinitelyregressive the neg will always find an implied backgroundcondition, crushing predictability and education

b. The counterplan justifies everything by mandating theaction of another country, the counterplan inherently usesinternational fiat, relies on a condition, is conditional, and aPIC.

c. Kills jurisdiction the judge never knows what happenspost counterplan, no way to predict on a fiat level whetherthe condition is successful. Policy makers cant vote for a

maybe, one must choose plan or not, otherwise its beyondyour power of fiat.d. No limiting function any person, country, or organization

can be consulted. Even if there is no net benefit to thespecific consultation, one can always claim a genericconsult key to heg net benefit.

e. There is no solvency advocate for the counterplan - Noauthors advocate discussing the affirmative's harm areaand solvency plans before enacting the legislation. Thelack of a solvency advocate should be a reason to rejectthe counterplan.

f. The counterplan faces a solvency deficit - There is noguarantee that the plan, or something like it, will beenacted once the consultation takes place. Without thisguarantee, the case advantage functions as adisadvantage to the counterplan.

g. Vote for fairness and jurisdiction

2. Perm consult and then do the plana. There is no evidence that genuine consultation does

anythingb. There is no textual competition and if they win that the

plan would pass under the counterplan it just proves that

its plan plus.3. Case outweighs

a. Timeframe consultations take a long time, during this timegenocides and mass murders can occur around the worldwhich the plan could stop

b. By having to take the time to consult ________ you by intothe calculative framework that our third advantage

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criticizes. The counterplan just shifts the burden of whodoes the calculation to another actor.

4.

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A2: Empire

1. Perm

2. Cross-Apply our third advantage - By endorsing thealternative you are allowing the calculative frameworkof politics to continue to exist and thus allowinggenocide to be continually justified. Reject this critiqueand vote AFF.

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A2: Colonialism

1. Perm

2. Their alternative does nothing to solve for their ownimpacts All that the negative advocates is doingnothing. They want you to not change the status quo.

This fails because by doing nothing you are not helpingto stop the genocidal impacts that they talk about, yousit by and let them happen.


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A2: Threat Construction

1. Perm use the critical realist lens to pass the plan.

Realist problem-framing doesnt de-justify decisionmaking. The perm allows for ethical political actionwhile resolving the kritik

George in 95 (Jim, @Australian National University,Millennium [Sunshine])

2. Lipschutz does not believe there is any viablealternative to Realism at this state in timeLipschutz, 2004 (Ronnie Lipschutz,http://www.ndtceda.com/schoofs/Lipschutz.txt)I don't think there is a single methodology that is useful. We livein a world in which realism, liberalism and, yes, Marxism all have

something to say about IR and all can provide useful tools forevaluation. Policymakers do not like complexity, and so they fastenonto the analytical frameworks that provide simple and seemingly easy-to-apply solutions. The result is unintended consequences and,sometimes, foreign policy disasters.

3. The alternative does nothing all that the neg asks youto do is vote neg. This does nothing to solve for theproblems of the status quo which they criticize.

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4. The anti-realist approach has led states to not act. Thishas resulted in the denial of state sovereignty.


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A2: Non-Violence

1. Perm Do the plan and embrace the idea of non

violence2. Their Alternative is nihilistic They ask you to do

nothing as opposed to doing something about theproblems in the status quo. Change will never come inthe form of saying that the status quo is good, changeonly comes by trying new ideas.

3. Their alternative links to their own kritik they areattempting to criticize a status quo problem yet theiralternative does nothing about it

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4. Their alternative does nothing to solve the harms of thestatus quo nor does it stop any of its own supposiveimpacts.

a. Cross apply our third card from our secondAdvantage, Campbell in 2001 The warrants ofthis card clearly state that the perpetrators ofviolent acts against their own people will not becoerced by anything less then a credible militaryforce. This means that these feel good ideas ofacting kindly to everyone wont stop some leadersfrom genocide.

5. Turn Non violence is responsible for the failures ofBosnia and Rwanda

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6. Cross-Apply our third advantage - By endorsing thealternative you are allowing the calculative frameworkof politics to continue to exist and thus allowing

genocide to be continually justified. Reject this critiqueand vote AFF.

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A2: Statism

1. No link

a. We dont support an increase in state power, under theplan state power remains right where it is currently.b. We dont support anything in the status quo beyond our

plan.c. Its not specific none of their authors talk about the

creation of a RRF.

2. Their Alternative Failsa. Weapons are still out there if the military is gone, all their

gear will be laying around for some militant group to pickup. This could include nuclear or biological weapons whichrisk human extinction.

b. Corporations take control if the state is gone, there willbe nothing left to check the power of large corporations.Those will replace the state and be even worse becausethey dont have any responsibility to the people at all.

c. Loses basic service, like postage and police officers murderers continue to murder, robbers continue to rob,and all kinds of bad things happen without the state.

d. Elites backlash as the state is being torn down, thepeople in power will see their control going and backlashagainst the movement. This means lots of people will dieand the movement may be destroyed, so they wouldnt

solve.e. War will destroy the movement large-scale wars

empirically lead to the rise of totalitarian states, which willbe more statist than we are now.

f. The state will reappear theres no evidence that they willsolve mindsets all over the world which favor a statesystem, which means people will just create a new systemof hierarchy to replace the old one, so they solve nothing.

3. Perm do the plan and [reject the state].a. It doesnt link theres no contradiction between getting

rid of an instrument of state military power and the state

system itself as well.b. Perm solves all of the case and critique impacts, which will

outweigh any small link.c. Perms are necessary to force negatives to prove a unique

link to the affirmative case without them, the neg wouldjust have to identify a larger series of harms to aff didntsolve to win.

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4. The idea of the state vanishing through revolution andpeople refusing to accept it is just a pipe-dream it

doesnt fit the modern era. Rather, the state willimplode through overrregulation, like a system with toomuch feedback the plans action is a step in thisdirection, and the combination solves best.

Baudrillard in 81 [Jean, Simulacra and Simulation p. 70-72]Beaubourg cannot even burn, everything is foreseen. Fire, explosion, destruction are no longer theimaginary alternative to this type of building. It is implosion that is the form of abolishing the "quaternary"

world, both cybernetic and combinatory. Subversion, violent destruction iswhat corresponds to a mode of production. To a universe ofnetworks, of combinatory theory, and of flow correspond

reversal and implosion .The same for institutions, the state, power, etc. The dream ofseeing all that explode by dint of contradictions is preciselynothing but a dream. What is produced in reality is that the institutionsimplode of themselves, by dint of ramifications, feedback,overdeveloped control circuits. Power implodes, this is its current mode ofdisappearance.Such is the case for the city. Fires, war, plague, revolutions, criminal marginality, catastrophes: the wholeproblematic of the anticity, of the negativity internal or external to the city, has some archaic relation to itstrue mode of annihilation. Even the scenario of the underground city-the Chinese version of the burial ofstructures-is naive. The city does not repeat itself any longer according to a schema of reproduction stilldependent on the general schema of production, or according to a schema of resemblance still dependenton a schema of representation. (That is how one still restored after the Second World War.) The city no

longer revives, even deep down-it is remade starting from a sort of genetic code that makes it possible torepeat it indefinitely starting with an accumulated cybernetic memory. Gone even the Borgesian utopia, ofthe map coextensive with the territory and doubling it in its entirety: today the simulacrum no longer goesby way of the double and of duplication, but by way of genetic miniaturization. End of representation andimplosion, there also, of the whole space in an infinitesimal memory; which forgets nothing, and whichbelongs to no one. Simulation of an immanent, increasingly dense, irreversible order, one that ispotentially saturated and that will never again witness the liberating explosion.

We were a culture of liberating violence (rationality). Whether it be that ofcapital, of the liberation of productive forces, of the irreversible extension of the field of reason and of the

field of value, of the conquered and colonized space including the universal-whether it bethat of the revolution, which anticipates the future forms ofthe social and of the energy of the social-the schema is the same: that of anexpanding sphere, whether through slow or violent phases, that of a liberated energy-the imaginary of

radiation.The violence that accompanies it is that of a wider world: it is that of production. This violence isdialectical, energetic, cathartic. It is the one we have learned to analyze and that is familiar to us: thatwhich traces the paths of the social and which leads to the saturation of the whole field of the social. It is aviolence that is determined, analytical, liberating.

A whole other violence appears today, which we no longer know how toanalyze, because it escapes the traditional schema of explosive violence: implosive violencethat no longer results from the extension of a system, butfrom its saturation and its retraction, as is the case for physical stellar systems.

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A violence that follows an inordinate densification of the social, the state of an overregulated system , anetwork (of knowledge, information, power) that is overencumbered, and of a hypertrophic controlinvesting all the interstitial pathways. This violence is unintelligible to us because our whole imaginary hasas its axis the logic of expanding systems. It is indecipherable because undetermined. Perhaps it no longereven comes from the schema of indeterminacy. Because the aleatory models that have taken over fromclassical models of determination and causality are not fundamentally different. They translate the

passage of defined systems of expansion to systems of production and expansion on all levels-in a star orin a rhizome, it doesn't matter-all the philosophies of the release of energy, of the irradiation of intensitiesand of the molecularization of desire go in the same direction, that of a saturation as far as the interstitialand the infinity of networks. The difference from the molar to the molecular is only a modulation, the lastperhaps, in the fundamental energetic process of expanding systems.Something else if we move from a millennial phase of the liberation and disconnection of energies to aphase of implosion, after a kind of maximum radiation (see Bataille's concepts of loss and expenditure inthis sense, and the solar myth of an inexhaustible radiation, on which he founds his sumptuaryanthropology: it is the last explosive and radiating myth of our philosophy, the last fire of artifice of afundamentally general economy, but this no longer has any meaning for us), to a phase of the reversion ofthe social-gigantic reversion of a field once the point of saturation is reached. The stellar systems also do

not cease to exist once their radiating energy is dissipated: they implode according toa process that is at first slow, and then progressivelyaccelerates-they contract at a fabulous speed, and become involutive systems, which absorb allthe surrounding energies, so that they become black holes where theworld as we know it, as radiation and indefinite energy potential, is abolished .

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A2: Nayar

1. Perm combine the global action of the plan with

grassroots action of the alternative. Only by globalizingour movement can we fight dangerous globalization

2. Perm solves action must be global as well as local

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3. The alternative fails grassroots movements failbecause of common pitfalls

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A2: Cap Bad

1. No link we never advocate capitalism in the plan or

case, and we specifically state in our framework thatwe do not support any parts of the status quo beyondthe plan being a good idea.

2. We only cause a small amount of their impact thestate exists now, at worst the plan only makes it slightlymore statist. We dont cause the entirety of their hugeimpact, and our cause outweighs what is left.

3. Cross-apply the framework from under the 1AC policyimpacts as a result of the plan are the only basis fordecision. Our personal actions and language do notrelate to the pros v. cons on a particular policy, so theyhave no impact in the round. This means that in orderto win on the critique, they have to show how the planis worse than the status quo based exclusively off theirpolicy impacts.

4. Turn - US military power projection is used to expandcapitalist exploitation into unwilling countries and crushnon-capitalist emerging governments. We decrease thespread of capitalism.

Parenti in 93 (Micheal, Ph.D. in political science from Yale University.Inventing Reality: the Politics of News Media p. 163-164)For decades, US officials and media commentators told us that the US global military machine, with its 300major bases around the world, was needed to protect us from a Moscow-directed Red Menace. But

when the communist nations of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union dissolved intoanticommunist, pro-capitalist states, the US global military machinedid not dissolve along with them but remained largely intact. US leaders now maintainedthat the world was full of dangerous noncommunist adversaries, who apparently had been previouslyoverlooked.Any foreign power, even a noncommunist one, that tries to reclaim its owndevelopment at the expense of multinational corporate investors risks feeling the crush of US power . American politico-corporate elites

have long been engaged in a struggle to make the world safe forcapital accumulation; to retain control of the markets, raw materials,and cheap labor of poorer countries; and to prevent the emergence ofrevolutionary socialist, populist, or even nationalist military regimes thatchallenge this arrangement. For this, a global military machine is still needed. Thegoal is to create a world populated by client states, ones that leavethemselves completely open to multinational corporate penetration, onterms set by the penetrators.

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5. Their impacts are empirically denied weve had a

capitalist system for a long time, it hasnt causedextinction yet, so theres no reason to believe it will inthe near future, so case impacts outweigh.

6. Perm do plan and [reject capitalism].a. It doesnt link theres no contradiction between getting

rid of an instrument of state military power and the statesystem itself as well.

b. Perm solves all of the case and critique impacts, which willoutweigh any small link.

c. Perms are necessary to force negatives to prove a unique

link to the affirmative case without them, the neg wouldjust have to identify a larger series of harms to aff didntsolve to win.

7. The perm solves - Communisms collapse has caused itto integrate into the West and infect it with its ownvalues. The combination of communism and capitalgains the benefits of both and ultimately achieves thegoal of the communist revolution.

Baudrillard in 94 [Jean, The Illusion of the End p. 44-47]It is clear that the ultimate deterrence has come from the East -no longer that of the balance of terror,which, for forty years, prevented the event of atomic war from coming about, but of the imbalance ofterror, which prevents the confrontation itself from coming about. Deterrence by self-dissolution,demolition, de-escalation, unilateral disarmament, auto-destabilization which completely destabilizes theopponent - a strategy of weakness, an unexpected, unpredictable strategy even for the protagoniststhemselves, but all the more effective for that. A strategy of disappearance, dispersion, dissemination,contamination, virulence by fragmentation. For not only are the weapons, hardware and brains of theformer USSR going to turn up allover the world, but the model of disintegration is going to radiate out also,

more effective than a thousand atom bombs. Integral, totalitarian communism couldbe sealed up and neutralized. Disintegrated communism becomesviral; it becomes capable of passing through its own wall and infecting the whole world, not by ideologyor by its model of functioning, but by its model of dysfunctioning and of sudden,violent destructuring. Certainly, we might ask whether this is still communism? Whatever theanswer, it is exerting an influence over the world which it could nevermuster by arms or by thought, an influence over the whole world by

the event of its disappearance. In that sense, it might be said that it is triumphant, sinceperfect communism, the fully realized communism, like the fully realized utopia, is the one which hasdisappeared. In that sense, too, the consequences of communism's sudden self-dissolution are perhapseven more incalculable than those of its appearance at the dawn of this century. Not through ideology, butthrough the auto-da-fe of its own principles, the unconditional acting out of capitulation. In terms of ideas,it had opened up a monolithic, totalitarian path; with its inverted acting out, it opens up the path of

dislocation for all structures and empires.The East will have victoriously counteredcapital with capitulation.It is Chernobyl that will turn out to have been the real starting point in this involuntary, but brilliant

strategic inversion which has destabilized the very concept of relations of force, creating out of this astrategy of relations of weakness and completely changing the rules of the game. Up to that point, things

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were frozen: no military, offensive acting-out was possible. Everything culminated in Star Wars, animpossible scenario: orbital bombs are virtual; they do not explode. The only true bomb explodes - orimplodes - on the spot, by superfusion: Chernobyl, an accidental acting-out. It was the Eastern bloc thatexploded that bomb in its own heart and it was that bomb which, in the form of the first atomic cloud,crossed the Wall and frontiers without encountering any opposition, inaugurating the fusion between thetwo worlds by radioactive infiltration. So the initial explosion of the New World Order will indeed have come

from the East, and the contamination has passed from East to West. After Chernobyl, the Berlin Wall nolonger exists. Symbolically, it is therefore nuclear fusion, after all, which presides over the political,transpolitical confusion of the blocs. By the suicidal accident of Chernobyl, the former USSR both admits itsimpotence, its weakness, and at the same time passes the whole lot over to the West, obliging it tomanage the collapse, to manage a whole world gone bankrupt. That of communism to begin with, but

soon, subtly, the world of capital itself. Up to now, communism had sought out theweakest link in the capitalist chain. Suddenly, it discovered that it wasthe weakest link and, by destroying itself, by cracking up almostaccidentally, it sent the other world hurtling to its doom, forced it todeny itself as enemy, contaminated its defences, exported its owneconomic and political suicide. The captive hell of communism found itself liberated. Fromthis point on, the barrier separating hell from heaven is liquidated. And in this case, of course, theliquefaction is general, and hell always submerges heaven.

Solzhenitsyn writes (against Sakharov and his idea of having the two hostile blocs converge so as to unitetheir mutual qualities): 'What can come of two societies afflicted with such redhibitory vices when theycome closer together and are transformed by the contact between them? A society twice as immoral.' Thedream of plurality is indeed precisely this: differences are to be exchanged as positive qualities. Whereaswhat always wins out in the exchange of differences, in dialogue, is the exchange and addition of negative

qualities. Fusion always turns into confusion - contact into contamination .We have an example of this today with AIDS and the fatal potentiality threatening every sexual encounter.But the same goes for computers: maximum interconnectedness brings maximum vulnerability of allnetworks (the trend now is towards stand-alone computers; it seems in fact that networks transmit viruseseven faster than information). Genetic confusion runs in this same direction. It is one of the aspects of theprinciple of Evil that it always proceeds more quickly than Good.So Solzhenitsyn, for his part objecting to this immoral confusion, is right and Sakharov wrong. But we havenothing against vice and immorality. If they have to be increased in the confusion of the two worlds, thenperhaps that is better, all in all, than the austere, puritanical order of deterrence and the balance of terror.

Why not a world society which is entirely corrupt, a single empire

which is the empire of confusion, a New World Disorder whichcombines the filterable viruses of communism with the discreet charmofthe rights of man and nature?

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A2: Support = Existing PKOs

1. We meet An RRF could help out in any existing PKO it

was needed in2. Counter Definition

3. Our counter definition is best It comes straight fromthe UN department of peacekeeping, and is therefore asbest on to the topic as it can be.

4. Limits We place the best limits by only limiting casesthat directly support peacekeeping through specificmeans, financing and personnel.

5. Ground They havent lost any ground on us. Clashchecks this.

6. Framers Intent The resolution was made to make usas debaters question whether we should help or nothelp peacekeeping operations of both the present andfuture. Our plan does helps both current and futurepeacekeeping operations.

7. T is not a voter All we have to do is prove we aretopical which we have done, as a judge its time to lookto other issues to decide the round and not T.

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A2: You are FX Topical!

A2: A Spec

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1. We specified that we work through the whole USFG2. Clash checks They have had plenty of stuff to run

against us, we obviously specified enough for them

3. CX checks If they are going to cause such a fuss aboutus not specifying our actor, why didnt they just ask usin cross-x?

4. No brightline on what is and isnt specificying Theyhave explained how indepth we need to go in order tofully specify what agent we are use.

5. They are not entitled to the ground they want There isno rule, written or unwritten that says that the Neg HASto be able to run an alternate agent counterplan.

6. Requiring that one side have certain ground is infinitelyregressive Them requiring that they be able to runcertain arguments justifys us always being able tocounter kritik everything with empire no matter what itis. This would lead to pointless debate and destroy alleducational value. Vote them down for suggesting sucha thing.

A2: F Spec

1. We dont need to specifiy funding by using fiat we tryand debate what would happen if the plan was put into

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effect. Fiat allows us to skip the nuances of how theplan gets implemented

2. Cross-x checks If they really really wanted to know,

maybe they should have asked us in cross-x, being asthat is the time to clarify things about the case and all.

3. Clash checks They ran other things against us besidesthis, they have ground and still have a chance atwinning this round. Dont vote on this argument.

4. They are not entitled to the ground they want There isno rule, written or unwritten that says that the Neg HASto be able to run a spending or tradeoff DA.


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A2: E Spec

1. We dont need to specifiy enforcement by using fiat

we try and debate what would happen if the plan wasput into effect. Fiat allows us to skip the nuances ofhow the plan gets implemented

2. Cross-x checks If they really really wanted to know,maybe they should have asked us in cross-x, being asthat is the time to clarify things about the case and all.

3. Clash checks They ran other things against us besidesthis, they have ground and still have a chance atwinning this round. Dont vote on this argument.

4. They are not entitled to the ground they want There isno rule, written or unwritten that says that the Neg HASto be able to DA on how it gets enforced.


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A2: Khalizad1. Khalizad wants increased support for UN PKOs

rapid reaction force affirmative 2ac blocks

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