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TRANSCRIPT
SKAandtheMeerKAT
UKZNANDNAOC21November2016
THISTALK
• SKAandMeerKATtelescopeandscience• HumanCapitalDevelopmentprogramme• DevelopingscienceandtechnicalcapabilityinAfrica
• BigDataAfrica,AfricaData-IntensiveResearchCloudandmachinelearning
• TheSerendipityMachine• NobelPrizesinAfricaandChina
SKA:GovernanceUpdate• EstablishmentofSKAObservatoryasalegalenQtyto
procure,constructandoperateSKAPhase1• FourmeeQngsheldinRomesinceNovember2015to
negoQatebasisforestablishmentofenQty• OutputDocuments
– SKAConvenQon• ProvisionforMembers,AssociateMembersandotherenQQes
– FinancialProtocol• FinancialcontribuQonsinformedbysciencecapacityofcountries
– ProtocolonPrivilegesandImmuniQes– DraTpolicies
• Procurement–principleof‘fairworkreturn’tobeadopted,whilstensuringcompeQQvenessandtransparency– In-KindContribuQons– CashContribuQons
• Access,OperaQons,IntellectualPropertyRights
• IntenQonistoiniQateprocessofestablishinglegalenQty(IGO)in2017
POTENTIALNEWMEMBERS
• Switzerlandappliedforassociatestatus• Japanmakingprogresstowardsentry• FranceandSpainprobablyenter• Germany
1stSKANegoQaQonsMeeQngRome,November2015
SKA:EngineeringUpdate• FocusonclosingoutallelementPDRs;allconsorQanowprogressing
towardsCDRbyQ42017andsomeQ12018• Systempreliminarydesignreview(systemPDR)expectedtobecompleted
December2016– a)ShowthatalltheinterfacesarecorrectlyidenQfied– b)ShowthattheproposeddesignmeetsfuncQonalandperformance
requirements– c)Showthatallsystemrequirementsareallocatedandproperlytraced
• Costmustbereducedto€674million(escalatedto2016)• ConstrucQonwillbephased.InfrastructureconstrucQonbegins2018• Mid-frequency15mdishprototypestobeconstructedandtestedin
China(CETC54)andinGermany.GermandishwillbeerectedonSAsiteearly2018
• AIVprocesseswelldeveloped• IntegraQonofMeerKATintoSKA1-MIDunderdiscussion.Emphasison
compleQngMeerKATscience.
SKA1FREQUENCYBANDS
Frequency Bands
1 0.35 - 1.05 GHz
2 0.95 - 1.76 GHz
3 1.65 - 3.05 GHz
4 2.8 - 5.18 GHz
5 4.6 - 13.8 GHz
FIVE-HUNDREDMETERAPERTURETELESCOPEINGUANGZHOU,CHINA
SKASITEINSOUTHAFRICA
ProtectedCentralAstronomyAdvantageArea(AstronomyGeographicAdvantageAct)
POPULATIONDENSITY
AlternaQvetelecommssystemsforfarmingcommuniQes
SKAINAFRICA
PartnerCountries:• Botswana• Ghana• Kenya• Madagascar• MauriQus• Mozambique• Namibia• Zambia• SupportedbyAfricanUnionHeadsofState
SKACONSTRUCTIONTIMETABLE• MeerKAT-64x13.5mdiameteroffset
dishesover8km– CompleQon2017
• SKA1-MID–Add133x15mdishesover150km– Designphase2013-2016– ConstrucQon2018–2022(?)
• SKA2-MID–upto2500dishesover~3000km• SKA2-MFAA–mid-frequencyaperturearray
• Designstartsabout2019(?)• ConstrucQonabout2023-2030• InWesternAustralia
– 125000lowfrequencyantennasSKA1-LOW– SKA2-LOWnotyetclear
ESTABLISHINGTHEKAROOSITE
POWER ROADS–SEALED2016
DATA BURIEDRETICULATION
CONTROLROOMINCAPETOWN
ROTARYUPS
BUNKERFORRFIANDTEMPERATURECONTROL
DISHSHED
SITEINFRASTRUCTUREATLOSBERG
SHIELDEDRACKROOMINBUNKER
KAT7–FIBREGLASSONE-PIECESURFACES
MeerKATDISH
SUBREFLECTOR
MAINREFLECTOR
RECEIVERINDEXERWITHHORNS,RECEIVERS,DIGITIZERSANDSERVICES
SouthAfricandesignanddevelopment75%byvaluesourcedinSA–newskills,newfactoriesWeightandcostCombinedRMSsurfaceerror<0.25mmPoinQngerror5arcsecGoodefficiencyabove20GHz
MeerKATintheKaroo:SKAprecursorunderconstrucQon
64x13.5-metrehighlyefficient“offsetGregorian”dishesspreadover8km;bestL-bandradioreceiversinworld;uniquedigitalprocessing,andradiofrequencyinterference(RFI)miQgaQonfeatures
KAT-7(engineeringtest-bed)imagein2012
4-dishMeerKATinMay2016(commissioning)
16-dishMeerKATinJune2016(ArrayRelease1)
1%ofFirstLightimage
BestimageofthispatchofskybeforeMeerKAT
MeerKATFirstLight
FR1radiogalaxy
FR2radiogalaxyStarforminggalaxy
?
MeerKATperformance@1420MHz
JVLA MeerKAT RfP
MeerKAT 2013
MeerKAT 2014
Ndish 27 64 64 64
Ddish 25 m 13.5 m 13.5 m 13.5 m
Tsys/εa 47.3 K 44.1K 29.4 K 22.5 K
Nbeam 1 1 1 1
Bandwidth
1 GHz 750 MHz 750 MHz 770 MHz
Ae/Tsys 1 0.74 (×1) 1.11 (×1.5) 1.45 (×1.96)
Survey speed
1 1.88 (×1) 4.24 (×2.25) 7.24 (×3.84)
From2017,thebesttelescopeofitskindintheworld–aSouthAfricanfunded,designed,andbuiltproject
MeerKATscience:theworldinAfrica
MeerKATandFAST• MeerKATwillhaveacombinaQonofraw
sensiQvityandangularresoluQon.FASTwillhaveevenhighersensiQvityforsomepurposes,butfairlypoorangularresoluQon.Skycoveragesoverlapbutaredifferent(FASTisatlaQtude+25deg,andcantracksources+-40degfromthat,withreducedsensiQvitybeyond+-30deg)
• Forsomepurposes,theyshouldworkverywelltogethertohelpusforexampletounderstandgalaxyformaQon/evoluQon.Forinstance,theMHONGOOSEMeerKATLSP(ErwindeBlockPI)hasstartedacollaboraQonwithMingZhuoftheFASTScienceGroup-FASTandMeerKATwilljointlystudysomeoftheMHONGOOSEgalaxies.
LargeSurveyProjectReview• TimeallocaQononMeerKAT:theLSPreviewprocessdonebylatestQ12017);alsoexpectto
haveEarly/SharedRisksciencescheduledonthetelescopeinthe2ndhalfof2017,bywhichQmewealsoexpecttoissuecallsfor'OpenTime'proposals(tobescheduledin2018).LSPsarenowsupposedtostartbyendMarch2018
• In2010,theTACrecommendedatotalof43000hoursoftelescopeQmeto10LSPs,33000hours,ofwhichtothe8LSPsthatsubmizedrevisedprojectplansin2016(weaskedMESMERandMeerGALnottodosoatthisQmeowingtouncertainavailabilityofX-bandreceivers).In2016these8LSPshaverequestedatotalof28000hr.AllofthisQmecannotbeaccommodatedwithina5-yearobservingspan(literally,whennight-QmeandparQcularLSTrequirementsareconsidered).
• Thisthereforenecessitatesaverycarefulreviewprocess-expectthistobedonebyearly2017.
• HowmanyobservinghoursarelikelytobeavailableonMeerKATfromApril2018onwards(bydefiniQonmostoftheLSPrequestsneed64antennas)?Wedon'tyetknowtheanswertothisquesQon.ThereisaMeerKATSErequirementthatessenQallytranslatesto80%ofthehoursoftheyearavailableforastronomicalobservaQons.Thatisforsomesortofsteadystate,whichwon'tbeachievedinApril2018.MoreinformaQonaboutthesemazersbymid-2017.
• Bythesecondhalfof2017wealsoexpecttobedoingearly/sharedriskscienceonMeerKATwith32receptors,andtohaveissuedacallforOpenTimeaccess(with64antennas,starQnginApril2018).
MPIfR/MPGMeerKATS-bandsystem• 11MEuroprojectfundedbyMax-Planck-SocietyandMPIforRadioastronomy• AddiQonalfrequencywindow(1.75–3.5GHz),• Combinedwith“beamforming”capability:Newdiscoveryspace
SETIGuestInstruments
• BreakthroughListen–MeerKATisthepremiuminstrumentforSETI
• Commensalobserving• AddiQonalequipment–collaboraQngwithUCBerkeleybutwewilltakeoveralotmorewhenweemploymoresystemengineersandaprojectmanager
• SKAissensiQveenoughtodetectanairportradaronaplanet50lightyearsaway,soBLaimstouseSKA-Mid
!Whatever MeerKAT observes, MeerLICHT observes [at the same time] !
InnovaQons:ThunderKAT/MeerLICHTThunderKATisthe(largelycommensal)imageplanetransientsprogrammeforMeerKAT:aimstofindandunderstandhigh-energyastrophysicalprocesses(e.g.blackholesinX-raybinaries)viatheirradio(andother)emission(~1secondcadence)
MeerLICHT:simultaneousopUcal-radiomonitoroftransientsky,throughroboQc0.65-metretelescopeinSutherland-fieldofviewmatchingMeerKAT’s,andhighimagequality.1millionEuroinvestment(Radboud,UCT,Oxford,Manchester,Amsterdam,NWO,NRF/SAAO)
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ArrayreleasesAR1
16receptors
Correlator4k&32k
Offlineimaging
1beam
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AR2
32receptors
Correlator4k&32k
Offlineimaging
1beam
AR3
64receptors
Correlator4k&32k
Pipelineimaging
1beam
Laterreleases
64receptors
Correlator4k&32k
Pipelineimaging
4beams
Narrowbandmodes
Transientmodes
VLBI
Systemstability-emergentbehaviour
Overallsystemstabilityisanelusivegoal,muchmoredifficultthange~ngittoworkonce.Ittakesanobsessionforqualityinallparts,notsimplyge~ngittowork.Toachieveasystemthatworks95%oftheQme,everypartmustworkat99%oftheQme.Stabilityproblemsweremostlyemergentbehaviour,neweffectsthatcroppedupduringintegraQon,orevenonceithadbeenworkingforawhile.
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• SeeingthefirststarsturningonearlyinthehistoryoftheUniverse
• Berkeley,SKASA,NRAO,Cambridge,UWC,UKZNetc.
• $10millionfromtheNSF+Cambridge
HYDROGENEPOCHOFREIONISATIONARRAY(HERA)
HUMANCAPITALDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMME• ObjecQve
– PipelinefromschooltotenuredposiQons:trainastronomers,engineers,techniciansandarQsanstobuild,operate,maintainandusetheMeerKATandtheSKA(andwinNobelPrizes)
– UseSKAandMeerKAT(andPAPER,CBASS,HERA,HIRAXetc.)toestablishlarge,vibrant,world-classuniversityresearchgroups
– IncreasenumberofPhDsandMScs– TrainscienQstsandengineersfromAfricanpartner– Reversethebraindrain
• Method– CreateResearchChairswithapackageofpostdocs,PhDsandMScs– PostdoctoralposiQonsandbursariesforPhD,MSc,BSc,BScEng,BTech,
NaQonalDiplomas– Morethan850grantstodate(including150forstudentsfromotherAfrican
countries)– AddiQonalgrantsnowforAfricanpartnercountries– Veryhands-onbySKASAprojectoffice
ANNUALSKASAPOST-GRADUATEBURSARYCONFERENCE
2014
2014
2015
SomeofthewomenstudentsandsupervisorsattheHCDConference2015
ISTHEPIPELINEMODELWORKING?
• By2015:
• 31%ofPhDstudents➔PostdoctoralFellowships• 36%ofMSc/MEngstudents➔PhDdegree• 60%ofhonoursandBEngstudents➔MSc/MEngdegree• 78%ofundergraduatestudents➔Honoursdegree
• 6researchchairs• 52PhDgraduaQons• 116MSc/MEnggraduaQons-94%graduaQonratevs.
2013naQonalaverageof20%• 80HonoursgraduaQons-91%graduaQonrate• 101undergraduategraduaQons-86%graduaQonratevs.
naQonalaverageof15%
SKASAYOUNGPROFESSIONALSANDPROFOLEGSMIRNOV
KAROOTRAININGPROGRAMMES
TrainingandABSAfundingschemeforlocalcontractors
Oneof50teachersfrom35countriesselectedtoazendtheHighSchoolTeachersProgrammeatCERNinGenevafrom2-23July2016.
4ofthefirst5studentsfromtheareatopassmathsandsciencewith
universityexempQon–nowallstudyingwithSKASAbursaries
CodingWorkshopCarnarvon
VERYLONGBASELINEINTERFEROMETRYGLOBALARRAY
AVN:GHANA
AfricanRenaissanceFund
GhanaianEssenUalObservatoryStaffInCapeTownTraining
AlsoprogressinNamibia,Botswana,Zambia,Madagascar,MauriQus
AVN(Proud)GhanaiantraineesontheRoyalSocietyprogrammeatKutunseduring
telescopetraining(September2015)
NEWTONFUND
LUSAKA(ZAMBIA)JUNE2015
AVN
TheKutunse(Ghana)dishhashadtobealmostcompletelyrebuilt–structure,drives,gears,bearings,receivers,repainQngetc.“Unprecedentedleveloftraining:engineers,scienQsts,welders,painters,….
AVNTEAMMEMBERSINCAPETOWN
ExponenQalGrowthofDataVolumestoRadioAstronomers
SKA:DRIVINGINNOVATION
Element SKA1scale SKA2scale
Dishes,feeds,receivers ~200 ~2500
Aperturearrays ~130,000 ~1,000,000
Signaltransport ~1Pb/s ~10Pb/s
Signalprocessing ~exa-MACs ~exa-MACs
HighperformancecompuQng ~100stera-flops ~exa-flops
Datastorage Exa-bytecapacity Exa-byte
Powerrequirements ~10MW ~50MW
Exa=1018:increaseincomputecapabilitybyfactor~1000
RawdatageneratedeverydayasmuchasthetotalintheworldwidewebKeyinnovaQon:SoTwareengineeringandalgorithmdevelopment
SerendipityMachine
• WhatwouldJocelynBelldonow?• LuisHo:pressuretomoveontonewobservaQons:takeonlythecreamoffthedatasets
• LuisHo:enoughdatatokeepresearchgoingfor20yearswithoutnewtelescopes
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ExtremeDataChallenge
MeerKAT SKA1-Mid SKA2-Mid*
IntoCorrelator 2Tbps ~20Tbps upto~5Pbps
IntoScienceProcessor
700Gbps ~3Tbps upto~500Tbps
IntoArchive 20Gbps** ~300+Gbps upto~2Tbps
Computeload 500TFlops ~80+PFlops ~3+EFlops
* Data rates indicative only ** Sustained
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Africa+SKA=>TechnicalTrigger
TechnicalTrigger
NewAlgorithms
NewCompute&
DataPlaÖorms
NewSkills
RoachMicro-serversResearchcloud
HPC
Datadrivensystems
Machinelearning
AdvancedstaQsQcs
Modelfi~ng
Hardware/soTware
AutomaQon/pipelines
TelescopeManager
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MeerKATProcessingandArchive
KarooArrayProcessorBuilding(CSP+SDP+somearchive)
CHPCMeerKATarchive
(10-12racks&someaccesstoCPUs)
IDIATier2storage&scienceanalysissupport
OtherTier2
Centres
2Tbps(SKASA)
20Gbps(SANReN)
10Gbps
... 64dishes
OtherTier2
Centres
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SKA1EraRegionalCentres
KarooArrayProcessorBuilding(SKACSP-SKAOcontrolled)
20Tbps(SKAO)
... 197dishes
SKAScienceDataProcessorandArchive(SKAOcontrolled)
~120racks(CapeTown)
2-10Tbps(TBD)
SASKARegionalCentre(SAcontrolled)
(computeandarchive)~30racks100Gbps
(TBD)
LocalTier2’s(SAcontrolled)e.g.IDIA,SolPlaatje,etc.
InternaQonalSKARegionalCentres
(foreigncontrolled)e.g.NL,China,Italy,
etc.
InnovaQons-WorldRelevance
• AutomaQon,dataanalysisandmachinelearningtechniquesandskillsarewidelyapplicable
• Novelhardware/soTwareco-designforpowerefficientandcosteffecQvecompuQng
• Dataflowarchitecturesapplicableinmanydomains
• Systemsfordealingwithmassivescalecomputeanddata
• ControlandmonitoringsystemshaveparallelsinInternetofThings
SKAAfricaandIBMResearch
AfricanDataIntensiveResearchCloud
• AnnouncedasnewflagshipprogrammebyMinisterandbyEuropeanCommissioninOctober
• Inter-UniversityInsQtuteforData-IntensiveAstronomy(IDIA)establishedin2014
• PrototypingAfricanResearchCloud• Proofofconceptprojects-SKA;earthobservaQon;health/genomics/bio-informaQcs
• ExtendIDIAandADIRCto2-3neighbouringcountries2017-18subjecttofunding
• ExtendtootherAfricancountries2018-2023subjecttofunding
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AfricanDataIntensiveResearchCloud
(basedonfederatedOpenStacksoTware)
IDIA(midscaleinstance)
CentreforHigh-PerformanceCompuQng
(largescaleinstance)
SKAAfricanPartner1
ResearchNetworksSKAAfricanPartner2
SKAAfricanPartner3
SAOther(midscaleinstance)
UKCloudNode
NLCloudNode
N.CapeSolPlaatje(smallscaleinstance)
BRICSICTCOMMITTEE
• Co-chairsXue-FengYuanandBernieFanaroff• Callissuedfor2016:wideSKAtopicsandmulQ-agentsocio-economicmodeling
• MeeQngMarch2017inGuangzhoutodevelopproposalfor2017call.
• NotworthproceedingunlesscallsareGrandChallengesandarebackedwithsignificantfunds.