space exploration diving into the cosmic ocean. a short history of rockets archytas, c. 360 b.c. –...
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Space Exploration Space Exploration
Diving into the cosmic oceanDiving into the cosmic ocean
A Short History of RocketsA Short History of Rockets
Archytas, c. 360 B.C. – Archytas, c. 360 B.C. – demonstrated principle demonstrated principle of rocket by using a clay of rocket by using a clay pigeon suspended over pigeon suspended over firefire
Pigeon filled with waterPigeon filled with water Steam caused it to flySteam caused it to fly
Ancient Chinese, 11Ancient Chinese, 11thth Century A.D. Century A.D.
Used “fire arrows” Used “fire arrows” launched by launched by gunpowder (black gunpowder (black powder)powder)
Chinese & other Asian/Middle Chinese & other Asian/Middle Eastern nations, 13Eastern nations, 13thth Century Century
Used fire arrows on a Used fire arrows on a wide scalewide scale
Arabs used them against Arabs used them against troops of Louis IX during troops of Louis IX during 77thth Crusade Crusade
1616thth Century China Century China
Wan-Hoo, first man to attempt rocket flightWan-Hoo, first man to attempt rocket flight2 large kites and 47 fire arrows were attached to a 2 large kites and 47 fire arrows were attached to a
chair & ignited by 47 assistantschair & ignited by 47 assistantsResulted in tremendous explosionResulted in tremendous explosionChair & Wan-Hoo were goneChair & Wan-Hoo were gone
William Congreve
Confederate Rocket?Confederate Rocket? Confederate President Jefferson Confederate President Jefferson
Davis witnessed the event at Davis witnessed the event at which a 3.7 meter (12 foot) which a 3.7 meter (12 foot) solid-fueled rocket, carrying a solid-fueled rocket, carrying a 4.5 kilogram (10 pound) 4.5 kilogram (10 pound) gunpowder warhead in a brass gunpowder warhead in a brass case engraved with the letters case engraved with the letters C.S.A., was ignited and seen to C.S.A., was ignited and seen to roar rapidly up and out of sight. roar rapidly up and out of sight. No one ever saw the rocket No one ever saw the rocket land. It's interesting to speculate land. It's interesting to speculate whether, almost 100 years whether, almost 100 years before Sputnik, a satellite before Sputnik, a satellite marked with the initials of the marked with the initials of the Confederate States of America Confederate States of America might have been launched into might have been launched into orbit. orbit.
3 “Fathers of Modern Rocketry”3 “Fathers of Modern Rocketry”
Konstantin Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Tsiolkovsky – – developed rocket developed rocket theory beginning in theory beginning in 19001900
His ideas were His ideas were sparked by the sparked by the science fiction science fiction writer Jules Vernewriter Jules Verne
Robert Goddard Robert Goddard
experimented with rockets from 1915-1941experimented with rockets from 1915-1941engineered rocket systemsengineered rocket systems
-airframes, fuel pumps, valves, and -airframes, fuel pumps, valves, and guidance devices guidance devices
Robert Goddard (cont.)Robert Goddard (cont.)
First to launch liquid fueled First to launch liquid fueled rocketrocket
Adapted gyroscopeAdapted gyroscope First to use moveable deflector First to use moveable deflector
vanes to steer rocketsvanes to steer rockets Designed multi-staged rocketDesigned multi-staged rocket Developed auto-deployed Developed auto-deployed
parachutes to recover rockets parachutes to recover rockets carrying instrumentscarrying instruments
Goddard's rocket in 1926Goddard's rocket in 1926The Space Age Starts The Space Age Starts
The first liquid-fueled The first liquid-fueled flight lasted only 4.2 flight lasted only 4.2 seconds, reached an seconds, reached an altitude of merely 41 altitude of merely 41 feet, and landed just 184 feet, and landed just 184 feet from its launch pad. feet from its launch pad. However, this modest However, this modest accomplishment marked accomplishment marked the beginning of the the beginning of the space age. (Photograph space age. (Photograph courtesy NASA Goddard courtesy NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Space Flight Center
Hermann Oberth German VisionaryHermann Oberth German Visionary
Rocket theorist, was Rocket theorist, was assisted by assisted by
Wernher von BraunWernher von Braun
Wernher von BraunWernher von Braun
He was the key He was the key engineering genius engineering genius behind the rocket behind the rocket program that put the program that put the USA into space and USA into space and later the moon. later the moon.
Werner Von Braun (1912-1977)Werner Von Braun (1912-1977)Leader of “Paperclip Leader of “Paperclip
team” Moves to team” Moves to Marshall SpaceMarshall Space
Flight Center,Flight Center,Huntsville,Al and Huntsville,Al and
leads the design of leads the design of all of our major all of our major rocket and shuttle rocket and shuttle designs that we still designs that we still use today. use today.
The designs on the left were Von Braun’s the ones on the right are newer proposals that may not be built. The two on the right are class rockets with the smaller of the two specialized for taking people into orbit
World War IIWorld War II V-2 Rocket – developed by German scientist, V-2 Rocket – developed by German scientist,
von Braun, with forced labor from concentration von Braun, with forced labor from concentration camp victims.camp victims.
Wernher von Braun
V-2 RocketV-2 Rocket
V-2 Rocket Team becomes V-2 Rocket Team becomes “Paperclip” team of rocket scientists“Paperclip” team of rocket scientists
127 German 127 German scientists, captured scientists, captured by U.S. army by U.S. army (1945)(1945)
Moved to White Moved to White Sands, New MexicoSands, New Mexico
Began U.S. space Began U.S. space programprogram
WW II – V2WW II – V2Von Braun built the V2 Von Braun built the V2
rockets in the 1940’s this rockets in the 1940’s this was the first Liquid fueled was the first Liquid fueled rocket to reach the edge rocket to reach the edge of space-60miles altitude- of space-60miles altitude-
It was a terror weapon It was a terror weapon and hundreds were and hundreds were dropped on England, but dropped on England, but it was VERY advanced it was VERY advanced for its timefor its time
Von Braun comes to the United Von Braun comes to the United States in September 1945 States in September 1945
Sputnik (The first artificial satellite)Sputnik (The first artificial satellite)
Launched in 1957 this was Launched in 1957 this was the world's first artificial the world's first artificial satellite. It was about the satellite. It was about the size of a basketball,. It size of a basketball,. It scared the USA so much scared the USA so much that we started the SPACE that we started the SPACE RACERACE
Sputnik had a radio transmitter to let you know it was overhead
SPACE RACESPACE RACE Rapid development of Rapid development of
space exploration by space exploration by both the USA and both the USA and USSR (Russia)USSR (Russia)
FromFrom, 1957, 1957 -1969 -1969 ((Explorer 1(1958))Explorer 1(1958)), the , the first U.S. satellite in first U.S. satellite in orbit, to landing on the orbit, to landing on the moon just 11 years moon just 11 years later.later.
USA wins the space USA wins the space race and later the Cold race and later the Cold WarWar
NASANASA
National National Aeronautics Aeronautics and Space and Space AdministrationAdministration
Formed July 29, Formed July 29, 1958 –shortly after 1958 –shortly after SputnikSputnik
Sputnik Sputnik
Sputnik 1 – first Sputnik 1 – first man-made object man-made object in spacein space -1957 -1957
Sputnik 2 Sputnik 2
Carried dog, Laika Carried dog, Laika into spaceinto space
Explorer 1Explorer 1
First U.S. satellite, First U.S. satellite, launched 1-31-58launched 1-31-58
Measured cosmic rays, Measured cosmic rays, dust particles, temperature dust particles, temperature of upper atmosphereof upper atmosphere
Discovered Van Allen beltsDiscovered Van Allen belts -regions of trapped solar -regions of trapped solar
particles in Earth’s particles in Earth’s magnetic field near the magnetic field near the polespoles
Manned Manned Missions Missions
Yuri Gagarin Yuri Gagarin
11stst man in space, April 12, 1961 man in space, April 12, 1961RussianRussianMade a single orbit around Earth Made a single orbit around Earth
Project Mercury Project Mercury
Alan ShepardAlan Shepard onboard onboard Freedom 7Freedom 7
11stst American in American in space, May 5, space, May 5, 19611961
John GlennJohn Glenn
11stst American to American to orbit Earth orbit Earth onboard onboard Friendship 7Friendship 7
February 20, 1962February 20, 1962
Project Gemini Project Gemini
Practiced maneuvering in orbitPracticed maneuvering in orbitCarried 2 astronautsCarried 2 astronauts
Apollo Missions Apollo Missions
1968-1972 1968-1972
Apollo 11Apollo 11
Neil Armstrong, Neil Armstrong, 11stst man on moon man on moon
July 20, 1969July 20, 1969Eagle, Apollo 11 Eagle, Apollo 11
Lunar Module Lunar Module landed on the landed on the moonmoon
Terminology Terminology
Propellant = material/s burned to Propellant = material/s burned to provide thrustprovide thrust
Thrust – force/push that accelerates Thrust – force/push that accelerates rocketrocket
Velocity = speed & directionVelocity = speed & directionSuborbital velocity = (<8Km/s or Suborbital velocity = (<8Km/s or
<4.8mi/s), the speed & direction an <4.8mi/s), the speed & direction an object maintains while staying close to object maintains while staying close to EarthEarth
Orbital velocityOrbital velocity = (about 8Km/s or = (about 8Km/s or 4.8mi/s), speed and direction a 4.8mi/s), speed and direction a rocket must achieve in order to rocket must achieve in order to orbit Earthorbit Earth
Escape velocityEscape velocity = (about 11Km/s = (about 11Km/s or 6.6mi/s), speed and direction or 6.6mi/s), speed and direction needed to escape Earth’s needed to escape Earth’s gravitational pullgravitational pull
Example of suborbital velocity: Example of suborbital velocity: F-22 RaptorF-22 Raptor
Speed: Mach 1.8
(over 900 mph)
Example of orbital velocity:Example of orbital velocity:space shuttlespace shuttle
Speed: app.17,500 mph for LEO
Escape velocityEscape velocity
Speed: 25,000 mph
LEO (Low Earth Orbit)LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
The Dots The Dots represent represent Satellites, the Satellites, the ones closest to ones closest to the Earth are in the Earth are in Low Earth Orbit Low Earth Orbit (300 miles or so (300 miles or so above the above the Earth’s surface)Earth’s surface)
Geostationary orbit (GEO)Geostationary orbit (GEO)
A geostationary orbit A geostationary orbit can only be achieved can only be achieved at an altitude very at an altitude very close to 35,786 km close to 35,786 km (22,236 mi), and (22,236 mi), and directly above the directly above the equator. This equates equator. This equates to an orbital velocity of to an orbital velocity of 3.07 km/s (1.91 mi/s) 3.07 km/s (1.91 mi/s)
or 6,876 mi/hour)or 6,876 mi/hour)
Communication Satellites are Communication Satellites are almost all in GEO (Why?)almost all in GEO (Why?)
Just one of the many products of the Just one of the many products of the modern space programmodern space program
Telstar 1 was first such satellite to relay television signals in 1962
What’s NextWhat’s NextDiving into the Cosmic OceanDiving into the Cosmic Ocean
($200,000 per person($200,000 per person
with a $20,000 deposit). with a $20,000 deposit).
Space Exploration Technologies Corp.Space Exploration Technologies Corp. ((SpaceXSpaceX) is an American space transport ) is an American space transport company founded by PayPal co-foundercompany founded by PayPal co-founder
Elon Musk.Elon Musk.
Click on Elon’s name to learn more
How about aHow about a Space Elevator Space Elevator
The Thought – Arthur C. ClarkThe Thought – Arthur C. Clark "This is not a new concept," "This is not a new concept,"
Smitherman says. "Author Smitherman says. "Author Arthur C. Clarke coined the Arthur C. Clarke coined the term "space elevator" in his term "space elevator" in his book "Fountains of Paradise," book "Fountains of Paradise," written in the late 1970s. But, written in the late 1970s. But, building a tower to the sky has building a tower to the sky has been in mythology and culture been in mythology and culture for centuries. I won't see a for centuries. I won't see a space elevator in my lifetime, space elevator in my lifetime, but my children may. Kids who but my children may. Kids who are in school right now are the are in school right now are the ones who can make this ones who can make this happen by the end of our happen by the end of our century."century."
New TechnologyNew Technology Carbon nanotubes have potential Carbon nanotubes have potential
applications as high strength and applications as high strength and light weight materials, for light weight materials, for nanometer scale electronic and nanometer scale electronic and mechanical devices, and for mechanical devices, and for energy storage. energy storage.
By combining the experimental By combining the experimental and theoretical research at UNC and theoretical research at UNC and NCSU this project aims at and NCSU this project aims at understanding and controlling the understanding and controlling the materials chemistry and physics of materials chemistry and physics of nanotubes and nanotube based nanotubes and nanotube based materials, evaluating their materials, evaluating their potential applications in structural potential applications in structural reinforcement, and energy reinforcement, and energy storage, and developing prototype storage, and developing prototype nano mechanical and electronic nano mechanical and electronic devices. devices.
What is needed for the What is needed for the Space ElevatorSpace Elevator
An extremely tall base tower on EarthAn extremely tall base tower on Earth A heavy weight orbiting the EarthA heavy weight orbiting the Earth
(in GEO)(in GEO) A cable that connects the tower to the weightA cable that connects the tower to the weight A spacecraft that can ride the cable into orbitA spacecraft that can ride the cable into orbit All the math is calculated, and design All the math is calculated, and design
competitions have already started. competitions have already started. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevator