INDEX

1. Effective Communication 2-3

2. Parts of speech 4 – 10

3. How to Frame the sentences 11 – 14

4. Conjugation 14

5. TENSES 15 -18

6. Model Auxiliary Verbs 19 -23

Effective Communication

1. Grammatically Correct Sentences

Eg: Imagine that you receive this telegram message

SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE

This sentence is not complete. It is not a "grammatically correct" sentence. But you probably understand it. These 4 words communicate very well. Somebody wants you to sell their car for them because they have gone to France. We can add a few words:

Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE

The new words do not really add any more information. But they make the message more correct grammatically. We can add even more words to make one complete, grammatically correct sentence. But the information is basically the same:

Will you SELL my CAR because I've GONE to FRANCE.

2. Pronunciation of Every wordEg: A way of speaking a word, especially a way that is accepted or generally understood.

3. GrammarEg: The study of how words and their component parts combine to form sentences

4. VocabularyEg: All the words of a language. The sum of words used by, understood by, or at the command of a particular person or group.

5. Body LanguageEg: communication via the movements or attitudes of the body

6. Variety of SentencesEg: it means using a variety of sentences...not just the same tone and flow of words repeatedly.

7. Voice Modulation

Eg: A change in stress, pitch, loudness, or tone of the voice

8. Expressing FeelingsEg: ……….

9. Expressing More IdeasEg: ………….

10. Honing CommunicationEg: ………….

11. SpontaneityEg: Spontaneous is an adjective that means seeming to occur through self-generation, by one's own means, or in a way requiring no outside influence or help.

12. AccentEg: an accent is a manner of pronunciation of a language

Parts of Speech1. Noun2. Pronoun3. Adverb4. Adjective5. Proposition6. Conjunction7. Interjection

E.g.: Ravi and his best friend went quickly to Market

Ravi - Noun (5), and - Conjunction (2) , his - Pronoun (10), best - Adjective (3)friend - Nounwent - Verb (10)quickly - Adverb (13)to - Preposition (3)Market - Noun

NounIt is name of a Person, Place, thing, animal, bird and Idea.

Concrete Nouns are the names of persons, places and things which have a shape and which can be held. These are further divided into four.

Common Noun: A name used in common or generalE.g.: Market, Institute

NOUN

CONCRETE NOUN

COMMON NOUN

ABSTRACT NOUN

PROPER NOUN MATERIAL NOUN COLLETIVE NOUN

Proper Noun: A name used for a particular person or place.E.g.: Ravi, Vani.

Material Noun: Names of the metals or meterials from which things are made are called materials Nouns.E.g.: wood, iron, cement, steel

Collective Noun: A collection taken together and spoken as a ‘whole’ is called a collective nouns.E.g.: Sheep, fleet, army

Sir introduced new words: Posse (or) cordon ( Group of Police People)Constellation or Universal (Galaxy)

ABSTRACT NOUN: The things which can’t see, feel and touchE.g.: Human - ity, Generous - ity, Public - ity, Electric - ity

ity - suffix - end small attachment

Suffixes & Abstract Nounity ance ence ant ent nessment aire sion ssion tion istster hood wood logy ism

PronounIt’s a word used Instead of a Noun

Personal Pronouns I We You He She It They

Objective Pronouns Me Us You Him Her It Them

Possessive Adjective My Our Yours His Her Its Their

Possessive Pronoun Mine Ours Yours His Her Its Their

Reflexive Pronoun Myself ourselvesYourself

yourselvesHimself herself itself themselves

Emphatic Pronoun Myself Our slevesYourself

yourselvesHimself herself itself themselves

I am a student - (Beginning of the sentence)

Sir asked me (After verb)

It is my book (Before Noun) (Possessive - Ownership)Here Pronoun work as adjective Before Noun

This book is mine (At the end of the sentence)

I blamed myself ()

I myself helped them ()

Other PronounsSomeone somebody something Somewhere Somewhat anyone No one oneOne of them none of them each of them every one of themThis That These ThoseEach and Every one of them

VERBSDefinition: It Shows Action

Will Future ActionsTalk about willingnessDecided something to do (determination)Conditional Sentence.

Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs Action Verbs (10000)

ModelAuxiliary Verbs

Primary Auxiliary Verbs

Beamisarewerebebeenbeing

dododoesdid

havehavehashad

Will - would, Shall - should, Can - couldMay - Might, Used to, Ought toNeed, Dare, must

Irregular Verbs(200)Eg:

Write,Wrote,Written

Regular Verbs(9800)Eg:

ask,Asked,Asked

AdverbsIt add meaning to VerbIt adds meaning to AdjectiveIt adds meaning to Adverb

E.g.: Sit Straight

CarefullySilently

listen attentivelyActively

FastBriskly(fast)SlowSlowly

Run SteadilyQuicklyCarefullyCautiouslySwiftly

E.g.: Ravi is Clever (Clever - adjective)Ravi is Very CleverVery, So, too (Adverb)

E.g.: Ravi runs fast (fast - adjective)Ravi is fast run

Adjective

It adds Meaning Noun or Pronoun in adjective.There are three types

Note: Adjectives which have suffixes take more in comparative Degree, and most in superlative DegreeSuffixes: ful, some, ish, ic, ical, ial, ive, our, ade, ible, ing, en, en, like

Prepositions

It shows relationship between Noun & Noun, Noun & PronounSingle Preposition: for, form, since, against, with, by, at, on, in above, below, under, along, through, around, among, between, but, except, including, excluding, save.

Compound Preposition: across, about, along with, not with standing, beneath, through out, into, onto upto, upon,

Prepositional Phrase: in case of, in case of not, in spite of, because of, owing to, according to, instead of, in the place of, on behalf on, due to, on par with (equal to)

Conjunction

Positive Degree

Comparative Degree

Superlative Degree

E.g. -1 Little Less LeastMuch More MostGood Better BestWell Better BestBad Worse WorstEvil Worse WorstIll Worse Worst

E.g. - 2 Rich Richer RichestE.g. -3 Beautiful More Beautiful Most Beautiful

A word which joints 2 words, 2 phrases, 2 clauses, 2 sentencesEx: and

Complex sentences: If, whether, Unless, that, so that, though, Although, Even though, As, Since, because, what, when, where, why, who, whose, whom, which, How.

Compound Sentences: and, but, still, yet, or, nor, either…or, neither… nor, or, nor, so, and so, therefore, or else, otherwise, as well as, not only… but also, both … and.

Simple Sentence: too… to

Interjection

Words are sentences which express sudden feelingsE.g.: wow!, oh!, ah!, oops!, ouch! Hurrah! Bravo! Alas!

What a nice painting!How costly the watch is!

How to Frame the sentences

Base form = don’t + Base form (Write - Don’t + write)‘s’ form = doesn’t + Base form (Writes = doesn’t + write)Simple Past - did n’t + Base form (didn’t + write)

There are 5 verb forms

Baseform - Write‘s’ form - WritesSimple past - WrotePast Participle (V3) - WrittenIng form - Writing

8 Communicative forms1. Positive Sentences

Do Don’t doDoes Doesn’t doDid Didn’t doHave Don’t haveHas Doesn’t haveHad Didn’t haveHave to Don’t have toHas to Doesn’t have toHad to Didn’t have toHave + PP Haven’t + PPHas + PP Hasn’t + PPHad + PP Hand’t + PPUsed to Didn’t use to

2. Negative Sentences3. Yes or no questions (Positive)4. Yes or no questions (negative)5. “wh” questions (Positive)6. “wh” questions (negative)7. Question tags (negative)8. Question tags (Positive)

Examples on do, did, does

Do Does DidWe do home work She does Engineering He did two mistakesWe don’t do home work She does n’t do Engineering He didn’t do two mistakesDo we do home work Does she do Engineering Did he do to mistakesDon’t we do home work Does n’t she do Engineering Didn’t he do to mistakesWhat do we do? What does she do? How many mistakes did he do?What don’t we do? What does n’t she do? How many mistakes didn’t he do?We do Home work? Don’t we? She does Engineering? Doesn’t she? He did two mistakes, didn’t he?We don’t home work? do we? She does n’t do Engineering? Does she? He didn’t two mistakes? Did he?

Examples on have, has, hadHave Has Had

We have many doubts She has three siblings He had urgent workWe don’t have many doubts She does n’t have three siblings He didn’t have urgent workHow many doubts do we have? Does she have three siblings Did he have urgent work?How many doubts don’t’ we have?

Does n’t she have three siblings Did n’t he have urgent work?

Do we have many doubts? How many siblings does she have? What type of work he had?Don’t we have many doubts? How many siblings doesn’t she have? What type of work he didn’t have?We have many doubts. Have n’t we?

She has three siblings? Has n’t she? He h ad urgent work? Had n’t he

We don’t have many doubts. Do we?

She doesn’t have three siblings? Does she?

He didn’t have urgent work? Did he?

Examples on Used to, has, hadUsed to Has Had

We used to feel shy She has three siblings He had urgent work

We didn’t use to feel shy She does n’t have three siblings He didn’t have urgent workDid we use to feel shy Does she have three siblings Did he have urgent work?Didn’t we use to fell shy Does n’t she have three siblings Did n’t he have urgent work?How did we use to feel? How many siblings does she have? What type of work he had?How didn’t we use to fell? How many siblings doesn’t she have? What type of work he didn’t have?We use to feel shy? Didn’t we? She has three siblings? Has n’t she? He h ad urgent work? Had n’t heWe didn’t use to feel shy? Did we?

She doesn’t have three siblings? Does she?

He didn’t have urgent work? Did he?

Examples on Base form, ‘S’form, Simple PastBase form ‘S’ form Simple Past

We Learn Carefully She stays on the third floor He wrote two lettersWe don’t Learn Carefully She does n’t stay on the third floor He didn’t writer two lettersDo we learn Carefully Does she stay on the third floor Did he write two lettersDon’t we learn Carefully Does n’t she stay on the third floor Did n’t write two lettersHow do we learn On which floor does she stay? Howmany letters did he write?How don’t we learn On which floor doesn’t she stay Howmany letters didn’t he write?We learn carefully? Don’t we? She stays on the third floor? Doesn’t she? He wrote two letters? Didn’t he?We don’t learn carefully? Do we?

She doesn’t stay on the third floor? Does she?

He didn’t write two letters? Did he?

Examples on “have to”, “has to”, “had to”Have to Has to Had to

We have to practice carefully She has to come on time I had to help himWe don’t have to practice carefully

She does n’t have to come on time I didn’t have to help him

Do we have to practice carefully? Does she have to come on time Did I have to help himDon’t we have to practice Carefully?

Does n’t she have to come on time Did n’t I have to help him

How do we have to practice? When does she have to come? Whom did I have to help him?How don’t we have to practice When doesn’t she have to come? Whom didn’t I have to help him?We have to practice carefully? Don’t we?

She has to come on time? Does n’t she? I had to help him Didn’t I?

We don’t have to practice carefully? Do we?

She doesn’t have to come on time? Does she?

I didn’t have to help him? Did I?

Examples on “have + pp”, “has + pp”, “had + pp”Have + PP Has + PP Had + PP

We have answered correctly She has answered all questions We had offered prayer before we came here

We haven’t answered correctly She has n’t answered all questions We had n’t offered prayer before we came here

Have we answered correctly Has she answered all questions Had we offered prayer before we came here

Haven’t we answered correctly Hasn’t she answered all questions Had n’t we offered prayer before we came here

How have we answered? Howmany questions has she answered? When had we offered prayer?How haven’t we answered? Howmany questions hasn’t she

answered?When hadn’t we offered prayer?

We have answered correctly? Have n’t we?

She has answered all questions? Has n’t she?

We had offered prayer before we came here? Hadn’t we?

We haven’t answered correctly? Have we?

She has n’t answered all questions? Has she?

We had n’t offered prayer before we came here? Had we?

CONJUGATION

Using one verb in 12 Tenses. That is called Conjugation

Conjugation of the Verb ‘Write’

Simple Present Tense We wrote LettersPresent Continuous Tense: We are writing LettersPresent Perfect Tense We have written LettersPresent Perfect Continuous Tense We have been writing Letters Since last yearSimple Past Tense We wrote LettersPast Continuous Tense We were writing letters at 7’o clockPast Perfect Tense We had written Letters before we came herePast Perfect Continuous Tense We had been writing Letters for one hour before we came hereSimple Future Tense We will write LettersFuture Continuous Tense We will be writing Letters at 7’o ClockFuture Perfect Tense We will have written Letters by 9’o ClockFuture Continuous Tense We have been writing Letters for one hour by 8’o clock

TENSESIt shows time of the Action

Simple Present TenseBase form/’s’ form

Write (I, we, you, they) Writes (he, she, it)

Uses:1. Universal TruthE.g.: A lion is the most ferocious Animal2. Daily Activities3. Habitual Actions4. Future Fixed Action5. With see, look, howE.g: See how the children fight

Look, how this washing Machine works6. With adverbs: daily, often, seldom, frequently, continuously, rarely, (very less number), Scarcely (very less quantity)7. News Paper Headlines8. Magazines9. Running Commentary10. Stories11. Historical incidents12. Proverbs QuotationsProverb E.g: All that Glitters is not GoldA sentence with two meaning i) Literal Meaning ii) Inner or implied meaning

Literal Meaning: Any metal which looks like Gold is not GoldImplied Meaning: Appearances are Desective

Present Continuousam/is/are + verb + ing

Note: now, at present, presently, these days, now - a - days, at (adverbs),Uses: 1. Action which is happening now2. Action which stops for sometime and continuous later3. Immediate future action (going)E.g.: Sir is going to teach other tenses

Sir is going to test our knowledge after some timeI am going to have a cup of tea after the class

4. Arrangement of future fixed actionE.g.: CM is visiting our institute day after tomorrow5. Appointment (seeing)E.g.: She is seeing the Dentist to night

Present PerfectHave/has+ Past Participle

Note: Since, for, recently, already, just, just now, yet, ever, never

Usage: Action is completed, but it’s effect is seen in the presence

Examples:1. She has waited for the bus since 8’o clock2. She has waited for the bus for 30 minutes3. Swamiji has already left4. We have joined junior course recently5. Sir has just completed present continuous Tense6. I have n’t started the work book yet7. Have you ever visited a Birla Temple8. No, I have never visited

Difference between Present Perfect and Simple Past?I have taken Breakfast - Present PerfectI took Break fast - Simple past

Present Perfect Continuous TenseHave/has + been + verb + ing

Note: Since, For (Preposition)Usage: Action started in the past, continuing in the present and will continue in the future

Examples: We have been sitting in the class since 10’0 Clock

We have been sitting in the class one and a half ours

For - Period of time - durationSince - Point of time

Simple Past Tense

Usage: For any Completed action in the Past.Note: It is used with or without: Yesterday, day before yesterday, some time ago, in the beginning, Last month, Last week, Last night, Once upon a time, once it so happened,

when I was coming, while I was coming, In the past on the first day, Before joining this level, Before leaving, in the Morning, In the afternoon

Examples: I met my friend before coming here

I met my friend when I was coming here

Past Continuous TenseWas/were + verb + ing

Usage: For any continuous action in the past at the particular given time.Note: at, when I was coming, while I was comingE.g.: we were offering prayer at 10’o clock

A new lecturer was conducting prayer when we were standing in the prayer hall

The lecturer was observing us while we were chanting the Prayer.

Past Perfect Tensehad + Past Participle (V3)

Usage: When there are two past actions, the first completed action in past perfect and the second completed action is in simple Past.E.g.: we had offered prayer before we came here

We had stood in line before prayer bell was given

Past Perfect ContinuousTensehad + been + verb + ing

Usage: For any Past Continuous action in the past with period of time and one more past actionE.g.: I had been standing in the Prayer hall for 15 minutes before we came here

I had been travelling for half an hour before I got down at R.K. Math

Simple Future TenseWill/shall + Baseform

Usage: For any future action with or without time adverb:Tomorrow, Day after tomorrow, on Monday, Next week, next month, next year, after sometime, as and you need.

E.g.: I will come tomorrowHe will deposit the money day after tomorrow

Usage: Conditional sentenceE.g.: If u help me now, I will help you later on

If u save money, money will save you in emergency

Future Continuous TenseWill/shall + be + verb + ing

Usage: For any continuous action in the future at a particular given timeNote: atE.g.: we will be offering prayer at 10’o clock on Tuesday.

We will be waiting for bus at 12’o clock

Future Perfect TenseWill/shall + have + PP(V3)

Usage: For any part of the action or full action which comes to an end by the future given time.Note: byE.g.: we will have completed three weeks junior course by Tuesday (Part of the action)

We will have completed junior course by August (Full action)

Future Perfect Continuous TenseWill/shall + have + been + verb + ing

Usage: For any part of the action with period of time (for) and one more future time. Note: by E.g.: we will have been sitting in the class for 90 minutes by 11.30

We will have been attending junior level classes for three weeks by Tuesday

Model Auxiliary Verbs

1. Can - Uses

1. Present Ability – (Physical Strength is called)

E.g.: I can catch running Bus

I can Speak Good English in three months

2. Capacity – (Area or Space)

E.g.: This room can accommodate 60 students

Qualis can carried 10 Passengers

3. To give and take Permission informal situation

E.g.: Informal – Family, relative, friends

We don’t have any type of restrictions

Can I use your cell Phone?

Yes, You can.

Can I Use your vehicle in emergency

Yes, You can

4. Direct and indirect speech sentences

E.g.: Ravi says, “I can solve your problems”

Ravi says that he solve my problems

5. Conditional Sentence

E.g.: If you try again, you can understand better

2. Could - Uses

1. Past ability

2. Polite English

Past ability: I went to bank I couldn’t withdraw the money

E.g.: I attended an interview last week, but I couldn’t clear first round itself.

Polite English: How to give respect others

E.g.: Could I Know the Pronunciation please?

Could I know my feed back?

Could I know the reason for delay?

3. Will - Uses

1. Future Action

E.g.: I will come tomorrow 7799209353

He will deposit the money after sometime

2. Willingness

E.g.: Sir will clear doubts

I will drop you at liberty

3. Determination (Firm Decision)

E.g.: I will speak Good English by the End of Junior course

4. Sure

E.g.: She will get a rank this time

My Friend will get admission in Bits Pilani

The Baby will fall down

5. Direct & Indirect Speech Sentences

E.g.: Ravi says “will you deposit the money tomorrow?”

Ravi asks If whether I will deposit the money the next day.

6. Conditional Sentences

E.g.: If you work hard, you will get success

If you read it again, you will understand better

4. Would - Uses

1. Polite English

E.g.: Sir would Guide us

My Father would visit this institute.

Amitab Bachan would get Ascar Award

2. Past habitual Action

E.g.: When kalpana was six years, she would like to see in the sky.

Kalpana Chavla would like see into the sky ours together when she was six

I would work on system ours together when I was a student

5. May - Uses

1. Chances are Possibility of Something happening

E.g.: The doctors may save the patient

Swamiji may visit our class

Sir may give us a chance for GD

It may rain

2. To give and take Permission in formal Situation

E.g.: May I come in?

Yes, You may come

Sir, May I know the Pronunciation of this word Please

May I know, whether my sentence is correct

6. Might - Uses

1. Remote are very less Possibility of Something happening

E.g.: Swamiji might visit our class

He might Go abroad

They might allow me for fourth late coming

2. Polite English (might + like)

E.g.: Sir might like to give us chance for individual Presentation

Swamiji might like to advice us on meditation

Our Chief guest might like to have some refreshment

3. We hold someone responsible if some big mistake happens

E.g.: The doctors might have saved the Patient

You might have avoided using cell Phone

He might have reduced the speed of the vehicle

You might have stopped the children from entering water

7. Shall - Uses

1. Future Action (I, we)

E.g.: I shall come tomorrow

We Shall talk to sir after the class

2. Voluntary Help (I, we)

E.g.: Shall I help you

Shall we assist them

Shall we arrange the chairs Properly

3. Promise (You, he, she, it, they)

E.g.: You shall get consolation Prize for 100 percent attendance

She shall get Promotion this time

4. Warning (You, he, she, it, they)

E.g.: Those who take four leaves shall not be allowed attend he remaining classes

Those who wear tea shirts with some writing on it shall not be allowed to attend the class

5. Threatening (scaring by criminals) (You, he, she, it, they)

E.g.: The passengers shall be killed one by one, if our conditions are not fulfilled in 24

hours

(*Screem – Shouting Loudly)

8. Should or “Ought to”

1. Duty

E.g.: The soldiers should Protect our country

2. Obligation

E.g.: We should respect others

We should maintain silence in the Prayer hall

3. Reference or Recommendation

E.g.: You should advanced learners dictionary by oxford

She should see a dermatologist

4. Suggestion (Related to work)

E.g.: You should arrange the class

The builder should increase the size of the rooms

5. Advice (related to a person or Person health

E.g.: You should take care of your health

He should mind his language

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